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Issued  May  4,  It  100, 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


Report  No.  88. 


THE 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE 

ON  THE  NUTRITION  AND 
HEALTH  OF  MAN. 


AN  EXPERIMENTAL  STUDY  OF  THE  INFLUENCE  OF 
SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  THE  NUTRITION  AND 
HEALTH  OF  MAN.     By  Russell  H.  Chittenden. 

INVESTIGATIONS  ON  THE  EFFECT  OF  SODIUTM  BEN- 
ZOATE ON  THE  HEALTH  AND  GENERAL  METAB- 
OLISM OF  MAN.     By  John  H.  Long. 

THE  ACTION  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  THE  HUMAN 
BODY.     Bv  Dr.  Christian  A.  Herter. 


WASHlNCrrON: 

GOVERNMKNT    PRINTING   OFFICE. 

1009. 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Office  of  Consulting  Scientific  Experts, 

Baltimore,  January  23,  1909. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  here\vith  a  report  of  the  investiga- 
tions carried  out  under  the  direction  of  this  board  on  the  action  of 
sodium  benzoate  upon  the  nutrition  and  health  of  man. 
Respectfully, 

Ira  Remsen,  Chainnan, 
Referee  Board  of  Consulting  Scientific  Experts. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


CON  T  V.  NTS 


Pase. 

IIeport  ok  the  Referee  Board  ok  Consultino  yciENTiFic  Experts 5 

An  Experimental  Study  of  the  Influence  op  Sodium  Benzoate  on  the 

Nutrition  and  Health  of  Man.     By  Russell  II.  Chittenden 9 

Introductory 13 

Clinical  observations 18 

Effect  on  body  weight 2!J 

Effect  on  the  blood 31 

Effect  on  the  feces 34 

Effect  on  the  urine 51 

Effect  on  the  nitrogen  balance 85 

General  conclusions 88 

Daily  records  of  the  urine  and  feces  of  the  individual  subjects 90 

Average  daily  composition  of  the  urine  and  feces  for  the  different  periods  of 

the  experiment 192 

.  Distribution  of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  the  urine 198 

Food  charts  showing  character  and  amount  of  daily  food 221 

Investigations  on  the  Effects  of  Sodium  Benzoate  on  the  Health  and 

General  Metabolism  op  Man.     By  John  H.  Long ! 293 

Introduction 295 

Urine  and  feces  chart 302 

Daily  food  charts 398 

Discussion  of  results 480 

Medical  control 532 

Medical  report 559 

General  conclusions. 563 

The  Action  of  Sodium  Benzoate  on  the  Human  Body.     By  Christian 

A.  Herter 565 

Case  I  R 568 

Case  II  H 583 

Case  III  0 59(5 

Case  IV  L. 608 

Summary  of  conclusions  relative  to  the  groups  of  persons  (4  cases)  on 

which  this  investigation  is  based 618 

Methods 62 1 

Appendix: 

Daily  food  charts 627 

Series  A. — Daily  results  on  urine  and  feces 663 

Series  B. — Daily  averages  of  nitrogen,   sulphur,   etc.,   in  urine  and 

feces 737 

Series  C. — Percentages,  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine 741 

Series  D. — Percentage  of  averages,  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine 745 

Series  E. — Hippuric  acid  in  urine 747 

3 


4  CONTENTS. 

The  Action  op  Sodium  Benzoate  on  the  Human  Body — Continued. 

Appendix — Continued.  Page. 

Series  F. — Nitrogen  balance,  food,  urine,  and  feces 748 

Series  G. — Fats,  fatty  acids,  and  soaps  in  food  and  feces 750 

Series  H. — Caloric  values  of  food 758 

Series  I. — Hydrogen  sulphide  in  feces 7C0 

Series  J. — Graphic  reproduction  of  body  weights 76:i 

Series  K. — Graphic  representation  of  gas  production  by  fecal  bacteria.  765 

Series  L. — Clinical  charts 767 

Bibliography  of  thk  Moke  Important  Work  on  Benzoates 769 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  SOBTUM  BENZOATE  ON  THE 
NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH  OF  MAN. 


REPORT  OF  THE  REFEREE  BOARD  OF  CONSULTING  SCIENTIFIC 

EXPERTS. 

Of  the  questions  referred  to  this  board"  the  first  to  engage  our 
attention  have  been  the  following: 

(1)  "Does  a  food  to  which  there  has  been  added  benzoic  acid, 
or  any  of  its  salts,  contain  any  added  poisonous  or  other  added 
deleterious  ingredient  which  maj'  render  the  said  food  injurious  to 
health?     (a)  In  large  quantities?     (h)  In  small  quantities?" 

(2)  "If  benzoic  acid  or  any  of  its  salts  be  mixed  or  packed  with 
a  food,  is  the  quality  or  strength  of  said  food  thereby  reduced, 
lowered,  or  injuriously  affected?  (a)  In  large  quantities?  (h)  In 
small  quantities?" 

To  obtain  satisfactory^  answers  to  these  questions,  the  board  has 
felt  it  necessar}^  to  carry  through  a  careful  investigation  of  the  effect 
of  benzoic  acid  or  some  one  of  its  salts  on  the  nutrition  and  general 
health  of  man.  A  thorough  study  of  the  literature  giving  the  results 
of  work  done  by  various  investigators  on  the  physiological  effects 
of  benzoic  acid  and  its  salts,  together  \\4th  a  study  of  reported 
clinical  and  medical  observations,  therapeutic  usage,  etc.,  have  made 
it  apparent  that  additional  work  was  needed  to  render  possible  a 
conclusive  answer  to  the  above  questions. 

With  a  view  to  limiting  the  scope  of  the  work,  while  at  the  same 
time  meeting  all  practical  requirements,  our  investigation,  with  the 
consent  of  the  Secretary  of  Agricultm-e,  has  been  confined  to  a  study 
of  the  effect  of  the  sodium  salt  of  benzoic  acid,  viz,  sodium  benzoate. 

To  make  this  experimental  inquiry  as  thorough  as  possible  and 
to  minimize  the  personal  equation,  tliree  independent  investigations 

a  Dr.  Alonzo  E.  Taylor,  professor  in  the  University  of  California,  a  member  of  thi.'^ 
board,  owing  to  absence  in  Europe,  has  not  been  able  to  participate  in  the  investiga- 
tions embodied  in  this  report. 

5 


6  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN, 

have  been  carried  out;  one  at  the  Medical  School  of  Northwestern 
University  in  Chicago,  under  the  charge  of  Prof.  John  H.  Long, 
of  that  institution;  a  second  at  the  private  laboratory  of  Prof. 
Christian  A.  llerter,  of  Columbia  University,  New  York  Citj^;  and 
the  third  at  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  of  Yale  University,  in 
charge  of  Prof.  Russell  H.  Chittenden. 

The  same  general  ])lan  of  procedure  was  followed  in  all  tliree  experi- 
ments. A  certain  number  of  healthy  young  men  were  selected  as  sub- 
jects, and  during  a  period  of  four  months  these  men,  under  definite 
conditions  of  diet,  etc.,  with  and  without  sodium  benzoate,  were  sub- 
jected to  thorough  clinical  and  medical  observation,  while  the  daily  food 
and  the  excretions  were  carefull}^  analyzed,  and  otherwise  studied, 
and  comparison  made  of  the  clinical,  chemical,  l)acteriological,  and 
other  data  collected.  (For  details  see  the  individual  reports.)  In 
tliis  manner  material  has  been  brought  together  which  makes  possi- 
ble conclusions  regarding  the  effect  of  small  and  large  doses  of  sodium 
benzoate  upon  the  human  system. 

In  fixing  upon  the  amount  of  sodium  benzoate  that  should  con- 
stitute a  ''small  dose"  we  have  adopted  0.3  gram  of  the  salt  per  day. 
Manufacturers  of  food  products  which  in  their  view  require  the  use 
of  a  preservative  are  in  general  content  with  0.1  per  cent  of  sodium 
benzoate.  Tliis  would  mean  that  in  the  eating  of  such  a  preserved 
food  the  consumer  would  need  to*  take  300  grams  per  day,  or  nearly 
two-thirds  of  a  pound,  of  preserved  food  to  ingest  an  amount  of 
benzoate  equal  to  our  minimal  daily  dosage.  Looked  at  from  this 
point  of  view,  our  dosage  of  0.3  gram  per  da}^  seemed  a  fair  amount 
for  a  "small  dose,"  one  that  would  clearly  suffice  to  show  any  effect 
that  small  doses  of  the  salt  might  exert,  especially  if  continued  for  a 
considerable  length  of  time.  In  all  these  three  experiments  tliis  daily 
dosage  was  continued  for  a  period  of  about  two  months.  Under 
"large  dose"  was  included  quantities  of  sodium  benzoate  ranging 
from  0.6  gram  to  4  grams  per  day.  Such  a  daily  dosage  was  con- 
tinued for  a  period  of  one  month.  In  a  few  instances  somewhat 
larger  doses  were  employed. 

As  the  amount  and  character  of  the  daily  diet  exert  a  well-known 
influence  upon  many  of  the  metabohc  or  nutritive  changes  of  the 
body,  as  well  as  upon  the  bacterial  flora  of  the  intestines,  attention 
is  called  to  the  fact  that  the  three  investigations  differed  from  each 
other  in  the  amount  of  i)rotein  food  consumed  daily,  thereby  intro- 


REPORT  (►F  REFEREE  BOARD  OF  <■(>^'SULTING  EXPERTS.      7 

(hieing  n.  ilistinctive  feature  which  tends  to  broaden  the  conditions 
under  wliich  the  experiments  were  conducted. 

The  conclu.sions  reached  as  a  result  of  the  in(Uvi(kial  investigations 
;ue  given  at  length  in  the  separate  reports  herewith  presented, 
together  with  nil  of  the  data  upon  which  these  conclusions  are  based. 

The  fact  should  be  emphasized  that  the  results  obtained  from  the 
three  separate  investigations  are  in  close  agreement  in  all  essential 

features. 

The  main  general  conclusions  reached  by  the  referee  board  are  as 

follows: 

(1)  Sodium  benzoate  in  small  doses  (under  0.5  gram  per  day) 
mixed  with  the  food  is  without  deleterious  or  poisonous  action  and  is 
not  injurious  to  health. 

(2)  Sodium  benzoate  in  large  doses  (up  to  4  grams  per  day)  mixed 
with  the  food  has  not  been  found  to  exert  any  deleterious  effect  on 
the  general  health,  nor  to  act  as  a  poison  in  the  general  acceptation 
of  the  term.  In  some  directions  there  were  sHght  modifications  in 
certam  physiological  processes,  the  exact  significance  of  which  modi- 
fications is  not  known. 

(3)  The  admixture  of  sodium  benzoate  with  food  in  small  or  large 
doses  has  not  been  found  to  injuriously  affect  or  impair  the  quality 

or  nutritive  value  of  such  food. 

Ira  Remsen,  Chairman, 

Russell  H.  Chittenden, 

John  H.  Long, 

Christian  A.  Herter, 

Referee  Board  of  Consulting  Scientific  Experts. 


AN  EXPERIMENTAL  STUDY  OF  THE  INFLU 

ENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  THE 

NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH  OF  MAN. 


By  RUSSELL  H.  CHITTENDEN. 


CONTltNTS 


Introductory 13 

Plan  of  the  experiment 14 

Administration  of  the  sodium  henzoate 15 

Character  of  the  daily  diet 17 

Clinical  observations IS 

Effect  on — 

Body  weight 2\) 

The  blood M 

The  feces :^4 

Inlluence  on — . 

Digestion  and  utilization  of  protein  food H6 

Digestion  and  utilization  of  fat 40 

Digestion  as  measured  by  the  Schmidt  method 44 

The  intestinal  flora 45 

Fermentation  tests  with  the  feces 47 

Sediments  in  bouillon  and  dextrose-bouillon,  inoculated  with  feces 48 

Inlluence  on  the  putrefaction  products  in  the  feces 49 

Effect  on  the  urine 51 

Methods  of  analysis 51 

Effect  on— 

Volume  and  specific  gravity 52 

Total  nitrogen 54 

The  urea-nitrogen 56 

Ammonia-nitrogen 56 

Purine-nitrogen 57 

Uric  acid-nitrogen 58 

Creatinine-nitrogen 59 

Hippuric  acid-nitrogen 60 

The  distribution  of  nitrogen 61 

Total  sulphur 66 

Inorganic  sulphur 67 

Ethereal  sulphur 67 

Neutral  sulphur 68 

The  distribution  of  sulphur 69 

Ratio  of  sulphur  to  nitrogen 73 

Effect  on  phosphate-phosphorus 75 

Ratio  of  phosphorus  to  nitrogen 76 

Effect  on — 

Indican 78 

Sodium  chloride 79 

Total  acidity 80 

Phenol  and  aromatic  oxy-acids 81 

Hippuric  acid  of  the  urine 83 

Benzoic  acid  obtained  from  the  urine  as  hippuric  acid 85 

Effect  on  the  nitrogen  balance 85 

General  conclusions 88 

11 


12  CONTENTS. 

TABLES   OP    RESULTS. 

Paget 

Daily  records  of  the  urine  and  feces  of  tlie  individual  subjects 00 

Average  daily  composition  of  urine  and  feces  for  the  different  periods  of  the 

experiment 19^ 

Distribution  of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  the  urine 198 

Food  charts  showing  character  and  composition  of  the  daily  food  of  the  individ- 
ual subjects  throughout  the  experiment -'21 


AN  EXPERIMENTAL  STUDY  OF  THE  INFLUENCE  OF 
SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  THE  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH 
OF  MAN. 


By  RussELii  II.  Chittenden. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

In  ail  attempt  to  answer  the  questions,  "Does  a  food  to  which 
there  has  been  added  benzoic  acid,  or  any  of  its  salts,  contain  any 
added  poisonous  or  other  added  deleterious  ingredient  which  may 
render  the  said  food  injurious  to  health;  in  large  quantities;  in  small 
quantities?"  the  following  experimental  work  has  been  performed, 
with  results  which  seemingly  afford  positive  answers  to  the  above 
questions. 

With  a  view  to  limiting  the  scope  of  the  work,  while  at  the  same 
time  meeting  all  practical  requirements,  and  with  the  consent  of  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture,  our  investigation  has  been  confined  to  a 
study  of  the  sodium  salt  of  benzoic  acid,  viz,  sodium  benzoate. 

The  work  has  been  carried  on  in  the  laboratories  of  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School  of  Yale  University  under  the  personal  supervision 
of  the  writer.  The  chemical  work  was  under  the  special  charge  of 
Frank  P.  Underbill,  Ph.  D.,  assistant  professor  of  physiological  chem- 
istry in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  with  a  suitable  corps  of  trained 
chemists  and  assistants.  The  bacteriological  work  was  in  charge 
of  Leo  F.  Rettger,  Ph.  D.,  assistant  professor  of  bacteriology  and 
hygiene  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  while  the  necessary  med- 
ical and  clinical  examinations  were  made  by  Ricliard  F.  Rand,  M.  D., 
clinical  assistant  at  the  Yale  Medical  School. 

The  subjects — six  in  number — on  whom  the  effects  of  sodium 
benzoate  were  to  be  studied  were  carefully  selected  with  a  view  to 
obtaining  different  types  of  physical  and  niental  make-up,  as  well 
as  persons  of  well-knowrf  character  and  responsibility.  All  of  the 
subjects  chosen  were  graduate  students  in  the  university,  thoroughly 
trained  in  chemistry  and  physiology,  so  that  they  were  able  to  servo 
not  only  as  subjects  in  the  experiment,  but  likewise  as  analysts, 
capable  of  assisting  in  the  gathering  of  the  data.  All  were  known 
to  the  writer  for  several  3^ears. 

The  experiment  was  commenced  the  1st  of  July  and  extended  to 
the  8th  of  November.  During  this  period  of  four  months  the  sub- 
jects were  fed  at  a  private  table  provided  nearby  the  laboratory, 
•  13 


14  SODIUM    BENZOAIE    AIsD    iiil;:    iiEALiii    Oi'    MAIS. 

where  complete  supervision  could  be  had  of  the  amount  and  char- 
acter of  the  food  taken,  with  all  facilities  for  weighing  the  food 
consumed  b}^  each  subject,  ])reparation  of  suitable  samples  of  the 
various  foods  for  chemical  analysis,  etc. 

PLAN  OF  THE  EXPERIMENT. 

For  a  week  prior  to  the  actual  commencement  of  the  experiment 
the  subjects  were  required  to  take  their  meals  at  the  table  provided ; 
the  urine  and  feces  were  collected  daily;  partial  analyses  made, 
sufficient  to  indicate  the  general  extent  of  their  body  metabolism; 
the  amount  of  food  consumed  daily  by  each  individual  noted;  clin- 
ical and  medical  examinations  made,  etc.,  with  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing a  general  view  of  the  physiological  characteristics  or  personal 
peculiarities  of  the  individual  subjects. 

The  experiment  proper  was  divided  into  a  fore  periotl  of  2  weeks  or 
14  daj^s, i.e., from  July  6  to  July  19,  inclusive,  in  which  complete  daily 
records  were  made  of  the  subjects  under  normal  conditions  of  life 
and  diet.  This  was  followed  by  a  benzoatc  period  of  2  months,  from 
July  20  to  September  20,  inclusive,  in  which  each  subject  was  fed 
with  his  food  daily  0.3  gram  of  sodium  benzoate.  This  constituted 
the  "small  dose,"  and  being  continued  over  a  period  of  62  days 
would  seemingl}^  provide  ample  opportunity  for  the  detection  of  any 
effects  which  small  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  might  produce.  In 
this  connection  it  is  to  be  noted  that  during  this  period  of  2  months 
each  subject  took  18.6  grams  of  sodium  benzoate.  Next  followed 
an  "after  period"  of  10  days,  from  September  21  to  September  30, 
inclusive,  in  which  no  benzoate  was  given,  thus  affording  another 
so-called  normal  period  for  comparison.  For  the  next  4  weeks, 
commencing  with  October  1,  larger  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  were 
given  as  follows:  During  the  first  week,  from  October  1  to  Octo- 
ber 7,  inclusive,  the  daity  dose  was  0.6  gram;  for  the  week  October  8 
to  14,  inclusive,  the  dose  was  increased  to  1  gram  daih^;  from  Octo- 
ber 15  to  21,  inclusive,  2  grams  of  sodium  benzoate  were  taken 
daily  by  each  subject;  on  October  22  the  dosage  of  benzoate  was 
increased  to  4  grams  per  da}^,  at  which  level  it  was  contiinied  for 
the  following  7  days.  During  this  period  of  "large  doses"  of  sodium 
benzoate,  covering  28  days,  eacli  subject  took  a  total  of  53.2  grams 
of  benzoate.  Finally,  there  was  another  "after  period"  of  10  days — 
from  October  29  to  November  7,  inclusive — in  which  no  benzoate 
was  given.  All  through  the  period  of  125  days  covered  by  the 
experiment,  accurate  data  were  collected  of  food  consumption,  food 
composition,  urine  excretion,  fecal  discharges,  for  each  subject, 
together  with  chemical  composition  of  the  daily  excretions,  etc., 
reinforced  by  the  clinical  and  medical  examinations,  bacteriological 
examinations  of  feces,  blood  count,  etc.  In  this  way  competent 
comparison  of  the  condition  or  conditions  produced  by  small  and 


INFLUEMCE  Ol''  SUDIUM  LJEMZOATE  o:>;    NUTKITION    AiM)    llKALTll.  15 

large  doses  of  sodium  luMizoate,  with  llic  iiornuil  condition  of  tiie 
same  subjects,  mi<:cbt  hv  expected,  and  thus  H<,dit  l)e  thrown  upon 
the  effects  ol'  sodium  henzoate  on  liealtliy  individmils. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  THE  SODIUM  BENZOATE.  " 

In  the  administration  of  the  henzoate  an  attemi)t  was  made  to 
imitate  the  manner  in  which  the  salt  would  be  taken  if  used  in  food 
as  a  preservative.  Witli  the  smaller  dose  of  0.3  gram  per  day,  tlie 
salt  was  dissolved  in  a  iz;iven  amount  of  water  and  then  added  to 
some  one  food  so  that  the  latter  would  contain  one-tenth  of  1  per 
cent  of  sodium  henzoate.  The  salt  was  given  three  times  a  day — 
0.1  gram  of  henzoate  with  each  meal — and  in  some  one  article  of 
food,  where  it  would  be  present  to  the  extent  of  about  one-tenth 
of  1  per  cent  by  weight  of  that  food.  In  this  way  was  avoided  any 
possible  local  effect  of  a  ndatively  hirge  single  dose,  as  might  per- 
haps ha])pen  if  administered  by  capsule.  Further,  this  method  of 
administration  insured  entrance  into  the  stomach  of  essentially  the 
same  percentage  of  benzoate,  even  when  the  dosage  was  increased 
to  0.6  gram  per  day.  With  larger  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  the 
same  general  method  of  procedure  was  followed,  thougli  with  a 
daily  dosage  of  2  grams  and  over  the  amount  of  benzoate  in  the 
food  rose  necessarily  above  0.1  per  cent. 

A  w^ord  of  explanation  may  ])e  offered  here  regarding  the  size  of 
the  "small  dose"  of  sodium  l)enzoate  em])loyed  in  our  experiment. 
In  adopting  0.3  gram  of  the  salt  as  the  dail}^  dose  we  were  influenced 
by  the  bearing  of  our  problem  upon  the  practical  question  of  the 
use  of  sodium  l)enzoate  as  a  food  preservative.  Manufacturers  of 
food  products  requiring  the  use  of  a  preservative  are  apparently 
content  with  an  allowance  of  0.1  per  cent  of  sodium  benzoate.  The 
consumer  of  such  a  product  would  need  to  take  300  grams — nearly 
two-thirds  of  a  pound — of  such  a  preserved  food  per  day  to  ingest 
an  amount  of  sodium  benzoate  equal  to  our  minimal  daily  dosage. 
In  other  words,  looked  at  from  this  stand])oint,  our  dosage  of  0.3 
gram  per  day  seemed  a  fair  amount  for  a  "small  dose,"  one  that 
would  clearly  suffice  to  show  any  effect  that  small  doses  of  the  salt 
might  exert,  especially  if  continued  for  a  reasonable  length  of  time. 

In  this  connection  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  relationship  between 
the  ingested  sodium  benzoate  and  the  total  food  consumption  of 
our  different  subjects  per  day  during  the  several  benzoate  periods. 
The  following  table,  giving  the  total  amount  of  food  consumed  per 
day,  together  with  tlie  dosage  of  benzoate,  shows  the  percentage  of 
Ix^nzoate  in  the  total  day's  food  of  the  six  subjects.     From  these 

«  The  sodium  benzoate  employed  was  "soda  benzoate,"  T'^.  S.  P.,  99  per  cent. 
It  contained  a  trace  of  calcium  and  2.2  per  cent  of  water.  In  giving  the  salt,  allow- 
ance was  made  for  99  per  cent  pure  and  the  contained  water,  so  that  the  daily  doses 
specified  represent  actual  sodium  benzoate. 


16 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


figures  it  is  seen  that  with  a  daily  dose  of  0.3  gram  of  benzoate, 
the  percentage  of  the  salt  in  the  total  food  consumed  varied  from 
0.015  to  0.022  per  cent.  With  a  dosage  of  0.6  gram  per  day  the 
])roportion  of  benzoate  in  the  day's  food  varied  from  0.032  per  cent 
to  0.04  per  cent.  When  1  gram  of  sodium  benzoate  was  taken 
daily  the  proportion  of  salt  to  the  total  food  consumption  varied 
from  0.055  per  cent  to  0.069  per  cent.  With  a  dosage  of  2  grams 
per  day,  the  total  food  consumed  showed  0.108  to  0.13  per  cent  of 
sodium  benzoate;  while  with  a  daily  dose  of  4  grams  the  proportion 
of  benzoate  to  the  total  food  consumption  per  day  varied  from  0.25 
per  cent  to  0.31  per  cent. 

Percentages  of  sodiura  benzoate  in  the  total  day's  food. 


*>> 

H.  H.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F 

L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

T3 

1 

1 
o 

o 
.2 

1 
o 

T3 

1 

03 

1 

S 
g 

T3 
1 

s 

food 
oate 

Date. 

^  g 

li 

«l 

a 

=t 

li 

°| 

^8 

©  o 

o|' 

li 

=  a 

la 

".2 

is. 

1-9 

•as. 

i-S 

is. 

|.s 

|.g 

i-s 

"gS 

(B 

13 

a> 

■o 

u 

■a 

0) 

■a 

a> 

•O 

•o 

<^" 

^ 

CO 

^ 

09 

^ 

CO 

^ 

DQ 

^ 

w 

p: 

o 

Gms. 

Gms. 

P.ct. 

Gms. 

P.ct. 

Gms. 

P.ct. 

Gms. 

P.ct. 

Gms. 

P.ct. 

Gms. 

P.ct. 

July  20 

0.3 

1,880 

1,787 

1,900 

1,834 

2,080 

1,392 

July  21 

.3 

1,804 

1,678 

1,370 

2,136 

1,965 

1,215 

July  22 

.3 

1,578 

1,644 

,1,883 

1,839 

1,734 

1,274 

July  23 

.3 

1,936 

1,951 

1,703 

2,025 

2,120 

1,300 

July  24 

.3 

1,525 



1,569 

2,077 

2,050 

1,893 

1,320 

July  25 

.3 

1,648 



1,861  1 

2,030 

1,908 

1,937 

1,402 

July  26 

.3 

1,613 



1,751  1 

1,813 

1,648 

1,770 

1,263 

Average... 

.3 

1,712 

0.017 

1,748   0.017 

1,833 

0.016 

1,920 

0.015 

1,927 

0.015 

1,309 

0.022 

Oct.  1 

.6 

1,112 

1,855  1 

1,755 

1,571 

1,638 

1,095 

Oct.  2 

.6 

1,477 

1,699 

1,696 

1,692 

1,569- 

1,392 

Oct.  3 

.0 
.6 

1,641 
1,652 

1,  635 
1,950 

1,748 
2,028 

1,656 
1,813 

1,744 
1,.5.59 

1,433 
1,895 

Oct.  4 

Oct.5 

.6 

1,582 

1,538 

1,926 

1,573 

1,734 

1,466 

Oct.  6 

.6 

1,499 

1,509 

1,634 

1,452 

1,406 

1,409 

Oct.  7 

.6 

1,685 

1,783  1 

2,006 



1,906 

1,579 

1,675 

.\verage . . . 

.6 

1,521 

.039 

1,709  t  .035 

1,827     .032 

1,666 

.036 

1,004 

.037 

1,481 

.040 

Oct.  8 

1.0 
1.0 

1,712 
1,557 

1,726  1 

1,807    

1,899 
1,790 

1,626 
1,5.52 

1,492 
1,585 

1,555 
1,376 

Oct.  9 

Oct.  10 

1.0 

1,827 

1,749 

1,892 

1,736 

1,905 

1,599 

Oct.  11 

1.0 

1,890 

1,903 

1,939 

1,768 

1,800 

1,472 

Oct.  12 

1.0 

1,415 

1,867 

1,774 

1,481 

1,411 

1,318 

Oct.  13 

1.0 

1,627 

1,838 

1,778 

1,797 

1,680 

1,280 

Oct.  14 

1.0 

1,306 

1,604    

1,564 

1,654 

1,620 

1,537 

.\verage . . . 

1.0 

1,619 

.061  1  1,785  1  .056 

1,805 

.055 

1,659 

.060 

1,642 

.060 

1,448 

.069 

Oct.  15 

2.0 

1,572 

1,810 

1,768 

1,863 



1,518 

1,682 

Oct.  16 

2.0 

1..386 

2,013 

1,944 

1,818 

1,594 

1,332 

Oct.  17 

2.0 

1,583 

1,724 

1,757 

1,371 

1,3.56 



1,535 

Oct.  18 

2.0 

1,363 

1,932 

1,903 

1,911 

1,039 

1,610 

Oct.  19 

2.0 

1,178 

1,584 

1,824 

1,593 

],373 

1,421 

Oct.  20 

2.0 

1,514 

1,740 

1,898 

1,962 

1,969 

1,597 

Oct.  21 

2.0 

1,518 

1,807 

1,892    

1,510 

1,462 

1,463 

Average... 

2.0 

1,445 

.130 

1,801 

.110 

1,855  1  .108 

1,718 

.110 

1,559 

.120  I  1,520       .130 

Oct.  22 

4.0 

1,224 

1,529 

1,677 

1,544 

1,556 

h,471 

Oct.  23 

4.0 

1.247 

1,431 

1,237 

1,249 

1,320 

1,186 

Oct.  24 

4.0 

1,330 

1,457 

1,591 

1,349 

1,245 

1,165 

Oct.  25 

4.0 

1,343 

1,482 

1,505    

1,452 

1,503 

1,272 

Oct.  26 

4.0 

1,426 

1,543 

1,531 

1,463 

1,467 

1,123 

Oct.  27 

4.0 

1,437 

1,834 

1,788 

1,648 

1,704 

1,324    

Oct.  28 

4.0 

1,480 

1,804 

1,769 

1,716 

1,649 

1,333 

Average. 

4.0 

1,355 

.290 

1,583 

.250 

1,585  1  .250 

1 

1,489 

.200 

1,492 

.260 

1,268 

.310 

IM'LUENCE  OF  SODILM  BK.NZUATE  O^'   NUTlilTION  AND  UEALTU,         17 

CHARACTER  OF  THE  DAILY  DIET. 

In  any  study  of  nutritive  changes,  especially  such  as  extend  over 
long  periods  of  time,  the  character  and  amount  of  the  daily  diet  are 
important  factors.  In  our  experiment  two  facts  are  to  be  empha- 
sized. First,  the  subjects  were  not  restricted  to  a  limited  dietary,  but 
on  the  contrary  were  allowed  reasonable  freedom  of  choice,  both  as 
to  character  and  quantity  of  the  daily  food.  In  other  words,  there 
was  no  interference  with  the  normal  desires  of  the  individual,  but 
each  subject  was  allowed  full  latitude  in  the  exercise  of  his  personal 
likes  and  dislikes.  To  be  sure,  each  day  a  defmite  menu  was  arranged 
for  all  tliree  meals,  but  this  was  sulllciently  generous  in  character  to 
admit  of  choice;  further,  after  a  short  time  sufficient  knowledge 
was  acquired  of  the  special  tastes  of  the  subjects,  so  that  a  daily 
dietar}^  could  easily  be  provided  quite  satisfactory  to  all.  By  this 
method  of  procedure  there  was  no  violation  of  that  physiological 
good  sense  so  essential  in  experiments  of  this  character.  Second, 
after  the  first  few  weeks  the  subjects,  consciously  or  unconsciously, 
settled  down  to  a  relatively  low  protein  diet,  which  was  maintained 
throughout  the  experiment.  This  is  a  point  to  be  emphasized,  since 
as  protein  metabolism  is  influenced  largely  by  the  intake  of  protein 
food  we  had  in  our  experiment  a  definite  condition ;  one  which  afforded 
an  opportunity  for  the  study  of  the  effect  of  sodium  benzoate  upon 
subjects  living  under  a  relatively  low  protein  intake  and  conse- 
quently at  a  somewhat  lower  level  of  nitrogen  metabolism  than  is 
ordinarily  maintained  by  the  majority  of  mankind.  The  follo%ving 
table  shows  the  average  daily  intake  of  nitrogen  for  each  subject 
during  the  five  periods  of  the  experiment : 

Daily  average  intake  of  nitrogen. 


Date. 


H.  H.  G. 


Grams. 

July  f)  to  19 1        13.  78 

July  20  to  September  20 11. 64 

Septenibor  21  to  30 11. 14 

October  ]  to28 '        11. 08 

October  29  to  November  7 i        11.  82 


W.W.H. 


Grams. 
13.50 
11.52 
11.32 
11  94 
11.41 


L.  M.  L. 


Grams. 
15.28 
12.65 
12.39 
12.69 
13.23 


J.  F.  L. 


Grams. 
13.71 
13  12 
12.63 
11.90 
13  08 


E.  C.  M. 


Grams. 
14.  02 
12.77 
12  28 
12.13 
12.88 


W.  C.  R. 


Grams. 
11.5ti 
11.08 
11.18 
11.37 
11.29 


The  results  are  certainly  suggestive  as  showing  how  individuals 
tend  to  maintain  within  reasonable  limits  a  definite  average  nitrogen 
intake,  even  though  entirel}^  unhampered  by  restrictions  as  to  quality 
of  food  or  quantity.  The  larger  intake  of  nitrogen  during  the  first 
period  of  2  weeks,  noticeable  in  4  of  the  subjects  particularly,  was 
due  without  doubt  to  the  stimulating  effect  of  the  change  to  the  new 
table.  Both  the  menu  and  the  cooking  of  the  experimental  table 
were  excellent,  and  a  general  change  of  living  such  as  was  involved 

70111— Xo.  88—09 2 


18 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


here  might  well  serve  as  a  temporary  stimulus  to  appetite.  (For 
details  regarding  the  daily  food  of  the  several  subjects  and  the  con- 
tent of  nitrogen  in  the  same,  see  appended  tables  of  food  compo- 
sition, p.  221.) 

"While  the  nitrogen  intake  of  our  subjects  was  relatively  low,  the 
fuel  value  of  the  daii}'-  food  was  not  essentially  different  from  the 
values  usually  seen.  In  other  words,  the  daily  intake  of  fats  and 
carbohydrates  was  such  that  the  heat-giving  power  of  the  food  aver- 
aged about  3,000  large  calories  per  day.  While  these  data  are  not 
based  wholly  upon  accurate  chemical  anah^sis,  as  in  the  determination 
of  the  nitrogen  of  the  food,  they  are  sulHciently  near  the  trutli  to  have 
value  in  showing  the  general  character  of  the  daily  dietary  as  looked 
at  from  the  standpomt  of  energy-yielding  power.  The  following 
table  gives  a  sufficient  number  of  data  to  indicate  the  average  values 
for  each  subject: 

Estimated  fuel  value  of  the  daily  food. 


Date. 


July  27 -... 

July  28 

July  29 

July  30 

July  31 

August  1 

August  2 

Average 

October  8 

October  9 

October  10  . . . 
October  11... 
October  12  . . . 
October  13 . . . 
October  14 . . . 

Average 


H.  H.  G.  W.  W.  H.   L.  M.  L.     J.  F.  L.     E.  C.  M.    W.  C.  R 


Calories. 
2,848 
2,424 
3,113 
3,566 
3,203 
3,133 
2,869 


3,022 


3,040 
3,192 
3,551 
2,958 
2,530 
2,758 
2,562 


2,942 


Calories. 
3,454 
2,949 
3,408 
4,081 
2,706 
3,345 
3,564 


3,358 


3,139 
3,920 
3,526 
3,064 
3,235 
3,229 
3,258 


3,339 


Calories. 
3,585 
3,028 
3,250 
4,638 
3,695 
3,890 
3,360 


3,635 


4,112 
4,038 
4,093 
3,166 
3,652 
3,417 
3,473 


3,707 


Calories. 
3,241 
3,677 
4,182 
4,135 
4,365 
4,179 
3,186 


3,852 


2,954 
3,055 
3,266 
2,423 
2,682 
3,370 
3,497 


3,035 


Calories. 
2,079 
1,964 
2,885 
4,018 
3,830 
3,969 
2,700 


3,063 


2,943 
3,431 
3,584 
2,914 
2,854 
3,190 
3,593 


Calories. 
2,973 
2,184 
2,619 
2,896 
3,200 
3,000 
1,65.5 


2,647 


2,996 
3,272 
3,137 
2,633 
2,550 
2,388 
3,076 


3,216 


2,86& 


CLINICAL  OBSERVATIONS. 


SUBJECT  No.   1— H.  H.  G. 


This  subject  was  a  young  man,  24  years  of  age,  an  assistant  in  the 
chemical  laborator}^.  At  the  initial  examination,  made  by  the 
medical  inspector  July  2,  1908,  he  was  described  as  of  slender  build, 
weighing  50.8  kilograms;  skin  pale;  mucous  membranes  of  fair  color; 
"adenoid  face"  (mouth  breather)  ^vith  high  palatal  arch.  His  chest 
was  long,  narrow,  and  flat.  Lungs  were  normal,  breath  sounds  and 
resonance  being  of  normal  character;  complete  absence  of  rales  or 
dullness.  The  heart  sounds  were  clear;  the  point  of  maximum 
impulse  was  visible  in  the  fifth  interspace  inside  of  the  nipple  line. 
The  abdomen  was  fiat,  with  normal  respiratory  movements,  soft  on 
palpation,  no  mass  felt.  The  spleen  and  kidneys  were  not  palpable. 
Liver  dullness  was  normal.     Knee  jerk  weak.     Body  temperature 


INFLUENCE  OF  HODIUM  BENZOATK  OX   NUTRITION  AND  HEALTJI.  1 V) 

was  98.(5°.  I'lilso,  78  beats  per  minute  and  quite  regular,  with  fair 
volume  ami  tension.  The  urine  was  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  slightly 
cloudy.  The  small  sediment  wiiich  eventually  .separated  was  com- 
posed of  amorphous  phosphate.  The  reaction  of  the  urine  was  acid. 
Specific  gravity,  1.010.  The  urine  was  free  from  albumin,  sugar,  and 
bile.  Careful  microscopic  examination  of  the  slight  sediment  showed 
an  absence  of  tubular  casts,  cells,  etc.  The  only  noticeable  com- 
ponent of  the  sediment  was  the  amt)rphous  ])hosphate  already 
referred  to,  with  a  few  crystals  of  dicalcium  phosphate  and  a  few 
mucous  threads. 

On  July  14  the  subject  had  a  "cold."  There  was  slight  follicular 
tonsilitis  and  pharyngitis.  His  temperature  was  99°;  pulse,  88.  An 
antiseptic  gargle  was  prescribed  and  calomel  given.  In  three  days 
the  patient  was  quite  well. 

On  July  29  cHnical  examination  showed  the  heart,  lungs,  and 
abdomen  normal.  General  condition  wholly  unclianged.  Subject 
stated  that  he  felt  well.  Body  temperature  was  98°.  Pulse  beat  66 
per  minute.  The  urine  had  a  specific  gravity  of  1.018;  was  very 
faintly  acid  in  reaction;  pale  yellow  in  color,  and  showed  a  slight 
white  precipitate  of  amorphous  phosphate.  There  were  no  casts, 
cells,  or  other  substances  of  pathological  significance.  Tests  of  the 
urine  made  for  albumin,  sugar,  etc.,  were  wholly  negative. 

On  August  4  the  subject  was  treated  for  laceration  of  hand  caused 
b}^  the  breaking  of  glass  apparatus  in  the  laboratory.  There  were 
two  punctured  wounds  over  lower  and  second  metacarpal  at  the  base 
of  the  index  finger.  There  was  loss  of  sensation  along  the  outer  side 
of  finger.  The  wounds  were  dressed  on  August  4,  6,  8,  and  12.  On 
the  latter  date  the  wounds  had  healed  per  primary ;  loss  of  sensation 
still  persisted.  It  was  thought  advisable  to  wait  and  see  if  sensation 
would  return  before  doing  exploratory  operation  for  nerve  suture,  as 
the  subject  was  anxious  to  keep  on  with  liis  work. 

On  September  1  clinical  examination  showed  no  deviation  from 
the  normal. 

On  September  24,  near  the  close  of  the  first  benzoate  period, 
another  examination  showed  body  temperature  98.8°;  pulse,  82 
beats  per  minute;  regular,  witli  fair  volume  and  tension.  The  urine 
was  free  from  any  casts  or  cells.  A  few  mucous  threads  were  observed, 
and  a  few  cr^'stals  of  calcium  oxalate  with  some  amorphous  phosphate. 
The  heart,  hmgs,  and  abdomen  were  normal.  The  general  condition 
of  the  subject  was  good.     He  was  gaining  in  weight  and  felt  quite  well. 

On  October  14,  after  a  week  of  taking  1  gram  of  sodium  benzoate 
per  day,  the  body  temperature  was  found  to  be  98°;  pulse,  70  beats 
per  minute;  regular,  with  good  volume  and  tension.  The  heart, 
lungs,  and  alxlomen  were  normal;  general  condition  excellent.  Sub- 
ject stated  that  he  felt  very  well.     The  urine  was  entirely  normal. 


20  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND  THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

On  October  22,  at  the  close  of  the  week  when  2  grams  of  sodium 
benzoate  had  been  taken  daily,  the  same  general  conthtion  of  good 
liealth  prevailed,  with  no  deviation  from  the  normal. 

On  October  28,  at  the  close  of  the  week  when  4  grams  of  sodium 
benzoate  had  been  taken  daily,  the  body  temperature  was  found  to  be 
98.2°;  pulse,  74  beats  per  minute;  regular,  and  withgood  volume  and 
tension.  The  heart,  lungs,  and  abdomen  were  normal.  General  con- 
dition was  good,  the  subject  stating  that  he  felt  well,  with  continued 
gain  in  bod}"  weight.  The  urine  was  perfectly  normal,  free  from 
casts  or  an}^  other  abnormality. 

On  November  7,  at  the  close  of  the  final  after  period,  clinical 
examination  showed  body  temperature  98°;  pulse,  76  beats  per 
minute;  with  good  volume  and  tension.  The  heart,  lungs,  abdomen, 
liver,  and  spleen  were  normal.  No  changes  in  the  physical  condition 
of  the  subject  could  be  observed  during  the  course  of  the  test.  Sub- 
ject stated  that  he  felt  well  and  had  noticed  no  change  in  his  health 
one  way  or  the  other  during  the  period  of  the  experiment.  He  had 
gained  6  to  7  pounds  in  body  weight.  The  urine  was  normal  and  free 
from  sediment,  except  a  few  mucous  tlireads.  Careful  questioning  of 
the  subject  with  regard  to  liis  impressions  as  to  possible  action  on  the 
part  of  the  sodium  benzoate  led  to  negative  statements,  with  the 
exception  that  during  the  larger  dosage  of  sodium  benzoate  he  thought 
the  bad  taste  of  the  salt  objectionable. 

SUBJECT  No.  2— W.  W.  H. 

Tliis  subject  was  a  young  man,  24  years  of  age,  with  a  body  weight 
of  51.6  kilograms.  He  was  small  and  slight.  The  first  clinical 
examination,  made  July  6,  showed  the  following:  Skin  and  mucous 
membranes  of  good  color;  partial  mouth  breather,  nasal  obstruction 
due  to  septal  deformit3^  The  chest  was  fairly  well  formed;  rather 
long,  flat,  and  narrow.  Lungs  were  normal;  breath  sounds  and 
resonance  normal.  The  heart  sounds  were  clear;  the  point  of 
maximum  impulse  was  visible  in  the  sixtli  interspace  inside  of  the 
nipple  line.  The  abdomen  was  full,  soft,  normal  tympany,  no  mass. 
Spleen  and  kidneys  were  not  palpalde.  Liver  in  normal  position. 
Body  temperature,  98.4°.  Pulse,  70  beats  per  minute;  regular,  with 
good  volume  and  tension.  The  urine  was  pale  yellow  in  color,  slightly 
cloudy;  acid  reaction;  specific  gravity  1.016.  The  sliglit  sediment  in 
the  urine  was  composed  of  amorphous  phosphate.  No  casts;  no  cells. 
Tests  for  albumin,  sugar,  bile,  etc.,  were  wholly  negative.  On  July 
29  the  heart,  lungs,  and  abdomen  were  found  normal.  General 
pliysical  condition  of  the  subject  was  good.  Body  temperature  was 
98°;  pulse,  69  beats  per  minute. 

On  August  5  the  subject  had  a  sore  throat;  coryza,  phar^'ngitis, 
and  a  few  ' '  spots  "  on  the  left  tonsil.     Necessary  treatment  was  given. 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH.  21 

Body  temperaturo  was  101.2°;  pulso,  87  beats  })cr  minuto.  On 
August  7  his  throat  was  practically  normal.  August  24  there  was 
a  slight  recurrence  of  sore  throat.  The  pharyngitis,  however,  was 
very  slight  and  quickly  alleviated  by  an  antiseptic  gargle. 

Se]>tember  5  the  general  condition  was  good;  no  deviation  from  the 
normal  in  bod}"  temperature,  ])ulse  rate,  or  in  the  character  of  the 
urine. 

September  25  the  body  tem])erature  was  98.2°;  pulse  beat,  74; 
regular,  with  fair  volume  and  tension.  The  heart,  hmgs,  and  ab- 
domen were  normal.  General  ])hysical  condition  good,  with  some 
increase  in  body  weight.  The  urine  had  a  specific  gravity  of  1.018, 
and  was  free  from  albumin,  sugar,  or  any  abnormal  substance.  ^licro- 
scopic  examination  of  the  slight  sediment  showed  a  few  mucous 
threads  and  crystals  of  calcium  oxalate.     No  casts  were  to  be  found. 

October  13  the  body  weight  still  showed  increase.  The  heart, 
lungs,  and  abdomen  were  normal.  General  physical  condition  was 
good,  the  subject  stating  that  he  felt  perfectly  well.  Body  tempera- 
ture was  98°;    pulse,  78;    regular,  with  good  volume  and  tension. 

On  October  20,  when  the  subject  was  taking  2  grams  of  sodium 
benzoate  per  day,  examination  showed  the  same  good  physical  con- 
dition, vriih  com])lete  absence  of  any  signs  of  a])normality  in  the 
urine. 

October  27,  near  the  close  of  the  largest  benzoate  dosage,  clinical 
examination  showed  the  heart  and  lungs  normal;  abdomen  full  and 
soft;  rather  more  gas  in  the  intestines  than  in  previous  examinations. 
Sid3Ject  stated  that  h6  had  had  slight  gastro-intestinal  fermentation 
for  two  days.  Subject  stated  that  he  felt  well  and  his  general  phj's- 
ical  condition  was  plainly  good.  His  body  weight  was  increased. 
Body  temperature  was  98°;  pulse,  78  beats  per  minute;  regular, 
with  good  volume  and  tension.  The  urine  was  yellow  in  color;  spe- 
cific gravity,  1.020;  acid  in  reaction  and  free  from  albumin,  sugar, 
etc.  A  slight  cloudy  precipitate  appeared  in  the  urine  on  standing. 
Microscopic  examination  of  this  sediment  showed  a  s'mall  amount  of 
amorphous  phosphate  and  a  few  crystals  of  calcium  oxalate.  Long 
search  revealed  two  finely  granular  casts.     There  were  no  cells. 

On  November  5,  near  the  close  of  the  experiment,  final  clinical 
examination  showed  the  heart,  lungs,  and  abdomen  normal.  Body 
temperature  was  99° ;  pulse,  78  beats  per  minute ;  regular,  with  good 
volume  and  tension.  No  change  was  observed  in  the  physical  con- 
dition of  the  subject  during  the  entire  course  of  the  experiment,  with 
the  slight  exception  noted  above.  The  subject  himself  stated  that 
he  felt  as  well  as  at  the  beginning  of  the  period  and  that  he  had  seen 
no  ill  eft'ects  from  the  test  so  far  as  subjective  spnptoms  go.  He 
had  gained  6  pounds  in  body  weight,  and  his  general  physical  condi- 
tion had  plainly  improved   during   the   period   of  the   test.     Final 


22  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 

examination  of  the  urine  showed  a  specific  gravity  of  1.018,  with 
freedom  from  albumin,  sugar,  and  bile,  but  with  a  shght  sediment 
which  under  the  microscope  was  found  to  be  composed  of  amorphous 
phos])hate,  with  a  few  mucous  threads  and  calcium  oxalate  crystals. 
No  cells  were  to  be  found.  Repeated  examination  revealed  one 
finely  granular  cast. 

SUBJECT  No.   3.— L.  M.  L. 

A  graduate  student  in  the  university;  age,  22  years.  Body  weight 
at  the  beginning  of  the  experiment  was  70  kilograms.  On  July  1 
the  first  clinical  examination  gave  the  following  results:  The  subject 
Avas  of  medium  size,  well  nourished,  and  well  muscled.  Skin  and  mu- 
cous membranes  were  of  good  color.  Chest  well  formed — muscular. 
The  heart  sounds  were  clear,  the  apex  beat  at  the  fifth  interspace 
inside  of  the  nipple  line.  The  lungs  showed  normal  resonance,  with 
normal  breath  sounds.  The  abdomen  was  muscular,  full,  soft 
negative;  arteries  soft.  Bod}^  temperature,  98.2°;  pulse,  82  beats 
per  minute;  regular,  with  good  volume  and  tension.  The  urine  was 
light  yellow  in  color;  acid  in  reaction;  with  a  specific  gravity  of  1.016, 
Tests  for  albumin,  sugar,  bile,  etc.,  weie  negative.  The  urine  showed 
a  slight  cloud,  which  on  subsidence  was  found  to  be  composed  of 
amorphous  phosphate.     There  were  no  casts;  no  cells. 

July  31  the  body  temperature  was  99°;  pulse  95  beats  per  minute. 
Nothin'X  abnormal  was  to  be  detected  in  the  urine  or  on  physical 
examination. 

September  5,  body  temperature,  98.8°;  pulse,  110  beats  per  min- 
ute; fairly  regular,  with  low  volume  and  tension.  The  increased 
pulse  rate  was  due  apparently  to  excess  in  smoking.  The  heart 
sounds  were  clear.  The  subject  was  advised  to  diminish  his  smok- 
ing. The  urine  was  free  from  casts,  cells,  or  any  abnormal  substance. 
The  general  physical  condition  of  the  subject  was  excellent. 

September  24,  the  datte  on  which  this  examination  was  made,  the 
subject  was  in  a  student  rush,  in  which  he  was  for  several  hours 
subjected  to  severe  physical  strain.  This  fact  is  mentioned,  since 
the  urine  collected  this  day  showed  on  microscopic  examination  a 
few  fijiely  granular  casts,  with  some  hyaline  casts.  Body  tempera- 
ture was  98.2°;  pulse,  84  beats  per  minute;  fairly  regular,  with  low 
volume  and  tension.  Aside  from  these  casts  in  the  urine,  the  exam- 
ination revealed  no  suggestive  features.  The  urine  was  entirely  free 
from  albumin  and  sugar.  A  microscopic  examination  of  the  urine 
on  September  26  showed  entire  absence  of  casts.  The  excessive 
physical  exertion  endured  bj^  the  subject  September  24  undoubt- 
edly accounts  for  the  presence  of  the  few  casts  found  in  the  urine. 

October  12  the  body  temperature  was  98.1°;  pulse,  94  beats  per 
rni:  ;ite;  fairly  regular,  with  low  A'olume  and  tension.  Heart,  lungs, 
and  abdomen  were  normal.     The  general  physical  condition  of  the 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH.         23 

subject  was  excellent.  There  was  a  gain  of  2  pounds  in  body  weight. 
The  urine  was  clear,  entirely  free  from  casts,  cells,  or  other  sedi- 
ment aside  from  a  slight  mucous  cloud.  There  was  likewise  free- 
dom from  albumin,  sugar,  and  bile. 

October  10,  the  heart,  lungs,  and  abdomen  were  normal.  General 
physical  condition  excellent.  Urine  clear,  with  the  exception  of  a 
-light  cloud  on  standing.  This  sediment,  under  the  microscope, 
showed  a  few  crystals  of  calcium  oxalate  and  several  mucous  threads. 
Two  finely  granular  casts  were  found.  On  this  date  the  subject 
was  in  a  vigorous  wrestling  match,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  casts 
in  the  urine  were  due  to  the  severe  physical  exercise. 

October  2G,  body  temperature  was  98°;  pulse,  98  beats  per  min- 
ute; regular,  with  fair  volume  and  tension.  The  urine  had  a  specific 
gra^'ity  of  1.016  and  showed  on  microscopic  examination  two  fine 
and  slightly  granular  casts.  These  two  casts  were  found  on  search- 
ing  four  distinct  slides.  A  few  calcium  oxalate  crystals  and  some 
amorphous  phosphates  were  also  seen. 

November  5,  the  final  examination  of  this  subject  showed  the  heart, 
lungs,  abdomen,  liver,  and  spleen  normal.  His  general  physical 
condition  was  excellent.  Subject  stated  that  he  felt  no  ill  effects 
from  the  test;  had  gained  in  body  weight.  Aside  from  the  increased 
heart  beat  noted  under  date  of  September  5,  there  has  been  no  change 
in  the  original  physical  findings.  The  subject  appeared  to  be  in 
better  condition  than  at  the  beginning  of  the  test.  His  body  tem- 
perature was  98°,  pulse  88  beats  per  minute,  regular,  with  fair  vol- 
ume and  tension.  The  urine  was  free  from  albumin,  sugar,  bile,  etc., 
and  clear  on  standmg.  Microscopic  examination  failed  to  show  any 
casts  or  cells.  The  subject  stated  that  the  only  effect  he  experi- 
enced in  taking  the  sodium  benzoate  was  a  slight  feeling  of  nausea 
on  the  days  when  the  larger  doses  were  taken.  This  he  attributed 
to  the  smell  of  the  substance,  since  the  nausea,  he  stated,  was  not 
experienced  when  he  took  the  food  containing  the  benzoate  \\dth 
the  nostrils  closed. 

SUBJECT  No.  4— J.  P.  L. 

This  subject  was  an  assistant  in  the  laboratory,  27  years  of  age, 
with  a  bod}"  weight  of  67.2  kilograms.  At  the  first  exammation 
made  on  July  9  he  was  found  to  be  well  developed,  fairly  well  nour- 
ished, and  muscular — a  man  of  the  clean,  long-limbed,  lean  type. 
Skin  and  mucous  membranes  were  of  good  color.  The  chest  was 
broad,  rather  flat,  with  a  slight  depression  at  the  lower  end  of  ster- 
num. The  lungs  were  normal,  with  good  breath  sounds  and  normal 
resonance.  The  heart  sounds  were  clear;  the  point  of  maximum 
impulse  was  visible  in  the  fifth  interspace  inside  of  the  nipple  line. 
The  abdomen  was  flat,  soft,  with  freedom  from  masses.  The  spleen 
and  kidneys  were  not  palpable.     Liver  to  costal  margin.     The  knee 


24  SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

jerk  was  normal.  Body  tomptMature  was  98.4°,  pulse  70  beats  per 
minute,  regular,  with  good  volume  antl  tension.  The  urine  was 
light  yellow  in  color,  clear,  with  a  specific  gravity  of  1.018,  slightly 
acid  reaction.  Tests  for  albumin,  sugar,  bile,  etc.,  were  negative. 
The  urine  was  free  from  casts  and  cells. 

July  30  the  body  temperature  was  98.6°,  pulse  82  beats  per  min- 
ute, regular,  with  fair  volume  and  tension.  The  heart,  lungs,  and 
abdomen  were  normal .  General  physical  condition  was  excellent.  Sub- 
ject stated  that  his  general  health  had  been  fine  during  the  past 
month.  Body  weight  had  increased  5  pounds.  Urine  was  normal, 
^^^th  freedom  from  casts  and  cells.     A  few  mucous  threads  were  seen. 

September  1,  heart,  lungs,  and  abdomen  were  normal.  General 
condition  excellent.  Subject  stated  that  his  health  was  fine,  but  he 
was  slightly  constipated.  He  had  gained  4  additional  pounds  in 
body  weight.  Body  temperature  was  98.2°,  pulse  80  beats  per 
minute,  regular,  with  fair  volume  and  tension.  The  urine  was  nor- 
mal in  every  respect ;  no  casts  and  no  crystalline  sediment. 

September  23,  clinical  examination  on  this  date  showed  the  heart, 
lungs,  and  abdomen  normal.  Physical  condition  excellent.  Con- 
stipation had  disappeared,  and  subject  has  daily  stools.  Feels  in 
excellent  health.  Body  temperature  98.2°,  pulse  74  beats  per  min- 
ute, regular,  with  fair  volume  and  tension.  Urine  normal,  with 
freedom  from  casts  and  cells,  and  no  trace  to  be  found  of  albumin, 
sugar,  or  other  abnormal  substances. 

October  13,  body  temperature  was  98°,  pulse  80  beats  per  minute, 
regular,  with  good  volume  and  tension.  Pleart,  lungs,  and  abdomen 
were  normal.  General  condition  excellent.  Had  been  working  over- 
time in  the  laboratory  and  felt  a  bit  tired,  otherwise  quite  well. 
The  urine  was  normal  in  every  respect. 

October  20,  no  physical  examination  was  made  on  this  date,  as  the 
subject  appeared  in  excellent  condition.  The  urine,  however,  was 
carefully  examined,  but  no  trace  of  any  abnormal  constituent  was 
found,  neither  were  there  any  casts  or  cells  in  the  slight  sediment 
which  eventually  developed  on  standing.  A  few  mucous  threads 
and  a  few  crystals  of  calcium  oxalate  only  were  found. 

October  27,  near  the  close  of  the  large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate, 
the  subject  was  subjected  to  a  critical  physical  examination.  Heart, 
lungs,  and  abdomen  were  normal  in  every  respect.  The  general 
condition  of  the  subject  was  excellent.  He  felt  well,  had  been 
working  very  hard  for  the  past  few  weeks,  but  ANith  no  effect  except 
a  slight  loss  of  appetite. 

November  6,  final  examination  of  this  subject  showed  the  heart, 
lungs,  and  abdomen  normal,  liver  and  spleen  not  palpable.  Body 
temperature  was  98°,  pulse  85  beats  per  minute,  regular,  vriih  fair 
volume  and  tension.     The  general  physical  condition  was  excellent.     If 


INFLUENCE  OE  SODIUM  BENZOATE  OM   NUTRITION  AND  UEALTU.         25 

anything,  the  subject  appeared  in  better  condition  than  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  experiment  when  he  was  first  examined.  He  had  gained 
7  to  8  pounds  in  body  weiglit.  No  change  in  the  physical  condition 
of  tlie  vital  organs  couhl  be  detected.  The  subject  stated  that  lie  was 
not  conscious  of  any  ill  effect  from  the  benzoate  feeding.  The  subject 
thought  that  some  little  diuresis  had  been  produced  as  the  result  of 
the  benzoate.  This  point,  however,  will  be  discussed  in  comiection 
with  data  to  be  presented  under  the  head  of  "Effect  on  the  compo- 
sition of  the  urine."  Final  examination  of  the  urine  showed  com- 
plete freedom  from  abnormal  components  of  every  kind.  There 
were  no  casts,  no  cells.  In  the  slight  sediment  which  appeared  in 
the  urine  only  a  few  mucous  threatls  were  seen. 

SUBJECT  No.  5— E.  C.  M. 

This  subject  was  one  of  the  assistants  in  the  laboratory,  29  years 
of  age,  and  weighed  67.1  kilograms  at  the  time  of  the  examination, 
June  29.  He  was  a  lean,  clean-built  man;  skin  and  mucous  mem- 
branes of  good  color,  except  for  dark  rings  under  his  eyes,  which  he 
stated  he  had  had  all  his  life.  The  heart  impulse  was  palpable  at  the 
fifth  interspace  nipple  line;  sounds  clear  at  both  apex  and  base;  no 
murmurs.  The  lungs  were  healthy,  respiratory  movements  normal, 
breath  sounds  faint,  but  no  r^les  and  no  dullness.  The  radial  arteries 
appeared  soft,  the  brachials  slightly  thickened.  The  abdomen  was 
flat  and  soft,  with  normal  tympany.  Liver  was  of  normal  size,  spleen 
not  palpable.  Xo  glandular  enlargement;  no  varicose  veins.  Body 
temperature  was  99°,  pulse  68  beats  per  minute,  regular,  with  fair  vol- 
ume and  tension.  The  urine  was  pale  yellow  in  color,  clear  on  stand- 
ing, slightly  acid  in  reaction,  and  with  a  specific  gravity  of  1.014. 
There  were  no  casts  or  cells  present,  neither  albumin,  sugar,  bile,  etc. 

July  27  the  subject  had  an  acute  gastro-intestinal  attack,  A\-ith 
abdominal  pain,  tenderness,  and  diarrhea.  Body  temperature  was 
99°,  pulse  70.  This  attack  was  counteracted  by  calomel,  saline,  etc. 
Recovery  was  complete  on  July  31. 

July  31,  body  temperature  was  98°,  pulse  66  beats  per  minute,  regu- 
lar, with  low  volume  and  tension.  Heart  sounds  were  faint,  slight  mur- 
murish  quality  at  apex  during  inspiration.  The  subject  was  given 
a  tonic  pill  of  strychnine  1/40,  cjuinine  1/2,  and  ferri  carb.  sacch. 
The  urine  was  perfectly  normal  in  character  and  free  from  sediment. 
Xo  casts  and  no  cells  of  any  kind  were  found. 

September  25,  bod}"  temperature  was  98°;  pulse  69  beats  per  min- 
ute; regular,  with  fair  volume  and  tension.  Heart  sounds  clear;  good 
quality.  General  condition  of  the  subject  was  excellent;  had  gained 
two  pounds  in  weight.  The  urine  was  free  from  sugar,  albumin, 
and  other  abnormal  substances.     Microscopic  examination  showed 


26  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

complete  absence  of  casts,  cells,  etc.  Many  mucous  threads  were 
found  in  the  slight  sediment,  together  with  some  crystals  of  calcium 
oxalate  and  some  amorphous  phosphate. 

October  14  the  body  temperature  was  98.4°;  pulse  68  beats  j)er 
minute;  regular,  with  good  volume  and  tension.  Physical  con- 
dition continued  good.  The  urine  was  entirely  free  from  any  abnor- 
mality. 

October  19,  heart,  lungs,  and  abdomen  were  normal.  General  con- 
dition was  good.  Urine  tests  for  abnormal  substances  were  all  nega- 
tive.    No  casts  and  no  crystals  of  any  kind  were  to  be  found. 

October  26,  careful  physical  examination  of  the  subject  showed 
no  change  from  the  original  findings  as  to  heart,  lungs,  liver,  spleen, 
abdomen,  etc.  The  urine  was  normal,  and  there  were  no  casts  or  cells 
present . 

November  6:  The  final  examination  of  the  subject  was  made  on 
this  date.  Body  temperature  w^as  98.4°;  pulse  70  beats  per  minute; 
regular,  with  good  volume  and  tension.  The  general  appearance  of 
the  subject  was  good;  he  seemed  in  better  health  than  on  June  29. 
Heart,  liver,  abdomen,  skin,  and  mucous  membranes  were  normal,  ex- 
cept for  rings  under  the  eyes.  Subject  stated  that  he  felt  very  well 
and  had  noticed  no  change  in  health  or  feeling  as  a  result  of  the 
benzoate  feeding.  He  had  lost  2  pounds  in  weight  during  the  last 
month,  wliich  he  attributed  to  extra  work,  as  he  had  been  tloing  night 
work  in  addition  to  his  daily  routine.  Final  examination  of  the 
urine  showed  complete  freedom  from  abnormal  substances,  with  no 
trace  of  casts  or  sediment. 

SUBJECT   No.  6— W.  C.  B. 

Tliis  subject,  a  graduate  student  in  the  university,  weighed  at  the 
beginning  of  the  experiment  58.8  kilograms.  He  was  21  years  of 
age;  of  slender  build,  with  slight  muscular  development.  Skin  and 
mucous  membranes  were  of  fair  color.  On  June  29  his  body  tempera- 
ture was  98.8°;  pulse  96  beats  per  minute;  low  volume  and  tension. 
The  rhythm  varied  slightly.  Chest  was  symmetrical ;  flat,  with  good 
expansion.  Breath  sounds  were  clear;  no  rales  and  no  dullness. 
The  heart  apex  beat  was  visible  at  the  fifth  interspace  nipple  line; 
sounds  clear  and  forcefid  at  both  apex  and  base.  Abdomen  was 
flat,  soft,  negative.  Liver  and  spleen  not  enlarged.  The  subject  had 
had  typhoid  fever  ten  years  ago ;  was  not  at  all  robust  in  appearance. 
Urine  was  pale  yellow  in  color,  slightly  acid,  with  a  specific  gravity 
of  1.016.  Tested  for  albumin,  sugar,  bile,  etc.,  with  negative  results. 
A  slight  sediment  showed  on  standing,  which  under  the  microscoj^e 
was  found  to  consist  of  amorphous  phosphate  vdih  a  httle  granular 
matter.     There  were  no  casts  and  no  cells. 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH.         27 

July  30,  general  physical  condition  unchanged.  Heart,  lungs,  and 
ahdomon  were  ])erfectly  normal.  Body  tcnipcniture  was  90°;  pulse 
98  boats  })cr  minute;  regular,  with  low  volume  and  tension.  Subject 
stated  that  he  felt  in  (>x<elleut  condition.  Urine  was  wholly  free 
from  abnormalities.  A  few  mucous  threads  were  seen  in  the  slight 
sediment,  but  no  casts  or  cells. 

August  31,  on  this  date  the  subject  had  a  slight  attack  of  diarrhea; 
general  abdominal  pain,  with  gas  in  the  intestines;  headache  for 
thirty  liours.  •  The  abdomen  was  found  full  and  soft;  slightly  tender 
over  the  left  rectus;  didl  over  colon  on  left  side.  Treatment  con- 
sisted simply  of  Seidlitz  powders,  with  the  result  that  the  subject 
was  perfectly'  well  in  tliirtj'-six  hours.  Body  temperature  was  98.4°; 
pidse  82  beats  i)er  minute;  regidar,  with  good  volume  and  tension. 
I'rine  was  entirely  normal.     No  casts  or  cells  present. 

September  23,  heart,  lungs,  and  abdomen  were  normal.  General 
physical  condition  was  excellent.  Subject  said  that  he  felt  very  well. 
Body  weight  had  increased  2  pounds.  Body  temperature  98.8°; 
pulse  81;  regular,  with  good  volume  and  tension.  Urine  was  free 
from  abnormal  substances.  Xo  casts;  no  cells;  a  few  crystals  of 
calcium  oxalate  and  amorphous  phosphate  were  present. 

October  12,  body  temperature  was  98°;  pulse  70  beats  per  minute; 
regular,  with  low  volume  and  tension.  The  heart  sounds  were 
perhaps  a  little  less  forceful,  with  a  slightly  murmurish  quality  to  the 
first  sound  at  apex.  Apex  beat  was  in  the  fifth  interepace  nipple 
line.  No  enlargement.  Subject  stated  that  he  felt  perfectly  well. 
The  urine  was  normal. 

October  22,  pulse  82  l^eats  per  minute;  regidar,  with  fair  volume 
and  tension.  Slight  murmurish  quality  to  the  first  sound  at  apex. 
Physical  findings  were  otherwise  normal  and  unchanged.  Subject 
felt  well.  Urine  was  free  from  sugar,  albumin,  etc.  Xo  casts  or  cells 
present.  A  few^  mucous  threads  and  a  few  crystals  of  calcium  oxalate 
were  found,  together  with  some  amorphous  phosphate. 

October  28,  body  temperature  Avas  98.2°;  pulse  82  beats  per 
minute;  regular,  with  fair  volume  and  tension. 

November  7,  heart,  lungs,  abdomen,  etc.,  showed  no  changes  from 
the  original  findings.  Subject  appeared  to  be  in  better  general  health 
than  at  the  beginning  of  the  test.  Body  temperature  was  98.3°; 
pulse  83  beats  per  minute;  regular,  of  good  volume  and  tension. 
The  urine  was  free  from  albumin,  sugar,  bile,  etc.  The  slight  sedi- 
ment showed  a  few  calcium  oxalate  crystals  and  some  mucous  threads. 
There  were  no  casts  or  cells.  The  subject  had  sufl'ered  from  slight 
indigestion  and  constipation  since  the  benzoate  feeding  was  dis- 
continued. The  lieart  sounds  were  clear  and  \he  lungs  clear.  Abdo- 
men fidl,  soft;  normal  tym]>any,  except  for  dullness  over  sigmoid. 
The  subj-ect  stated  that  he  felt  perfectly  well. 


28  SODIUM    BENZOATE   A2CD   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN, 

CONCLUSIONS. 

The  foregoing  clinical  observations  have  l)een  taken  almost  ver- 
batim from  the  report  of  the  medical  examiner.  His  conclusions 
are  summed  up  in  the  following  statement: 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  December  1,  1908. 
Prof.  R.  H.  Chittenden. 

Dear  Sir:  In  accordanre  with  your  request  I  examined  the  sodium  benzoate 
subjects  at  the  beginning  of  the  test,  at  intervals  during  the  course  of  the  test,  and 
after  the  benzoate  feeding  was  discontinued.  The  results  of  my  examinations  are 
recorded  in  my  detailed  report. 

In  general  there  has  been  no  clinical  evidence  at  any  time  that  the  health  of  the 

men  was  at  all  impaired  by  the  benzoate  feeding;  on  "the  contrary  the  men  appear 

to  be  in  better  general  condition  at  the  conclusion  of  the  test  than  they  were  at  the 

start.     None  of  the  men  have  lost  in  weight,  while  four  have  made  appreciable  gains. 

\'ery  respectfully  yours, 

Richard  F.  Rand,  M.  D. 

A  general  survey  of  the  clinical  history  of  these  subjects  as  recorded 
fails  to  show  any  specific  action  on  the  part  of  the  sodium  benzoate. 
There  are,  hov/cver,  two  or  tliree  statements  that  perhaps  need  a  word 
of  explanation.  Subject  W.  W.  H.  on  October  27  had  a  shght  attack 
of  gastro-intestinal  fermentation  which  lasted  two  days.  This 
happens  to  be  at  the  close  of  the  second  benzoate  period  when  a 
dosage  of  4  grams  per  day  was  being  taken.  Again,  E.  C.  M.  on  July 
27,  viz,  at  the  beginning  of  the  first  benzoate  period,  had  a  slight 
gastro-mtestinal  attack.  Further,  W.  C.  R.  on  August  31,  near  the 
close  of  the  first  benzoate  period,  had  a  brief  attack  of  diarrhea.  It 
might  be  said  that  these  slight  disturbances  of  the  gastro-intestinal 
tract  were  due  to  the  benzoate.  It  is  possible  that  this  w^as  the  case. 
It  is  to  be  remembered,  however,  that  this  experiment  was  carried 
out  during  the  hot  w^eather  of  a  New^  England  summer,  in  a  season 
which  was  unusually  dr}^  and  warm.  It  is  not  at  all  strange  if  three 
of  the  subjects  should  have  had  for  a  day  or  two  a  slight  disturbance 
such  as  is  recorded  above.  Certainly,  if  the  slight  gastro-intestinal 
attack  suffered  by  E.  C.  M.  on  July  27  was  due  to  the  action  of  sodium 
benzoate,  it  would  naturally  be  expected  that  as  the  dosage  was 
continued  tlu"ough  the  following  weeks  and  succeeded  by  still  larger 
doses  in  October,  there  would  be  a  recurrence  of  these  symptoms. 
On  the  contrary,  the  subject  had  this  brief  attack  for  a  day  or  two 
in  July  and  was  not  visited  by  corresponding  symptoms  at  any  later 
date.  Further,  in  the  case  of  W.  C.  R.  the  slight  diarrhea  which 
occurred  August  31,  if  due  to  sodium  benzoate,  would  naturalh'  be 
expected  to  recur  as  the  dosage  was  continued  and  enlarged.  Further 
symptoms  of  this  trouble,  however,  failed  to  appear  even  when  the 
dosage  was  increased  to  the  maximum  of  4  grams  per  day.  It  seems 
far  more  reasonable  to  believe  that  these  were  incidents  such  as, 
especially  in  the  summer  time,  are  liable  to  occur  in  the  case  of  any 
normal  individual. 


I^'i;'LUJi^'C]i  Oi'  fcJUDlUM  bE^'ZOATE  O^   :SUTK1T1U>;  AISD  HEALTH. 


29 


Reference  should  also  be  made  to  the  case  of  L.  M.  L.,  whose  urine 
on  September  24,  October  19  and  26,  showed  a  few  granular  casts. 
The  conclusion  of  the  medical  examiner  that  the  appearance  of  these 
cjvsts  in  I  he  urine  was  due  entirely  to  physical  strain  which  the  subject 
experienced  on  those  dates  seems  justifiable.  Certainly,  if  sodium 
benzoatc  was  tho  cause,  it  is  singular  that  no  one  of  the  other  subjects 
showed  similar  signs.  Furthermore,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  the  first 
appearance  of  the  casts,  viz,  on  wSeptcmber  24,  was  during  the  first 
after  period  when  no  sodium  benzoatc  was  being  taken.  Finally, 
emphasis  is  to  be  laid  on  the  fact  that  at  the  close  of  the  experiment 
on  November  7  the  urine  of  this  subject  Avas  entirely  free  from  casts. 
If  sodium  benzoatc  was  responsible  for  the  appearance  of  these  fe>v 
casts  in  the  urine,  it  would  naturally  be  expected  that  the  deranged 
condition  produced  thereby  with  so  large  a  dosage  of  benzoatc  would 
continue  for  at  least  a  week  or  two  after  cessation  of  the  dosage. 

The  clinical  evidence  in  all  six  cases,  weighed  as  carefully  as  possible, 
leads  to  the  general  conclusion  that  the  health  of  the  subjects  was  not 
at  all  impaired  by  the  sodium  benzoatc  fed.  It  is  proper  to  add  that 
the  general  better  condition  of  the  subjects  as  reported  by  the  medical 
examiner  at  the  conclusion  of  the  test  might  well  be  attributed  in  large 
measure  to  the  regular  mode  of  life  entailed  by  an  experiment  of  this 
character. 

EFFECT  ON  BODY  WEIGHT. 

The  subjects  were  weighed  at  the  same  hour  in  the  morning  every 
third  or  fourth  day  throughout  the  entire  period  of  the  experiment. 
The  record  is  shown  in  the  following  table  for  all  six  subjects.  For 
convenience  and  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  clearer  view  of  the 
changes  m  body  weight  a  second  table  is  added,  giving  the  mean  body 
weight  of  each  subject  during  given  periods  of  seven  to  ten  days. 
This  second  table  shows  the  body  weight  of  each  subject  during  the 
fore  period  from  July  6  to  July  19,  and  then  weekly  during  the  first 
benzoate  period,  etc.: 

Record  of  body  v eight. 


Jiilv  1 . 
July  4. 
July  7. 
July  11 
Julvl4 
July  17 
July  20 
July2;j 
July  25 
July  27 
July  29 
Aug.  1. 
Aug.  3. 
Aug.  5. 


Grams. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 


Kilograms. 

Kilograms. 

Kilograms. 

Kilograms. 

50.8 

51.6 

70.0 

67.2 

50.6 

52.0 

70.0 

67.7 

50.9 

51.1 

69.0 

67.0 

51.0 

51.5 

69.0 

67.1 

51.2 

51.3 

68.3 

67.1  1 

51.7 

51.7 

69.1 

68.0 

51.5 

51.  5 

69.2 

68.4 

52.2 

52.1 

69.2 

68.6 

52.1 

.51.8 

69.8 

68.6 

52.0 

52.0 

69.7 

68.8 

51.9 

51.9 

69.5 

68.8 

52.4 

52.2 

69.3 

69.2 

52.1 

52.1 

69.2 

08.9 

52.7 

51.5 

70.0 

69.8 

Kilograms. 
67.1 
66.9 
66.8 
67.2 
67.2 
67.7 
67.6 
68.1 
68.3 
67.7 
67.2 
67.9 
67.9 
67.7 


Kilograms. 
52.8 
52.9 
52. 6 
53.0 
5:J.O 
53.4 
5.3.0 
53.2 
53.6 
52.  S 
5.3.2 
53.0 
52.2 
53.4 


30 


60DIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


Record  of  body  weight — C'ontinued. 


Date. 


H.  H.  G.      W.  W.  H.      L.  M.  L. 


Aug.  8.. 
Aug.  10. 
Aug.  12. 
Aug.  15. 
Aug.  17. 
Aug.  19. 
Aug.  22. 
Aug.  24. 
Aug.  26. 
Aug.  29. 
Aug.  31. 
Sept.  2. 
Sept.  5. 
Sept.  7. 
Sept.  9. 
Sept.  12 
Sept.  14 
Sept.  Hi 
Sept.  19 
Sept.  2] 
Sept.  23 
Sept.  26 
Sept.  28 
Sept.  30 
Oct.  3.. 
Oct.  5.. 
Oct.  7.. 
Oct.  10. 
Oct.  12. 
Oct.  14. 
Oct.  17. 
Oct.  19. 
Oct.  21. 
Oct.  24. 
Oct.  26. 
Oct.  28. 
Oct.  31. 
Nov.  2.. 
Nov.  4.. 
Nov.  7.. 


1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 

4.0 

4.0 

4.0 

0 

0 

0 

0 


Kilograms. 
.53.0 
52.6 
.52.7 
53.2 
53.0 
53.6 
52.9 
52.9 
52.9 
53.2 
53.2 
53.7 
5.3.7 
5.3.0 
.53.7 
5:1.9 
54.1 
53.8 
54.3 
54.5 
55.0 
54.7 
54.2 
.54.4 
54.4 
54.2 
54.5 
.54.7 
.54.6 
.54.3 
54.5 
.53.6 
.53.7 
53.8 
.53.7 
53.9 
.53.9 
.53.8 
54.0 
.53.9 


Kilograms. 
51.2 
51.4 
51.0 
51.3 
51.4 
51.9 
51.7 
51.6 
51.3 
51.9 
52.3 
52.6 

52.1  1 

52.3  I 

52.4  I 

52.7  1 
52.3  I 

52.8  ' 

52.9  I 
53.0 
52.9 

■       52.9 

53.2  ; 
53.4 
53.2  I 

53.5  1 
540 
53.7  ' 
53.5  i 
54.4 
543  i 
54.2  ' 
53.9  ; 
542  I 
542  ' 
54.2  ] 
544 
545  ! 
54.5  ' 
54.5 


Kilograms. 
69.2 
69.2 
69.1 
t».6 
70.4 
69.2 
69.9 
69.6 
69.6 
69.8 
69.6 
69.1 
70.1 
70.4 
69.9 
70.4 
70.2 
70.4 
70.0 
70.7 
71.0 
70.7 
70.4 
70.4 
70.6 
70.7 
71.0 
71.7 
71.2 
71.2 
71.2 
70.7 
70.7 
70.7 
70.9 
70.7 
70.6 
70.8 
70.6 
71.1 


J.  F.  L. 


Kilograms. 
70.1 
70.1 
70.0 
69.6 
70.4 
70.4 
69.9 
70.0 
69.5 
70.4 
71.0 
71.1 
70.6 
71.3 
71.1 
70.8 
70.7 
71.4 
71.4 
70.6 
71.1 
70.8 
70.7 
70.8 
70.6 
70.4 
70.6 
70.0 
69.8 
70.5 
70.0 
69.7 
70.1 
69.5 
69.2 
69.5 
70.1 
70.0 
70.5 
70.5 


E.  C.  M. 


Kilograms. 
67.7 
67.9 
67.6 
68.5 
68.2 
68.2 
68.5 
68.5 
68.4 
68.6 
68.9 
68.7 
68.5 
68.5 
68.7 
68.5 
68.2 
08.0 
68.4 
68.2 
68.3 
68.0 
67.5 
67.8 
68.0 
67.9 
68.5 
68.2 
67.6 
68.1 
67.8 
67.6 
67.5 
67.4 
67.3 
67.3 
67.1 
67.2 
67.4 
67.1 


W.  C.  R. 


Kilograms. 
52.5 
52.5 
52.6 
52.3 
53.2 
53.0 
53.3 
52.9 
53.1 
53.6 
53.6 
54.1 
53.6 
541 
54.0 
541 
54.0 
.54.2 
54  1 
54.0 
54.2 
53.9 
53.9 
54.0 
53.8 
53.0 
544 
54.3 
540 
540 
54.0 
53.8 
53.9 
53.9 
53.5 
53.7 
53.5 
52.9 
53.2 
52.6 


Body  weight  of  subjects. 


Date. 


.Tilly  6  to  12 

July  13  to  19 

uly  20  to26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2... 

Aug.  3  to  9 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

Sept.  21  to  30 

Oct.  1  to  7 

Oct.  8  to  14 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

Oct.29toNov.7 


Daily 

dose  of 

]benzoate. 


Grams. 

0 

0 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

0 
.6 

1.0 

2.0 

4  0 

0 


n.  H.  G. 


Kilograms. 
51.0 
51.5 
51.9 
52.1 
52.6 
52.8 
53.2 
53.0 
53.5 
53.7 
54.1 
54.6 
544 
545 
53.9 
53.8 
53.9 


W.  W.  II. 


Kilograms. 
51.3 
51.5 
51.8 
52.0 
51.6 
51.2 
51.7 
51.6 
52.3 
52.5 
52.7 
53.1 
53.6 
53.7 
54.1 
54.2 
54.5 


Kilograms. 
69.0 
68.7 
69.4 
69.5 
71.8 
69.3 
69.8 
69.7 
69.6 
70.2 
70.2 
70.7 
70.8 
71.4 
70.9 
70.8 
70.8 


E.  C.  M. 


Kilograms. 
67.1 
67.6 
68.5 
68.9 
69.6 
69.9 
70.2 
70.0 
70.9 
71.7 
71.2 
70.8 
70.5 
70.1 
69.9 
69.4 
70.3 


Kilograms. 
67.0 
67.5 
68.0 
67.6 
67.8 
68.0 
68.3 
68.5 
68.7 
68.6 
68.2 
68.0 
68.1 
68.0 
67.6 
67.3 
67.2 


W.  C.  R. 


Kilograms. 
52.8 
53.2 
53.3 
53.0 
52.7 
52.5 
53.2 
53.2 
53.8 
541 
54.1 
54.0 
5.3.9 
54.1 
53.9 
53.7 
53.1 


Comparison  of  the  figures  shows  that  all  of  the  subjects  had  at 
the  close  of  the  experiment  a  greater  body  weight  than  at  the  begin- 
ning. The  gain  in  weight  was  quite  appreciable  in  most  instances. 
Reference  should  be  made  to  one  fact  which  stands  out  quite  notice- 


1MFLL'E^'CE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH.         31 

ably  when  tlio  fi«;ures  are  carofully  scrutinized.  Diiriii}^  the  last 
portion  of  the  experiment,  viz,  about  the  middle  of  October,  there 
was  a  tendency  for  body  weight  to  diminish  somewhat.  In  this 
connection  it  should  be  stated  that  the  college  year  commenced  the 
last  of  September,  so  that  during  the  last  month  of  the  experi- 
ment all  of  these  men  had  a  certahi  amount  of  extra  work  to  do. 
This  necessitated  their  working  in  the  laboratory  every  night,  so 
that  there  was  an  added  strain  which  did  not  exist  during  the  months 
of  July,  August,  and  September.  It  is  natural  to  suppose  that  this 
added  pressure  of  work  may  have  had  an  influence  both  upon  appe- 
tite and  upon  body  weight.  In  any  event,  the  fact  should  be  given 
due  emphasis.  Examination  of  the  data  for  the  individual  subjects 
shows  that  II.  H.  G.  began  the  experiment  with  a  bod}'  weight  of 
51  kilograms  and  reached  a  maximum  of  54.6  kilograms  during  the 
week  of  September  21,  after  which  he  lost  somewhat  in  weight, 
ending  the  experiment,  however,  with  a  body  weight  of  53.9  kilo- 
grams. W.  W.  II.  began  with  a  body  weight  of  51.3  kilograms  and 
ended  with  a  body  weight  of  54.5  kilograms.  L.  M.  L.  began  the 
experiment  with  a  body  weight  of  69  kilograms,  and  ended  with  a 
body  weight  of  70.8  kilograms.  It  is  perfectly  obvious,  therefore, 
that  sodium  benzoate  taken  in  the  doses  indicated  did  not  lead  to  a 
loss  of  body  w'eight. 

Since  body  weight — everything  else  being  ecjual — is  closely  con- 
nected with  the  daily  diet,  it  is  pertinent  to  remark  that  the  quan- 
tity of  food  taken  by  these  subjects  did  not  increase  with  the  progress 
of  the  experiment.  Reference  to  the  statements  made  under  the 
head  ''Character  of  daily  diet"  shows  that  in  ever}'  instance  less 
nitrogenous  food  was  ingested  daily  by  all  of  the  subjects  during 
the  last  half  of  the  experiment  than  was  taken  at  the  outset.  Further, 
the  fuel  value  of  the  food  during  the  week  October  8  to  14  was  not 
essentially  different  from  the  fuel  value  of  the  food  taken  near  the 
beginning  of  the  experiment.  The  increase  in  the  body  weight  of 
the  subjects,  therefore,  must  be  credited,  not  to  any  excessive  intake 
of  food,  but  simply  to  a  good  nutritive  condition,  which  was  cer- 
tainly not  impaired  by  the  sodium  benzoate  taken  with  the  food. 

EFFECT  ON  THE  BLOOD. 

Study  of  the  blood  was  limited  to  a  determination  of  the  number 
of  red  corpuscles  (erythrocytes),  wiiite  corpuscles  (leucocytes),  and 
the  hemoglobin-content  of  the  blood  during  the  different  periods  of 
the  experiment;  the  object  of  this  series  of  observations  being  to 
ascertain  whetlier  or  no  sodium  benzoate  exerts  any  noticeable 
influence  upon  the  formed  elements  of  the  blood. 

The  blood  was  taken  from  the  tip  of  the  finger  or  the  ear  by  means 
of  a  small  lancet.     The  Thoma-Zeiss  counting  apparatus  was  employed 


32 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND  THE   HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


for  the  onumeiatiou  of  the  red  and  white  corpuscles,  while  the  hemo- 
globin was  determined  by  the  Fleischl  hemometer." 

ERYTHROCYTES  PER  CUBIC  MILLIMETER  OF  BLOOD. 


Date. 

H.  n.  G. 

W.  W.  11. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

Fore  period: 

Julv  2  to  8 

4,436,000 
4,900,000 
5,500,000 
5,040,000 

.5,440,000 
5,100,000 

5,200,000 
5,500,000 
5,600,000 
5,480,000 

6,200,000 
5,760,000 

5,700,000 
5.900,000 
6,1(50,000 
5,624,000 

5,440,000 
5,700,000 

5,920,000 
5,664,000 
6,020,000 
5,840,000 

6,240,000 
5,920,000 
6,200,000 

5,040,000 

First  benzoate  period: 

Aug.  3  to  5 

6,800.000 

First  after  period: 

Sept.  28  to  Oct.  1 

5.600,000 

Seeontf  benzoate  period: 
Oct   14  to  IG  .. 

1 
5.760.000  i      5.700,000 

At  the  close  of  second  l)enzoate 
period: 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  3 

Final  after  period: 

Nov.  6  to  9 

1 

6,400,000       5,840,000         5,360,000 
6,160,000       5,840.000         5,680,000 

LEUCOCYTES  PER  CUBIC  MILLIMETER  OF  BLOOD. 


Fore  period: 

July  2  to  8 

First  benzoate  period: 

Aug.  3  to  5 

First  after  period: 

Sept.  28  to  Oct.  1 

Second  benzoate  period: 

Oct.  14  to  16 

At  the  close  of  second  benzoate 
period: 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  3 

Final  after  period: 

Nov.  6  to  9 


5,700 
6,750 
8,000 
7,000 

7,000 


8,750 
13,500 
15,000 
11,000 

7,000 
9,050 


7,900 
8,250 
8,325 
8,650 

9,500 
10,250 


5,600 
6,750 
7,275 
8,500 

8,150 
0,250 


0,500 
9,000 
7,575 
8,500 

8,375 
8,000 


9,500 
7,525 
9,750 
7,700 

7,650 
9,750 


HEMOGLOBIN  (PER  CENT  OF  COLOR  SCALE). 


Fore  period: 

July  2  to  8 

First  benzoate  period: 

Aug.  3  to  5 

72 
75 
79 
79 

78 
80 

77 
80 
85 
85 

82 

88 

78 
78 
87 
81 

86 
83 

7S 
90 
85 
80 

87 
90 

80 
80 
79 
83 

i 

88  ; 

85  1 

82 

First  after  period;                      i 
Sept.  28  to  Oct.  1 

Second  benzoate  period: 

Oct.  14  to  16 

79 
81 

At  the  close  of  second  benzoate 
period: 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  3 

Final  after  period: 

Nov.  6  to  9 

83 
83 

Critical  study  of  these  results  from  all  sides  fails  to  show  any  deci- 
sive effect,  especially  when  due  consideration  is  given  to  the  well- 
known  fact  that  the  counting  of  blood  corpuscles  is  always  attended 
with  some  uncertainty,  owing  to  the  necessarily  large  magnification 
of  small  errors  of  observation. 


a  In  the  enumeration  of  the  corpuscles,  all  the  squares  on  the  slide  were  counted, 
namely,  144  in  the  case  of  the  leucocytes  and  256  for  the  erythrocytes,  and  the  aver- 
ages determined.  Further,  in  most  cases  counts  were  made  from  two  samples  of 
blood. 

In  the  estimation  of  the  hemoglobin  the  results  given  are  the  averages  of  several 
readings  on  the  color  scale,  made  usually  by  two  observers. 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   NUTRITION  AND   HEALTH.  33 

Considering  first  tho  erythrocytes,  or  red  corpuscles,  the  figures 
show  a  minierical  increase  in  the  nunil)er  of  erythrocytes  during  those 
j)eriods  when  tlie  benzoate  was  taken  and  in  the  ])eriods  shortly  there- 
after in  several  of  the  subjects.  This  is  certainly  the  case  with  the 
subjects  IT.  IT.  G.,  W.  W.  TI.,  and  W.  C.  R.  The  difference,  however, 
between  the  figures  during  these  periods  as  compared  with  the  fore 
period  is  not  great.  With  the  subject  L.  M.  L.  there  was  no  great 
increase  during  the  period  of  the  benzoate  feeding.  In  fact,  during 
the  second  benzoate  period  the  number  of  erytlirocytes  per  cubic 
millimeter  of  blood  was  a  trifle  below  the  count  of  the  fore  period. 
With  E.  C.  jM.,  taking  the  figures  as  they  stand,  the  number  of 
erythroc}i;es  during  both  benzoate  periods  was  lower  than  in  the 
fore  period  or  in  the  first  after  period.  With  J.  F.  L.  the  blood 
counts  of  the  first  four  periods  showed  very  little  variation.  If  one 
were  inclined  to  follow  the  indications  of  the  bare  figures,  it  might  be 
said  that  sodium  benzoate  tends  to  increase  the  number  of  red  cor- 
puscles in  the  blood.  Such  a  statement,  however,  would  doubtless 
be  misleading.  What  the  results  really  implj^  is  that  the  sodium  ben- 
zoate fed  has  had  no  appreciable  effect  whatever  upon  the  number  of 
erythroc5^tes  in  the  blood,  or  certainl}^  has  not  interfered  with  those 
conditions  of  nutrition  wliich  are  essential  to  the  maintenance  of 
a  normal  condition  of  the  blood. 

Regarding  the  leucocytes,  or  white  corpuscles,  the  case  of  W.  W.  H. 
stands  out  conspicuously.  For  this  we  have  no  explanation  to 
offer.  There  was  with  this  subject  a  decided  increase  in  the  number 
of  leucocytes  during  the  first  benzoate  period,  the  first  after  period,  and 
in  the  second  benzoate  period.  It  is  hardl}'  logical  to  believe  that  this 
increase  in  leucocytes  was  due  to  the  benzoate,  since  if  such  were  the 
case  the  first  after  period  would  hardly  have  shown  an  increase  over 
the  count  of  the  first  benzoate  period,  and,  secondly,  during  the  second 
benzoate  period,  when  the  larger  doses  were  taken,  an  increase  rather 
than  a  decrease  of  leucocytes  would  have  been  expected.  W.  W.  H. 
was  not  a  robust  subject,  although  practically  well  tlu"oughout  the 
experiment  with  the  exception  noted  under  "Clinical  observations." 
Aside  from  this  peculiarity  the  leucocyte  count  with  the  different 
subjects  can  not,  in  our  judgment,  be  interpreted  as  indicating  any 
specific  result  in  one  direction  or  the  other.  Wliite  blood  corpuscles 
are  alwaj^s  prone  to  some  fluctuation,  and  with  the  exception  of 
subject  W.  W.  H.  there  is  throughout  a  fair  degree  of  agreement. 
There  is  certainly  notliing  in  the  data  presented  under  this  head 
which  would  justify  any  other  conclusion  than  that  the  leucocytes 
of  the  blood  were  not  materially  inffuenced  by  the  sodium  benzoate 
taken. 

70111— No,  88—09 3 


34  SODIUM    BENZOATE    AKD   THE    HEALTH    OF    MA>'. 

Regarding  the  hemoglobin  content  of  the  blood,  the  figures  show 
without  exception  a  slight  increase  as  the  experiment  progi*essed. 
Here,  again,  we  are  inclined  to  the  view  that  it  would  not  be  wise  to 
say  that  sodium  benzoate  tends  to  increase  the  hemoglobin  content 
of  the  blood.  More  consistent  and  more  in  harmony  with  the  general 
results  of  our  experiment  is  the  statement  that  sodium  benzoate, 
judging  by  these  data,  certainly  does  not  tend  to  decrease  the  content 
of  hemoglobin  and  does  not  interfere  with  that  condition  of  good 
health  which  leads  to  the  maintenance  of  a  normal  amount  of 
hemoglobm  in  the  blood. 

EFFECT  ON  THE  FECES. 

The  feces  of  each  subject  were  collected,  when  passed,  on  every 
day  of  the  experiment,  duly  weighed  and  prepared  for  analysis. 
As  is  well  known,  chemical  and  bacteriological  study  of  the  solid 
excrement  furnishes  much  valuable  information  regarding  the  influ- 
ence of  any  substance  ingested  with  the  food  on  digestion,  utiliza- 
tion of  food,  fermentation,  putrefaction,  and  other  changes  more 
or  less  normal  to  the  alimentary  tract.  Further,  study  of  the  feces 
may  reveal  the  existence  of  incipient  diarrhea,  constipation,  etc., 
important  in  their  bearing  upon  the  question  of  health.  In  the 
tables  showing  the  daily  records  of  urine,  feces,  etc.,  will  be  found 
the  weights  of  feces  passed  by  the  individual  subjects  each  day. 
Here,  however,  for  convenience,  we  have  brought  together  the 
average  daily  weight  of  the  feces  for  periods  of  seven  and  ten  days 
for  each  subject,  so  that  comparison  can  be  made  of  the  fore  and 
other  periods,  when  benzoate  was  not  given,  with  the  periods  when 
sodium  benzoate  was  taken.  Comparison  of  these  figures  makes  it 
apparent  that  the  dail}'  weight  of  feces  during  the  fore  period  was 
greater  per  day  with,  each  individual  than  in  the  later  periods.  In 
other  words,  at  first  glance  it  might  seem  that  sodium  benzoate  had 
tended  to  reduce  the  amount  of  excrementitious  matter.  This, 
however,  is  not  strictly  true.  It  will  be  remembered  that  in  the  first 
three  periods,  covering  twenty-one  days,  up  to  July  26,  the  intake 
of  protein  food  was  larger  than  in  the  later  periods.  Likewise,  in 
the  earlier  days  of  the  experiment  a  larger  ])roportion  of  green, 
cellulose-containing  food  was  consumed.  This  would  naturally 
tend  to  give  rise  to  a  larger  weight  of  feces.  If,  therefore,  we  take 
the  results  after  July  26  to  the  end  of  the  experiment,  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  weight  of  moist  feces  per  day  was  not  materially  affected. 
In  other  words,  the  volume  of  feces  for  the  individual  subjects  was 
not  uniformly  difl'erent  in  the  long  first  benzoate  period  as  contrasted 
with  the  first  after  period,  the  second  benzoate  period,  and  the  final 
period.     Minor  ^differences,   to  be  sure,  do   appear,   but   the  table 


INFLUEMCE  OF  bUDlUM  BEJSIZOATE  OIS   MUTKITION  AMD  HEALTH. 


35 


giving  average  weights,  showing  moist  feces  per  day,  clearly  hears 
out  the  statement  that  there  was  no  radical  change  in  the  volume 
of  feces  passed  after  the  2()th  of  July,  and  conse(juently  there 
can  not  be  ascribeil  to  sodium  benzoate  in  the  dosage  taken  any 
specilic  elVect  uj^on  the  volume  of  feces  ])assed  per  day,  it  being 
understood  that  tlu^  total  volume  and  general  character  of  the  food 
consumed  each  day  were  essentially  the  same. 

Average  weight  of  moist  feces  per  day. 


Date. 

Dally 
dose  of 
l)enzoate. 

H.  H.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Grams. 
126. 6 
114.5 

Grams. 
112.8 
103.2 

Grams. 
139.3 
129.2 

Grams. 
142.3 
96.0 

Grams. 
142.8 
158.6 

Grams. 
111.4 

July  13  to  19 

106.6 

Average 

120.5 

108.0 

134.2 

119.1 

150.7 

109.0 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  .Vug.  2... 
-■Vug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

121.1 
66.6 
99.3 
99.3 
68.7 
76.7 
102.6 
124.9 
113.2 

104.6 
65.8 

87.4 
57.6 
6.5.0 
91.5 
74.8 
6.5.7 
79.5 

137.2 
111.4 
100.1 

95.4 
127.6 
109.4 
106.3 

96.7 
•  104.3 

118.5 
116.1 
114.9 
98.1 
104.1 
106.0 
107.  3 
129.0 
104.5 

211.7 
170.4 
162.0 
107.0 
1.37.  0 
160.1 
166.2 
134.3 
99.2 

79.9 
82.6 
90.3 

.\ug.  10  to  16 

\ug  17  to  23 

78.7 
90.9 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

101.6 
78.5 
101.0 
102.5 

V  verage 

96.9 

76.9 

109.8 

110.8 

149.7 

89.5 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

65.8 

59.4 

86.1 

74.2 

112.4 

83.8 

A  verage 

65.8 

59.4 

86.1 

74.2 

112.4 

83.8 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

88.5 
106.9 
70.3 
60.7 

65.6 
67.9 
63.6 
70.5 

88.8 
106.5 
82.5 
80.7 

71.9 
95.3 
85.7 
61.6 

100.0 
119.1 
120.2 
117.9 

89.3 

Oct.  8  to  14 

115.8 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct..  22  to  28 

79.4 
71.8 

Average 

81.6 

66.9 

89.6 

78.3 

114.3 

89.0 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7  ... 

0 

60.1 

68.5 

89.0 

108.8 

106.7 

93.4 

A  verage .... 

60.1 

68.5 

89.0 

108.8 

106.7 

93.4 

Regarding  the  content  of  water  in  the  feces,  the  following  table 
shows  the  average  daily  results  for  the  periods  indicated  under  the 
head  "Date."  Here,  again,  there  is  no  marked  effect  to  be  ascribed 
to  the  benzoate.  In  the  long  first  benzoate  period  each  individual 
shows  a  slight  increase  in  the  percentage  of  water  in  the  feces.  It 
amounts,  however,  to  only  3  to  4  per  cent.  To  ascribe  this  slight 
difference  to  the  specific  action  of  benzoate  would  seem  hazardous 
when  the  data  during  the  second  benzoate  period,  the  dosage  being 
largely  increased,  show  no  noticeable  change  in  the  water  content  of 
the  feces.  Obviously,  sodium  benzoate  in  the  doses  given  to  our  sub- 
jects does  not  lead  to  diarrhea  or  any  kindred  trouble.  So  far  as  the 
bulk  and  water  content  of  the  feces  is  concerned,  there  is  no  indica- 
tion of  any  deviation  from  the  normal. 


36  SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND   THE   HEALTH   OF    MAN, 

*  Average  content  of  water  in  the  feces  per  day.» 


Dale. 

DaUy 

close  of       H.  H.  C.      W.  W.  H. 
bcnzoate. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July 6  tol2 

Pfr  cent. 
0 
0 

Per  cent.        Per  cent. 
70  1                 73 
75                    71 

Per  cent. 
69 

Per  cent. 
75 

73 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 
7f) 

July  13  to  19 

73 

Average 

73                   72 

70 

74 

74 

71 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2... 

Aug.    3  to   9 

-Vug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

.Vug.  31  to  Sept .  6  . . 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

76 
73 
75 
76 
69 
74 
78 
80 
78 

76 
75 
79 
73 
69 
78 
76 
77 
75 

79 
78 
74 
77 
81 
78 
78 
77 
78 

73 

77 
76 

76 

79 
79 

80 
84 
80 
78' 
81 
81 
84 
80 
79 

75 
77 
76 
77 
75 
76 
77 
75 
78 

Average  . 

75 

75 

77 

70 

80 

76 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

74 

74 

76 

72 

78 

78 

Average. . 

74 

74 

76 

7-7 

7S 

78 

1 

Oct.  1  to  7 

0.6  i                 77 
1.0  1                 79 
2.0                    77 
4.0                    78 

74 

72 
74 
76 

74 
76 
75 
73 

72 
75 
73 
73 

77 

78 

78 
77 

j- 

Oct.  8  to  14 

81 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

78 
74 

Average 

j                 77 

74 

74                    73 

77 

77 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7  ... 

0                      .74 

75 

76                    77 

78 

78 

Average 

74 

76                    77 

78 

78 

a  Calculated  from  the  weight  of  the  air-dry  material. 
INFLUENCE  ON  DIGESTION  AND  UTILIZATION  OF  PROTEIN  FOOD. 

The  amount  of  nitrogen  contained  in  the  feces  is  the  best  measure 
that  we  possess  of  the  degree  of  digestion  and  absorption  of  the  protein 
or  nitrogenous  foodstuffs.  Knowing  the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the 
daily  food  and  collecting  the  feces  of  the  corresponding  24  hours, 
a  determination  of  the  nitrogen  contained  therein  \vill,  by  compari- 
son with  the  nitrogen  intake,  show  the  extent  of  utilization  of  the 
ingested  protein  food.  In  tliis  wa}'  is  obtained  an  indication  of  the 
extent  to  which  the  nitrogenous  food  is  digested  and  absorbed,  and 
any  fluctuation  in  the  content  of  fecal  nitrogen  is  to  be  associated 
with  corresponding  fluctuations  in  the  extent  of  cUgestion  and  utiliza- 
tion. From  the  tables  showing  the  daily  record  of  the  incUvidual 
subjects,  the  intake  of  nitrogen  in  the  form  of  food  and  output  of 
nitrogen  in  the  feces  have  been  collected  and  brought  together  in 
the  following  tables,  giving  in  summary  form  the  average  daily  intake 
of  nitrogen  and  average  daily  output  of  nitrogen  in  the  feces  for  the 
different  periods  of  the  experiment,  thus  giving  the  degree  of  diges- 
tion and  absorption  of  the  daily  food  expressed  in  terms  of  nitrogen, 
per  cent  utilized.  It  may  be  added  here  that  the  nitrogen  of  the 
daily  food  (for  details  regarding  nitrogen  content  of  the  food,  see  daily 
food  charts)  was  determined  by  the  Kjeldahl  method  with  addition 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH. 


37 


of  mercuric  oxide.     Nitrogen  of  the  feces  was  iletermined  in  a  similar 
manner,  using  the  dried  material. 

The  following  tables  show  the  utilization  of  nitrogen  by  each 
subject  during  the  fore  period,  from  July  6  to  July  10;  during  the 
firet  benzoate  period,  from  July  20  to  September  20;  during  the  first 
after  period,  from  September  21  to  September  30;  during  the  second 
benzoate  period,  from  October  1  to  October  28;  and  in  the  final  after 
period  from  Octol)er  29  to  November  7.  In  every  case  it  will  be 
foimd  by  scnitiny  of  the  results  that  the  utilization  of  nitrogen, 
meaning  thereby  the  digestion  and  absor})tion  of  the  })rotein  food, 
showed  at  the  end  of  the  experiment  a  slight  improvement  over  that 
at  the  commencement.  Thus,  with  the  subject  W.  W.  H.,  during  the 
fore  period  89  per  cent  of  the  nitrogen  was  utilized;  during  the  first 
benzoate  period  the  result  was  likewise  89  per  cent;  during  the 
first  after  period  91  per  cent;  during  the  second  benzoate  period 
90  per  cent;  wliile  in  the  final  after  period  90  per  cent  was  utilized. 
Tliis  is  a  sample  of  the  utilization  of  nitrogen  ])y  all  the  subjects 
in  the  different  periods  of  the  experiment.  We  are  not  disposed 
to  imply  that  sodium  benzoate  tends  to  improve  the  utilization  of 
nitrogen.  The  point  to  be  emphasized  is  that  there  was  no  dete- 
rioration; no  falling  .off  in  the  completeness  of  digestion  and 
absorption  of  the  protein  food.  Such  slight  gain  as  is  indicated  by 
the  figures,  if  of  any  significance  at  all,  is  to  be  attributed  solel}^  to 
the  general  improvement  in  the  health  of  the  individuals.  In  other 
words,  the  sodium  benzoate  taken  during  the  experiment  exercised 
no  deleterious  influence  upon  the  digestion  and  utilization  of  the 
protein  food. 

Average  xd'dization  of  nitrogen  pir  day. 


SUBJECT  H 

.  H.  G. 

Sodium 
benzoate 
per  day. 

Nitrogen. 

Date. 

Litake  in 
food. 

Output  in 
feces. 

D:£ferene<\ 

Utilization. 

July  6  to  12      

Grams. 
0 
0 

Grams. 
15.28 
12.29 

Grams. 
1.65 
1.48 

Grams. 
13.63 
10.81 

Per  cent. 
89 

July  13  to  19 

88 

Average      .     .        ..... 

13.78 

1.56 

12.22 

88.5 

July  20  to  26 

:i 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

12.98 
11.76 
11.88 
12  00 
10.68 
10.87 
11.43 
11.72 
11.59 

1.68 
1.11 
1.36 
1.21 
1.46 
1.19 
1.38 
1.42 
1.64 

11.30 
10.65 
10.52 
10.79 
9.12 
9.68 
10.05 
10.30 
9.95 

87 

July  27  to  August  2 

90 

August  3  to  9  ... . 

88 

August  lOtO  16 

90 

August  17  to  23 

86 

August  24  to  30 

August  31  to  September  6 

89 

87 

September  7  to  13        

87 

September  14  to  20 

85 

11.64 

1.38 

10.26 

88 

September  21  to  30 

0 

11.14 

1.08 

10.06 

90 

Averagp                          

11.14 

1.08 

10.06 

90 

38 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND  THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 


Average  utilization  of  nitrogen  per  day — Contimiod. 
SUBJECT  H.  H.  G.— Continued. 


Sodium 
benzoate 
per  day. 

Nitrogen. 

Date. 

Intake  in 
food. 

Output  in 
feces. 

Difference. 

Utilization. 

October  lto7 

Grams. 
0.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

Grams. 
10.64 
11.96 
10.57 
11.06 

Grams. 

1.33 

1.28 

1.00 

.92 

Grams. 

9.31 
10.68 

9.57 
10.14 

Percent. 

87 

Octobers  to  14 

89 

October  15  to  21 

90 

October  22  to  28 

91 

Average 

11.08 

1.13 

9.92 

89 

October  29  to  November  7          

0 

11.82 

1.06 

10.76 

91 

11.82 

1.06 

10.76 

91 

SUBJECT  W.  W.  H. 


July  6  to  12 

0 
0 

14.32 
12.68 

1.35 
1.50 

12.97 
11.18 

90 

July  13  to  19 

88 

Average 

13.50 

1.42 

12.08 

89 

July  20  to  26 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

12.98 
11.99 
9.26 
12. 05 
10.79 
11.54 
11.32 
11.91 
11.86 

1.48 
1.12 
.99 
1.01 
1.17 
1.38 
1.-33 
1.08 
1.23 

11.50 
10.87 

8.27 
11.04 

9.62 
10.16 

9.99 
10.83 
10.63 

88 

July  27  to  August  2          

90 

August  3  to  9 

89 

August  10  to  16 

91 

August  17  to  23..                .           .          

89 

August  24  to  30 

88 

August  31  to  September  6 

Septembar  7  to  13                                        

88 
90 

September  14  to  20 

89 

11.52 

1.20 

10.32 

89 

September  21  to  30 

0 

11.32 

.94 

10.38 

91 

11.32 

.94 

10.38 

91 

October  lto7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

11.88 
12.06 
12.26 
11.58 

1.11 
1.24 
1.08 
1.10 

10.77 
10.82 
11.18 
10.48 

90 

October  8  to  14 

90 

October  15  to  21 

90 

Octoljer  22  to  28 

90 

Average 

1            11.94 

1.13 

10.81 

90 

October  29  to  November  7 

0 

11.41 

1.06 

10.35 

90 

Average 

11.41 

1.06 

10.35 

90 

SUBJECT  L.  M.  L. 


July  6  to  12 

July  13  to  19 

0 
0 

15.62 
14.94 

2.13 

1.74 

13.49 
13.20 

80 
88 

Average     .        

15.28 

1.93 

13.35 

87 

July  20  to 26 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

14.76 
12.45 
12.71 
11.81 
11.40 
12.33 
12. 19 
13.11 
13.14 

1.88 
1.55 
1.55 
1.38 
1.65 
1.60 
1.49 
1.50 
1.40 

12.88 
10.90 
11.16 
10.43 
9.75 
10.73 
10.70 
11.61 
11.74 

87 

July  27  to  August  2 

87 

August  3  to  9 

87 

August  10  to  16 

88 

August  17  to23 

85 

August  24  to30 

87 

August  31  to  September  6 

September  7  to  13 

87 
89 

September  14  to  20 

89 

Average 

1           12.65 

1.55 

11.10 

89 

September  21  to  30 

0 

12.39 

1.33 

11.06 

89 

Average 

12.39 

1.33 

11.06 

89 

INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH. 


39 


Average  idiluation  of  nitrogen  per  day — Continued. 
SUBJECT  L.  M.  L.-fontlnued. 


Sodium 
btuizoato 
per  day. 

Nitrogen. 

Date. 

Intake  in 
food. 

Output  in 
feces. 

Diflerence. 

UtUlMitloa. 

October  1  to  7 

Grams. 
0.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

Grams. 
13.00 
13.32 
12.84 
11.69 

Oranu. 
1.53 
1.68 
1.38 
1.32 

Orams. 
11.47 
11.64 
11.46 
10.37 

Per  cent. 
88 

October  8  to  14     

87 

Octol)er  15  to  21 

88 

October  22  to  28 

88 

Average 

12.69 

1.47 

11.22 

87 

OctoI>er  29  to  November  7                  .... 

0 

13.23 

1.36 

11.87 

89 

.\  verage 

13.23 

1.36               11-87 

89 

SUBJECT  J.  F.  L. 


July  6  to  12 

0 
0 

14.37 
13.05 

1.98 
1.67 

12.39 
11.48 

86 

July  13  to  19 

87 

Average 

13.71 

1.82 

11.93 

86.5 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  August  2 

August  3to9 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

14.58 
12.89 
14.12 
12.40 
12.32 
12.94 
12.62 
13.10 
13.15 

1.79 
1.49 
1.62 
1.45 
1.71 
1.74 
1.54 
1.68 
1.61 

12.79 
11.40 
12.50 
10.95 
10.61 
11.20 
11.08 
11.42 
11.54 

87 
88 
88 

August  10  to  16 

88 

August  17  to  23 

86 

August  24  to30 

86 

.\ugust  31  to  September  6 

87 

September  7  to  13  

87 

September  14  to  20 

87 

Average 

13.12 

1.62 

11.50 

87 

September  21  to  30           

0 

12.63 

1.29 

11.34 

89 

Average 

12.63 

1.29 

11.31 

89 

October  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 

4.0 

12.66 
11.93 
11.83 
11.29 

1.27 
1.53 
1.52 
1.07 

11.39 
10.40 
10.31 
10.22 

89 

October  8  to  14  ^ 

87 

October  15  to  21 

87 

October  22  to  28 

90 

Average 

11.90 

1.35 

10.55 

88 

0 

13.08 

1..51 

11.57 

88 

Average 

1            13.08 

1 

1.51 

11.57 

88 

SUBJECT  E.  C.  M. 


July  6  to  12 

0 
0 

15.69 
12.36 

1.75 
1.82 

13.94 
10.54 

88 

July  13  to  19 

85 

Average 

14.02 

1.78 

12.24 

86 

Julv  20  to  26 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

15.15 
10.98 
13.02 
13.36 
12.42 
13.51 
12.73 
11.68 
12.13 

2.16 
1.38 
1.81 
1.53 
1.67 
1.93 
1.77 
1.58 
1.17 

12.99 
9.60 
11.21 
11.83 
10.75 
11.58 
10.96 
10.10 
10.% 

85 

July  27  to  August  2 

87 

August  3to9 

86 

August  10  to  16 

88 

August  17  to  23  . . .                 

86 

August  24  to  30  . . .            

85 

August  31  to  September  6 

86 

September  7  to  13 

86 

September  14  to  20     

90 

Average 

12.77 

1.65 

11.11 

86 

September  21  to  30       

0 

12.28 

1.33 

10.95 

89 

Average 

12.28 

1.33 

10.95 

89 

40 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   A>'D   THE   HEALTH   OF    MAN. 

Average  utilization  of  nitrogen  per  day — Continued. 
SUBJECT  K.  C.  M.— Continued. 


Sodium 
benzoale 
per  day. 

Nitrogen. 

Date. 

Intake  in 
food. 

Output  in 
feces. 

Difference. 

Utilization. 

Grams. 
0.0 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

Grams. 
12. 24 
12.30 
11.77 
12.22 

Grams. 
1.53 
1.41 
1.22 
1.67 

Grams. 
10.71 
10.89 
10.55 
10.55 

Per  cent. 

87 

October  8tol4 

88 

October  15  to  21 

S9 

October  22  to  28 

80 

Average 

12  13 

1.45 

10. 68                     87 

0 

October  29  to  Novemlier  7 

12.88 

1.46 

11.42                       88 

12.88 

1.40 

11.42  1                   88 

SUBJECT  W.  C.  R. 


July  6  to  12                  

0 
0 

12.80 
10.32 

1.78 
1.63 

11.02 
8.69 

80 

July  13  to  19        

84 

Average                     

11.56 

1.70 

9.85 

So 

July  20  to  26 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

^3 
.3 
.3 

11.54 
10.48 
10.74 
10.  00 
11.08 
11.74 
10.  70 
11.55 
11.90 

1.30 
1.23 
1.30 
1.09 
1.48 
1.59 
1.23 
1.52 
1.31 

10.24 
9  25 
9  44 
8.97 
9.tJ0 

10. 15 
9.47 

10.03 

10.59 

88 

July  27  to  August  2                    .                   

88 

August  3  to  9      

87 

89 

August  17  to  23                                             

8<i 

August  24  to  .30  .                 

80 

88 

m 

September  14  to  20 

89 

11.08 

1.34 

9.74 

87 

September  21  to  SO    

0 

11.18 

1.24 

9.94 

88 

11.18 

1.24 

9.94 

88 

October  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

11.91 
11.51 
11. 19 
10.87 

1.38 
1.35 
1.17 
1.18 

10.53 
10.16 
10.02 
9.71 

88 

October  S  to  14                                         

88 

October  15  to  21  .            

89 

October  22  to  28 

89 

Average  .              

11.37 

1.27 

10.10 

88 

October  29  to  November  7                

0 

11.29 

1.31 

9.98 

88 

11.29 

1.31 

9.98 

S.8 

INFLUENCE  ON  DIGESTION  AND  UTILIZATION  OF  FAT. 

The  extent  to  which  the  fat  of  the  food  is  made  available  for  the 
needs  of  the  body  is  determined  by  ascertaining  the  amount  of  fat 
which  passes  through  the  alimentary  tract  in  the  feces.  Knowing 
the  amount  of  fat  contained  in  the  daily  food,  it  is  then  easy,  by  a  simple 
process  of  subtraction,  to  estimate  the  amount  of  fat  per  day,  or  in 
any  given  period  of  time,  unabsorbed,  and  thus  figure  the  extent  of 
its  utilization.  Reference  to  the  tables  showing  the  daily  food  com- 
position of  the  individual  subjects  will  give  the  data  for  the  intake 
of  fat.  Throughout  the  experiment,  during  the  stated  periods,  all 
articles  of  food  were  carefully  analyzed  for  their  content  of  fat. 
During  corresponding  periods  of  time  the  fat  of  the  feces  was  likewise 
carefully  determined.     In  the  tables  showing  the  daily  record  of  the 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   NUTRITION   AND  HEALTH. 


41 


subjects  will  ho  foiiiul  the  ainount  of  fat  utilized  (hirin<!;  the  (liffeicut 
seven-day  i)eriods  of  the  experiment.  Tliese  data  are  l)iought  together 
in  the  following  tables,  in  which  is  shown  the  percentage  utilization  of 
the  ingested  fat  for  the  fore  period,  tlie  two  benzoate  periods,  etc. 
From  examination  of  these  tables  it  is  seen  that  in  every  case,  with  the 
exception  of  J.  F.  L.,  the  utilization  of  fat  showed  a  noticeable  improve- 
ment througliout  the  expei-inient.  Tlius  in  the  case  of  II.  II.  G.  the 
average  utilization  of  fat  during  the  fore  period  was  95  per  cent;  dur- 
ing the  first  benzoate  period,  96.6  per  cent ;  during  the  first  after  period, 
98  per  cent;  during  the  second  benzoate  period,  98  i)er  cent;  during 
the  fijial  after  period,  98  per  cent.  These  figures  are  practically  tlupli- 
cated  with  all  of  the  subjects  excepting  J.  F.  L.  In  the  case  of  the 
latter  subject,  wliile  the  difTerence  is  not  great,  there  is  a  slightly 
diminished  utilization  of  fat  during  the  first  benzoate  period,  viz, 
96.6  per  cent,  as  contrasted  with  98  per  cent  in  the  fore  period.  In 
the  second  benzoate  period,  however,  the  utilization  of  fat  amounted 
to  97.5  per  cent,  wdiile  in  the  last  after  period  it  was  98  per  cent — the 
same  figure  as  in  the  fore  period.  It  is  thus  plainly  apparent  that,  so 
far  as  analj'sis  will  shovr,  the  sodium  benzoate  fed  was  without  an}^ 
appreciable  influence  upon  the  digestion  and  absorption  of  the  fat  of 
the  food.  The  slight  improvement  in  utilization  indicated  by  the 
majority  of  the  figures  is  too  small  to  have  smj  special  significance. 
The  data  are  simply  in  harmony  with  the  general  fact  that  the  sub- 
jects were  throughout  the  experiment  show'ing  a  shght  improvement 
in  their  physical  condition.  In  any  event  it  is  plain  that  sodium 
benzoate  does  not  exert  any  deleterious  influence  upon  the  digestion 
and  absorption  of  fat;  certainly  not  in  the  doses  emplo3^ed  in  our 
experiment. 

Average  utilization  of  fat  pir  day. 
SUBJECT  H.  H.  G. 


Sodium 
benzoate 
per  day. 

Fat  (ether  extract). 

Date. 

Intake  in 
food. 

Output  in 
feces. 

Difference. 

Utilization. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Per  cent. 

July  13  to  19 

107. 56 

4.34 

103.22 

95 

Average 

107.56 

4.34 

103.22 

95 

July  20  to  20 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

i                      1 

Juiv  27  to  August  2 

107.00 

2.39 

104.01 

97 

August  3  to  9 . 

August  10  to  16     .        . 

August  17  to  23 

93.53 

2.94 

90.59 

96 

August  24  to  3(1 

1 



.Septeinlwr  7  to  l3         .      .  .          .      ... 

119. 82 

2.49 

117.33 

97 

.\  verage 

IOC).  78 

2.m 

104. 18 

96.6 

Septemljer  21  to  30    

0 

108. 55 

2.12 

10<>.  43 

98 

Average 

108. 55 

2.12 

106.  43 

9S 

42 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


Average  utilization  oj Jai  per  day — Continued. 
SUBJECT  II.  H.  G.— Continnod. 


Data. 

Sodium 
benzoate 
per  day. 

Fat  (ether  extract). 

Intake  in 
food. 

Output  in 
feces. 

Difference. 

UtUlsation. 

Grams. 
0.6 

Grams. 

Orarris. 

GravM. 

Per  cent. 

October  8  to  14  .. 

10 

111.00 

1.89 

109.11 

98 

October  15  to  21 

2.0 

October  22  to  28  . 

4. 0 

lib.  10 

1.94 

114.16 

98 

Average... 



113. 50 

1.91 

111.59 

98 

October  29  to  Not; 

0 

111.  63 

1.97 

109.66 

98 

111.63 

1.97 

109.66 

98 

1 

SUBJECT  W.  W.  H. 


Julv  6  to  12 

0 
0 

' 

1 

Julv  13  to  19 

98.63 

3.32 

95. 3i  j 

96 

98.63 

3.32 

9.5.31  ' 

96 

Julv  20  to  26                         

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

142.48"     " 

""i.'75 

140.73. 
1 
1.... 

July  27  to  August  2  

98 

August  3  to  9     

August  10  to  16 

August  17  to  23       

129.87 

3.05 

126.82  1 

97 

August  31  to  September  6 

i59.38 

1.72 

157.66 

98 

1 

1 

Average 

143.91  1 

2.17 

141. 73  1 

97 

Septem  ber  21to30                     

0 

145.25  1 

1.74 

143.51  j 

98 

Average 

145. 2.-. 

1.74 

143.51 

98 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

October  8  to  14         

i52.94  j 

1 

1.98 

150.96  ■ 

98 

October  22  to  28            

160.25  1 

2.29 

157.96 

98 

Average 

156.59  1 

2.13 

154.46 

98 

0 

123.11  [ 

1.54 

121. 57 

98 

123.11  < 

i 

1.54 

121.57 

98 

SUBJECT   L.  M.  L. 


July  6  to  12.... 
July  13  to  19... 

Average. 


July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  August  2 

August  3  to  9 

August  10  to  16 

.\ugust  17  to  23 

.\ugust  24  to  30 

.\ugust  31  to  September 6. 

September  7  to  13 

September  14  to  20 


Average , 

September  21  to  30. 
Average 


121. 10 


121. 10 


4.77 


138.99 
"i3i.'42 
"i56.'4i' 


142. 26 


138.34 


138.34 


3.38 
'.i'i4 
'3.2!' 


116.33 


3.24 


135.61 
128.' 28 

"isi'M 


139.03 


135.36 


135.36 


96 


96 


97 


97 


97 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATR  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH. 


43 


Average  vtilnation  of  fid  per  (/ay— ('(nitiiuiod. 
SUBJECT  L.  M.  L.— Coiitlmied. 


Date. 

Sodium 
benzoatfl 
per  day. 

Orams. 
0.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

Fat  (ether  extract). 

Intake  in 
food. 

Output  in 
feces. 

Difference. 

Utilizatiou. 

Grams. 

Orams. 

Orams. 

Fer  cent. 

October  8  to  14 

135.00 

3.02 

131. 98 

97 

October  15  to  21                           

October  22  to  28     

i;».  17 

3.00 

136.17 

97 

137.08 

3.01 

134.07 

97 

ember  7 

October  29  to  No\ 

0 

130.50 

2.79 

127.71 

97 

i:«.50 

2.79 

127. 71 

97 

SUBJECT   J.   1  .  1- 


July  6  to  12 

0 
0 

July  13  to  19 

120.53 

2.47 

118.06 

98 

Average 

120.53 

2.47 

118.06 

98 

July  20  to  26                                                    .     . 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

July  27  to  August  2 

147.96 

3.39 

143.67 

97 

August  10  to  16 

August  17  to  23  

124. 90 

3.54 

120.46 

96 

August  24  to  30 

September  7  to  13 

133.00 

3.09 

129.91 

97 

September  14  to  20 

A verage 

135.28 

3.34 

131.94 

96.6 

September  21  to  30.     . .                          

0 

120.  33 

2.76 

117.  57 

96 

Ayerage 

i          120.33 

2.76 

117. 57 

96 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

Octobers  to  14 

112.69 

2.57 

110. 12 

97 

October  15  to  21                                 

October  22  to  28 

120.29 

1.85 

118.34 

98 

Average 

114.08 

2.21 

114. 23 

97.5 

October  29  to  November  7  . . 

0 

130.  :J3 

2.17 

128. 16 

98 

Average 

im33 

2.17 

128. 16 

98 

SUBJECT  E.  C.  M. 


July  G  to  12 

0 
0 

July  13  to  19 

99.38 

4.50 

94.88 

95 

Average 

1            99.38 

4.50 

94.88 

95 

July  ■'0  to  2C 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

1                       1 

July  27  to  August  2 

August  3  to  9 

120.23 

3.12  j 

117.11 

97 

August  17  to  23 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

114.  62 

a53  1 

111.09 

97 

September  7  to  13 

122.73 

2.74 

120.00 

97 

S<'ptember  14  to  20 

Average 

119. 19 

a  12 

116.06 

97 

September  21  to  30 

0 

124.90 

2.08  ^ 

122.  82 

98 

Average 

124.90 

2.08 

122.  82 

98 

44 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


Average  lUilization  of  fat  per  day — Coiitiiuied. 
SUBJECT  E.  C.  M.— Continued. 


Date. 


Octol  -er  1  to  7 . . . 
Octobers  to  14.. 
October  lo  to  21 . 
October  22  to2s. 


Average 

October  29  to  Xovemlwr  7. 
Average 


Sodium 
beazoate 
per  day. 


Fat  (ether  extract). 


Intake  in     Ontput  in  !  niflerence 
food.  feces.        i^merence. 


Grams. 
0.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 


Grams. 

""i3i."85' 

'"14:121 


Grams. 
2.' 89' 

a  72' 


137.  53 


142.38 


142.38  I 


Grams. 

"i28.'9tt 
"'i39.'49 


Utilization. 


Per  cent. 


3.30 


ass 


134.22 


13&50 


138.  50  I 


97 


SUBJECT  W.  C.  R. 


July  6  to  12.. 
July  13  to  10. 


Average . 


July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  August  2 

August  3  to  S 

August  10  to  16 

August  17  to  23 

August  24  to  30 

August  31  to  September  6. 

September  7  to  13 

September  14  to  20 


Average 

September  21  to  :iO. 
Average 


October  1  to  7 . . . 
October  8  to  14.. 
Octoljer  15  to  21. 
October  22  to  28. 


Average 

October  29  to  Xovemi )er  7 . 
Average 


.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 


81.  30 


81.30 


107.  95 


120.00 


112. 92 


109.28 


111.10 


96.  69 


2.96 


1.97 


2.18 

i'ig' 


1.40 


1.40 


78.34 


7a  34 


.3                           1 1 - 

:l\ 

100.06 

1.90  1 

98.66  ' 

98 

:t] 1 ':::::!::::::::::::::::::::: 

.3 1 
.3  .. 

no.  70  [ 

2.35 

loass  1 

97 

.3              1- -..-1 

.3 1 
.3  .. 

112.59 

2.  44  1 

110. 15 

97 

118.03 


110.  74 


108.92 


95.29 


95.29 


98 


INFLUENCE   ON  DIGESTION  AS  MEASURED  BY  THE   SCHMIDT 

METHOD. 

While  chemical  examination  of  the  feces  is  competent  to  show  any 
material  change  in  the  digestion  of  the  protein  or  fat  of  the  food,  a 
substance  such  as  sodium  benzoate  might  exert  a  sHght  inliibitorv 
effect  upon  the  digestion  of  different  articles  of  food  ^vdthout  produc- 
ing any  marked  change  in  the  chemical  composition  of  the  feces. 
Further,  it  is  well  to  emplo}^  additional  methods  to  substantiate,  if 
possible,  the  findings  by  chemical  anal^'sis.  With  tliis  end  in  view, 
the  feces  of  the  individual  subjects  were  at  given  periods  examined 
carefullyj  microscopically  and  macroscopically,  after  the  method 
employed  by  Schmidt,  as  described  by  Steele  in  Medical  News, 
December  16,  1905.     Most  stress  was  laid  on  ascertaining  whether 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH.  45 

abnormal  amounts  of  innligested  muscle  fiber,  connective  tissue, 
mucin,  orstarcli  »2:rain.s  would  appear  in  the  feces  durinjj^  the  feeding 
of  sodium  benzoate.  The  reaction  of  the  feces  was  likewise  noted 
with  litmus  and  mercuric  chloride.  Attention  was  also  given  to  the 
possible  occiirience  of  abnormal  quantities  of  fat. 

In  making  the  test  a  special  diet  as  recommended  by  Schmidt 
was  »j;iven  for  two  days,  in  which  care  was  taken  to  avoid  the  inges- 
tion of  food  i-ich  in  cellulose,  seeds,  skins  of  fruits,  or  other  ingredients 
wliich  are  absolutely  indigestible  in  the  human  alimentar}^  tract. 
The  feces  for  given  periods  were  separated  by  means  of  lampblack. 
In  examining  the  feces  a  ])ortion  about  the  size  of  an  English  walnut 
was  ground  up  thoroughly  in  a  mortar,  with  a  small  amount  of 
water.  The  well-triturated  material  was  then  placed  in  a  Petri  dish 
and  examined,  both  with  and  without  the  microscope,  for  unchanged 
muscle  fibers,  connective  tissue,  and  mucin.  For  the  detection  of 
starch  granules  the  slides  were  treated  wdth  a  drop  of  iodine  solu- 
tion. In  cases  of  doubt  as  to  the  presence  of  mucin  or  connective 
tissue  a  drop  of  dilute  acetic  acid  was  applied  to  the  material.  The 
reaction  of  the  feces  to  litmus  was  determined  by  means  of  mois- 
tened litmus  paper.  The  hydrobilirubin  test  was  made  by  mixing 
some  of  the  triturated  feces  with  an  equal  volume  of  a  saturated 
solution  of  mercuric  chloride. 

Examinations  of  the  feces  by  this  method  were  made  on  the  fol- 
lowing days:  July  15  to  16,  during  the  fore  period;  August  12  to  14, 
during  the  first  benzoate  period;  September  2  to  4,  likewise  in  the 
first  benzoate  period;  September  23  to  25,  in  the  first  after  period; 
October  23  to  25,  in  the  second  benzoate  period;  October  31  to 
November  1,  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  after  period;  and 
November  3  to  4,  in  the  final  after  period. 

The  results  of  these  tests  may  be  briefl}'  stated  as  follows:  The 
character  of  the  feces  appeared  at  all  times  to  be  normal.  While 
there  were  occasionally  small  bits  of  connective  tissue  or  muscle 
fiber,  they  could  not  be  regarded  as  being  present  in  abnormal 
amounts.  Potato  starch  granules  w^ere  rarely  observed.  The  reac- 
tion to  litmus  was  neutral  or  slightly  acid.  In  the  corrosive  subli- 
mate tests  for  hydrobilirubin  a  decided  pink  coloration  was  obtained 
in  every  instance.  Except  for  the  occasional  presence  of  small  bits 
of  vegetable  or  fruit  skins  and  seeds,  the  character  of  the  feces 
seemed  to  be  unchanged  dui-ing  the  entire  period  of  the  investigation. 

INFLUENCE  ON  THE  INTESTINAL  FLORA. 

With  a  view^  to  ascertaining  whether  sodium  benzoate  exerts  any 
influence  upon  the  character  of  the  bacteria  of  the  intestines,  com- 
parative studies  of  the  intestinal  flora  were  made  during  the  different 
periods  of  the  experiment.     For  this  purpose  definite  amounts   of 


46  SODRTM    BENZOAIK    AND    THK    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

feces  (1  jjram)  were  introduced  into  10  cubic  centimeters  of  ])hysio- 
logical  salt  solution  and  triturated  with  a  jjlass  rod.  Two  or  three 
platinum  wire  loopfuls  of  the  suspension  were  spread  over  the  sui-face 
of  microscope  slides  and  allowed  to  dry.  The  slides  were  then  stained 
by  the  ordinary  Gram  method,  and  placed  serially  in  trays.  Thorough 
microscopic  examinations  were  made  to  determine  any  marked 
differences  in  the  nature  of  the  flora  during  the  various  periods. 
For  the  first  fourteen  weeks  the  feces  were  stained  twdce  a  week, 
while  during  the  remaining  four  weeks  such  stained  series  were 
prepared  three  times  a  week.  The  following  statements  are  taken 
almost  verbatim  from  Doctor  Ilettger's  report  of  his  findings: 

To  the  practiced  observer,  so-called  "normal  feces"  present  a  more 
or  less  definite  appearance  when  stained  by  the  Gram  method.  Slight , 
and  in  a  few  instances  marked,  differences  may  occur,  but  on  the 
whole  the  slides  tend  to  have  a  uniform  character.  The  nature  of 
the  flora  is  frequently  influenced  by  diet  and  by  pathological  condi- 
tions. In  order  to  obtain  a  ''normal"  picture  of  the  stained  feces 
a  large  number  of  samples  from  all  the  subjects  were  examined  dur- 
ing the  first  nonbenzoate  periotl.  These  slides  were  then  compared 
with  those  of  the  difterent  benzoate,  as  well  as  nonbenzoate,  periods. 

The  character  of  the  "normal"  slides  may  be  described  briefly 
as  follows:  Among  the  Gram-staining  organisms  the  most  prominent 
were  the  large  or  giant  cocci  (sewage  streptococci)  occurring  single, 
in  pairs  or  in  chains  of  three  or  more.  Along  with  these  w^ere  a  large 
numl)er  of  smaller  micro-  or  diplo-cocci,  and  still  others  that  were 
quite  small,  like  the  pus  cocci.  Occasional  giant  bacilli  would  be 
seen,  single,  or  in  short  chains  and  somewhat  resembling  B.  ramosus. 
More  numerous  than  these  were  smaller  rods  of  the  capsulatus- 
aerogenes  type,  and  also  the  still  smaller  and  more  slender  forms 
which  were  often  decidedlj^  curved  {B.  addopJiilusf).  Rarely  the 
branching,  club-shaped  form  (J5.  hifdusf)  was  seen.  A  small  number 
of  very  small,  thin  rods  like  B.  pyocyaneus  were  also  usually  present. 
These  were  frequently  in  pairs. 

In  the  pink  or  red  background,  wliich  largely  predominated  over 
the  blue  or  violet,  the  most  prominent  organisms  to  be  regularly  seen 
were  the  very  slender  and  long,  often  curved,  rods  (to  a  great  extent 
like  B.  putrijicus  wdthout  its  s])()re),  and  the  short  organism  of  the 
colon  bacillus  type.  Mngletl  with  these  w  ere  a  much  smaller  num])er 
of  intermediate  forms. 

^^^lile  there  were  numerous  dei)artures  from  the  above  picture,  the 
dilTerences  were  between  individual  slides,  and  not  betw^een  different 
series  or  the  slides  of  the  difl"erent  periods.  For  example,  two 
samples  of  feces  during  the  first  benzoate  period  were  marked  bj^  an 
unusually  large  number  of  Gram  positive  long,  slender  rods,  w-hile  a 
third  contained  an  excess  of   the  Gram  positive  giant  bacilli  and 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH.         47 

}i;iant  cocci,  and  tlio  remaining  tliicc  slides  were  apparently  noimal. 
In  another  series  of  the  same  period  two  of  the  slides  contained  an 
unnsual  number  of  the  long,  slender,  often  curved.  Gram  i)ositive 
rods  {B.  (icidophiliis?),  while  tlic  remaining  four  appeared  to  be 
normal.  Again,  in  the  same  benzoate  period,  one  of  the  slides  showed 
a  predominance  of  long,  slender  CJram  positive  bacilli  and  the  Gram 
negative  bacilli  of  the  colon  bacillus  ty])e.  A  second  slide  of  this 
series  was  more  Gram  positive  than  was  usually  seen,  wliile  in  two 
of  the  remaining  four  slides  the  giant  and  smaller  cocci  were  greatly 
in  excess  over  the  normal. 

In  one  of  the  slides  of  the  secontl  nonbenzoate  period  the  Gram 
positive  giant  bacilli  were  numerous,  wliile  in  a  second  the  cocci 
largely  predominated,  and  in  a  third  of  the  same  series  there  were 
very  few  of  the  long,  slender  Gram  negative  forms,  but  an  abundance 
of  the  Gram  negative  organisms  of  the  colon  bacillus  type.  In  an- 
other slide  of  the  same  series  Gram  positive  bacilli  of  all  tvjDes  were 
present  in  large  numbers. 

The  slides  that  w-ere  prepared  during  the  last  four  weeks  of  the 
investigation  were  much  more  uniform  in  appearance  than  at  any 
time  before.  These  four  weeks  covered  a  large  part  of  the  last  or 
high  benzoate  period  and  the  entire  last  nonbenzoate  period. 
Although  special  emphasis  was  placed  on  the  comparative  study 
of  these  slides,  it  was  impossible  to  note  any  differences  whatever 
betw-een  the  feces  of  the  tw^o  periods. 

There  is  no  evidence  in  the  data  obtained  that  the  ingestion  of 
sodium  benzoate  visibly  affected  the  character  of  the  intestinal 
flora,  as  revealed  by  the  Gram's  stain  and  microscopic  examination. 
While  there  were  marked  differences  between  different  slides,  it  was 
impossible  to  associate  any  of  the  variations  with  any  of  the  benzoate 
periods.  The  differences  were  those  of  individual  feces  and  not  of 
any  particular  series  or  groups  of  series. 

FERMENTATION  TESTS  WITH  THE  FECES. 

These  tests  were  made  with  dextrose  (1  per  cent)  bouillon,  in 
Smith  fermentation  tubes.  The  tubes  were  inoculated  with  one 
platinum  loopful  of  the  suspension  of  feces  (1  gram  feces  in  10  c.  c. 
of  saline  solution),  and  kept  at  incubator  temperature  for  20  to  24 
hours.  Duplicate  tubes  were  always  emploj^ed,  and  the  average 
volume  of  gas  in  the  closed  arm  noted.  A  second  examination  w'as 
made  at  the  end  of  about  48  hours.  As  the  results  of  the  second 
examination  rarely  differed  from  those  of  the  first,  only  one  set  of 
figures  arc  given  here,  namely,  those  obtained  at  the  end  of  the  first 
incubation  period. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  accompanying  tables,  the  average  amount 
of  gas  during  the  benzoate  periods  was  slightlj'  less  than  when  no 


4b 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


benzoate  was  given,  perhaps  implying  a  slight  degree  of  inhibition 

on  the  development  of  gas-prodiioing  liacteria.  .   The  differences  are 

so  slight,  however,  that  no  special  significance  can  be  attached  to 

them. 

Percentages  of  gas  in  dosed  arm  of  tube. 


Sul)jec-t. 


Fore  period. 


First  benzoate  period. 


July. 

8.         13. 


July. 


August. 


H.  H.  G 25 

W.  AV.  JI 30 

L.  M.  L 25 

J.  F.  L '  25 

E.  C.  M 28 

W.  C.  R 20 


16.        21.        23.        28.    :    30.         4. 


22  j 
30  I 
15  j 
20  I 
22  . 
22  1 


25 


G.         12. 


18.        21 


Siibjo(^t. 


First  benzoate  jx'riod  (eontinued). 


H.  H.  G... 
W.  W.  H.. 
L.  M.  L... 
J.  F.  L.... 
E.G.  M... 
W.  C.  R... 


25.       27. 


September. 


10.    ••    15.        17. 


First  after  period.      ,^^,._ 


September. 


24.    1    29. 


Octob«'r. 


Second  or  high  benzoate  period  (continued). 

Final  after  period. 

Subject. 

October. 

Octo- 
ber. 

November. 

8. 

13. 

15.        20. 

21. 

22.        25. 

27. 

29. 

1. 

3. 

5. 

8. 

H.  H.  G 

25 
17 
30 
15 
25 
20 

24 
33 
25 
33 
25 
29 

25 
28 
20 
17 
19 
16 

20 
25 
20 
20 
20 
18 

'"'26' 
22 
30 
25 
20 

25 

"25' 

"25" 
23 

24 
21 
30 
16 
16 
30 

25 
30 
20 
23 
20 
15 

25 
25 
20 
25 
30 
20 

28 
26 
25 
23 
25 
30 

20 
30 
34 
33 
30 
25 

"36' 
30 
16 
28 
15 

20 

W.  W.  H 

10 

L.  M.  L 

J.  F.  L 

25 
18 

E.  C.  M 

19 

W.  C.  R 

16 

SEDIMENTS    IN    BOUILLON    AND     IN    THE     DEXTROSE-BOUILLON 
FERMENTATION  TUBES,  INOCULATED  WITH  FECES. 

The  sediments  in  cultures  24  hours  old  were  stained  bj''  the  Gram 
method,  and  examined  for  the  purpose  of  observing  any  influence 
that  the  ingestion  of  the  sodium  benzoate  might  have  on  the  char- 
acter of  the  sediments. 

It  was  found  that  the  bouillon  sediments  were  fairly  uniform 
throughout  the  investigation.  Thej"  consisted  largely  of  the  colon 
bacillus,  often  in  practically  pure  form.  Occasionally^  s})ore-bearing 
bacilli  of    the  subtilis  type  were  present  in  noticeable  quantities; 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   NUTRITION   AND    HEALTH.       49 

also  streptococci  and  rather  lav^^o.  (iiain  ])()sitive  bacilli  soiiiewhat  ic- 
semblini2;  (lie  Bacillus  aerogems  c<ij)sulatufi.  The  irr(»<^iilar  l)rancliing 
Gram  positive  orjjjanism  and  the  slender  CI  +  curved  rods  were  rarely 
observed.  None  of  these  forms  could  be  associated  with  any  par- 
ticular benzoate  or  nonbenzoate  ]KMiods. 

In  the  sediments  of  the  dextrose-bouillon  fermentation  tubes 
j;ieater  dilTerences  were  noted.  While  the  colon  bacillus  was 
usually  tile  jiredominatino;  or<,Mnism,  the  slides  frequentl}^  had  a 
decidedly  Ciram  ])ositive  a])pearance,  due  mostly  to  the  presence  of 

L  the  large  sewage  streptococci  and  the  smaller  streptococcus  form, 
and  to  the  two  Gram  ])ositive  bacilli  already  described — the  irregu- 
lar branching  oiganism  {B.  hifidus)  and  the  long,  slender,  curved 
rod  (B.  acidophilus f).     The  larger  rods  of  the  aerogenes-capsulatus 

.  type  were  also  frequently  observed.  The  variations  were,  however, 
only  between  individual  slides,  and  apparently  had  nothing  to  do 
with  the  ingestion  of  the  benzoate.     For  example,  the  branching, 

.  often  club-shaped,  Gram  positive  organism,  presumably  Tissier's  B. 
hifidus,  was  of  rather  common  occurrence  in  the  sediments  from  the 
feces  of  one  of  the  men  (H.  H.  G.)  and  seldom,  if  at  all,  in  those  of 
W.  C.  R.  None  of  the  above  irregularities  in  the  character  of  the 
sediments  could  be  associated  with  any  particular  l^enzoate  or  non- 
benzoate period. 

INFLUENCE  ON  THE  PUTREFACTION  PRODUCTS  IN  THE  FECES. 

For  the  detection  of  phenol,  indol,  and  skatol  20  to  25  grams  of 
feces  were  treated  with  250  c.  c.  of  water,  acidified  with  4  to  5  c.  c.  of 
dilute  sulphuric  acid  and  subjected  to  steam  distillation  until  150  c.  c. 
of  distillate  were  obtamed.  The  distillate  was  then  tested  for  phenol 
by  l)oiling  with  a  few  drops  of  Millon's  reagent.  The  reactions 
were  noted  as  negative,  slight,  moderate,  or  strong. 

Indol  was  at  first  detected  in  the  distillate  by  the  use  of  two 
reagents,  concentrated  nitric  acid  and  Ehrlich's  aldehyde  (dimethyl- 
amidobenzaldehyde).  The  two  tests  were  employed  side  by  side 
for  about  six  weeks,  when  the  nitric  acid  test  was  discontinued. 
The  method  of  testing  with  Ehrlich's  aldehyde  was  simply  to  add 
four  or  five  drops  of  the  aldehyde  solution  (made  by  dissolving  15 
grams  of  the  aldehyde  in  300  c.  c.  of  a  10  per  cent  solution  of  sul- 
phuric acid).  With  small  amounts  of  indol  a  rose  to  deep  red  color 
is  obtained  in  the  cold,  the  reaction  being  a  veiy  delicate  one.  The 
results  are  designated  as  negative,  slight,  moderate,  and  strong. 
As  the  amount  of  indol  was  at  no  time  large,  the  Herter  method  of 
testing  for  it  and  removing  it  from  solution  with  B-napthaquinone- 
sodium-monosulphonate  was  not  regularly  emploj^ed. 

70111— No.  88—09 4 


50 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


In  the  detection  of  skatol  two  ieao;ents  were  used  at  first,  namely, 
concentrated  sulphuric  acid  and  Ehrlich's  aldehyde.  The  former 
was  discontinued  after  about  two  months.  On  heating  a  solution 
containing  skatol  with  Ehrlich's  aldehyde  solution  a  })luc  color  is 
obtained,  in  contrast  to  the  indol  test.  When  indol  and  skatol  are 
both  present,  the  indol  must  first  be  shaken  out  with  a  solution  of 
the  B-naphthaquinone-sodium-monosulphonate,  as  described  by 
Herter.  (See  Journ.  Biol.  Chem.,  II,  p.  267,  1906.)  Skatol  was, 
however,  not  observed  at  any  time,  and  only  the  indol-red  reaction 
was  obtained  when  indol  w^as  present,  or  there  was  no  apparent 
reaction  at  all. 


Phenol  in  the  feces. 
(S  indicates  slight,  M  moderate,  and  St  strong  reactions.] 


Subject. 

Fore 
peri- 
od. 

First  benzoate  period. 

First 
after 
peri- 
od. 

Final 
Second  benzoate  pf  riod.     after 
period. 

1 

July. 

July. 

August.          i  September.' 

Sept. 

October.              i  Nov. 

12. 

23.      30. 

6. 

17. 

25.   1     8. 

15. 

22. 

0. 

13. 

20. 

27.          4. 

H.  H.  G 

W.  W.  H.... 

L.M.L 

J.  F.  L 

E.C.M 

W.C.R 

S 
M 

S 
S 

s 

M 

St    1     S 
M    1    St 
M    !     S 
M    1     S 
M         S 
M        St 

M 
M 

M 
St 
S 
M 

S 
M 

S 
St 

s 

St 

St 
S 
M 
St 
S 
S 

S 
S 

s 
s 
s 
s 

S 
M 
S 
M 
M 
S 

M 
St 
S 
S 
S 
S 

M 
M 

S 
St 
S 
St 

St 
St 
M 
St 
M 
M 

M 
M 
M 

M 
M 

St 

M         St 
St         St 
M         M 
St         S 

s       s 
s       s 

Indol  in  the  feces. 
[S  indicates  a  slight  reaction.] 


Fore 
peri- 
od. 

First  benzoate  period. 

First 
after 
peri- 
od. 

Second  benzoate  period. 

Final 

after 

period. 

Subject. 

July. 

July. 

August. 

September. 

Sept. 

October. 

Nov. 

12. 

23. 

30. 

6. 

17. 

25. 

8. 

15. 

22. 

6. 

13. 

20. 

27. 

4. 

H.H.  G 

W.  W.  II.... 

L.M.L 

J.  F.  L 

E.C.M 

W.  C.  R 

S 
0 
0 
0 

s 

0 

S 

s 

s 

0 
0 

0     :     0     1     0 
0,010 
0     i     0          0 

solo 

0          0          0 

0        0    1    s 

0 
0 
0 

s 

0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
S 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

S 
S 
0 

s 
s 
s 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Comparison  of  the  data  in  the  two  preceding  tables  show^s  that 
there  was  a  slight  increase  in  the  amount  of  phenol  detected  during 
the  last  or  high  benzoate  period.  Whether  this  slight  increase  in 
phenol  was  connected  wath  the  large  amount  of  aromatic  group  intro- 
duced associated  with  the  large  dosage  of  sodium  benzoate  is,  of 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   NUTRITION    AND   HEALTH.       51 

course,  wIioUn'  quostionablo.  Jii  any  ovont,  consi(lenii<j  the  loni:;tli 
of  time  the  investi<j;atioii  was  contimied  and  tlie  normal  variations 
that  may  naturally  arise  from  time  to  time,  the  results  taken  as  a 
whole  for  phenol  must  be  rejz;arclecl  as  beinjj;  fairly  uniform,  and  hence 
as  indicatinu;  little  or  no  inlluence  on  the  part  of  sodium  benzoate. 

Ivegardinj]:;  indol,  the  only  inference  from  the  data  presented  is  that 
the  sodium  benzoate  was  without  influence  on  the  amount  of  indol 
[)resent  in  the  feces. 

As  skatol  was  not  present  in  the  feces  during  any  of  the  periods,  no 
comment  on  this  substance  is  called  for. 

Finally,  it  should  be  remarked  that  during  the  entire  investigation 
the  diet  of  the  individual  subjects  was  somewhat  low  in  nitrogen, 
certainly  lower  than  the  usual  or  average  diet,  w^hich  fact  in  all 
probability  accounts  for  the  extremely  small  amounts  of  the  above 
so-called  })utrefaction  products  in  the  feces  of  our  subjects. 

EFFECT  ON  THE  TJEINE. 

Chemical  analysis  of  the  twenty-four  hours'  urine  "^  of  the  individual 
subjects  w^as  made  each  day  throughout  the  experiment.  The  only 
exception  to  this  statement  is  in  connection  with  hippuric  acid,  where 
at  certain  peiiods  each  day's  urine  w^as  extracted  separately,  the 
alcoholic  extracts  united,  and  the  hippuric  acid  determined  in  the 
mixture.  All  determinations  were  made  in  duplicate,  and  the  figures 
given  in  the  table  of  daily  records  are  the  average  of  two  closely 
concordant  results. 

METHODS  OF  ANALYSIS. 

Total  nitrogen  was  determined  by  the  Kjeldahl-Gunning  method. 

Urea-nitrogen  by  Folin's  method.  (American  Journal  of  Physi- 
ology, 1905,  vol.  13,  p.  45.) 

Animonia-nitrogen  by  Folin's  method.  (American  Journal  of  Physi- 
ology, 1905,  vol.  13,  p.  47.) 

Purine-nitrogen  b}^  the  Kriiger-Schmid  method.  (Zeitschrift  f. 
physiologische  Cheinie,  1905,  vol.  45,  p.  1.) 

Uric  acid-nitrogen  by  the  method  of  Folin.  (American  Journal 
of  Physiology,  1905,  vol.  13,  p.  49.) 

Hippuric  acid-nitrogen  by  the  method  of  Lewinski.  (Archiv  fiir  ex- 
perimentelle  Pathologic  und  Pharmakologie,  1908,  vol.  Iviii,  p.  399.) 

Creatinine  -  nitrogen  by  Folin's  method.  (American  Journal  of 
Physiology,  1905,  vol.  13,  p.  48.) 

Total  sulphur  by  the  method  of  Schulz.  (Archiv  f.  d.  gesammte 
Physiologic,  1907,  vol.  120,  p.  114.) 

o  Care  was  taken  to  prevent  fermentative  changes  in  the  day's  urine  by  liberal  use 
of  toluol. 


52 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Inorganic  sulphur  antl  ethereal  sulphur  by  the  method  of  Folin. 
(Journal  of  Biological  Chemistry,  1905-G,  vol.  1,  p.  131.) 

Neutral  sulphur  by  difference. 

Phosphate  phosphorus  by  the  uranium  nitrate  method,  with 
potassium  ferrocyanide  as  indicator. 

Clilorine  by  the  Volhard  method. 

Indican  and  total  acidity  by  Folin's  method.  (American  Journal 
of  Physiology.  1905,  vol.  13,  p.  53.) 

EFFECT  ON  VOLUME  OF  TJIIINE  AND  SPECIFIC  GRAVITY. 

Daily  fluctuations  in  the  volume  of  urine  and  the  specific  gravity 
may  be  studied  by  examination  of  the  table  of  daily  records.  As  a 
better  means  of  comparison,  however,  we  present  in  the  two  following 
tables  the  average  volume  of  urine  per  day  and  the  average  specific 
gravity  of  urine  per  day  for  each  subject  during  the  seventeen  periods 
of  the  experiment.  Grand  averages  are  likewise  shown  for  each 
individual  covering  the  fore  period,  from  July  6  to  July  19;  the  first 
benzoate  period,  from  July  20  to  September  20 ;  the  first  after  period, 
from  September  21  to  September  30;  the  second  benzoate  period, 
from  October  1  to  October  28 ;  and  the  final  after  period,  from  October 
29  to  November  7. 

Average  volume  of  urine  per  day. 


Daily 

Average  volume  of  urine  per  day. 

benzoate. 

H.  II.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L.    1    J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams.          c.  c. 
0                 1,042 

0                     891 

c.  c. 
1,026 
991 

! 

c.  c.               c.  c. 
1,022                 779 
966                  724 

c.  c. 
982 

874 

c.  c. 
1,636 

July  13  to  19 

1,381 

966 

1,008 

994                  751 

928 

1,508 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2... 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

;l 

.3 
.3 

919 
1,029 
1,095 

957 
1,278 
1,184 
1,269 
1,156 
1,178 

1,054 
1,041 
1,084 
1,167 
1,126 
1,079 
1,101 
1,024 
1,123 

1,064 
846 
1,013 
935 
1,084 
1,166 
1,076 
1,100 
1,123 

940 

800 

873 

934 

1,249 

1,097 

900 

900 

1,170 

1,088 
881 
1,188 
1,130 
1,139 
1,269 
1,406 
974 
1,077 

1,175 
929 
999 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

1,034 
1,403 
1,504 
J,3(iO 
1,336 
1,419 

Average . . 

1,118 

1,088 

1,045  1               985 

1,127 

1,239 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

994 

1,065 

1,083  I            1,196 

1,036 

1,466 

Average.. 

994 

1,065 

1,083  j            1,196 

1,036 

1,466 

Oct.  1  to  7 . 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

986 
1,237 
1,019 
1,066 

1,160 
1,279 
1,394 
1,243 

1,107  1            1,280 

1,087  '            1,406 

1,004  1            1,261 

950  j            1,094 

957 
1,023 
1,021 

981 

1,521 

Oct.  8  to  14.  .   . 

1,496 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

1,597 
1,640 

Average 

1,077  i            1,269 

1,037              1,200 

995 

1,563 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0 

1,092 

1,147 

1,003  1            1,211 

939 

1,519 

1,092 

1,147 

1,003              1.211 

939 

1,519 

INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION    AND   HEALTH.       53 

Average  specijh:  gravity  n/vrine  per  day. 


Date. 

Daily 

doso  of 

benzoate. 

.\verago  specific  gravity  of  urine  per  day. 

11. 11.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams. 

0 
0 

1.024 
1.022 

1.023 
1.021 

1.022 

1  ma 

1.023 
1.021 

1.014 
1.017 

.luly  13  to  19 

1.022  1            1.027 

Average 

1.023 

1.022 

1.022 

1.02C 

1.022 

1.015 

July  20  to  20 

July  27  to  Aug.  2. . . 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

1.020 

1.017 
1.018 
1.019 
l.OU) 
1.017 
1.010 
1.016 
1.010 

1.019 
1.019 
1.017 
1.019 
1.017 
1.018 
1.019 
1.020 
1.019 

1.020 
1.022 
1.020 
1.021 
1.018 
1.018 
1.019 
1.020 
1.021 

1.024 

1.02(1 
1.024 
1.024 
1.019 
1.022 
1.025 
1.024 
1.022 

1.023 

1.022 
1.019 
1.020 
1.02U 
1.019 
1.019 
1.023 
1.022 

1.020 
1.021 

Aug.  10  to  10 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept. 0... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

1.020 
1.01(1 
1.010 
1.017 
1.018 
1.017 

Average 

1.017 

1.018 

1.020 

1.023 

1.021 

1  018 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

1.020 

1.019 

1.020 

1.020 

1.022 

1.016 

.Vverage 

1.020               1.019 

1.020 

1.020 

1.022 

1  016 

Oct.  1  to7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

1.021 

1.018 
1.021 
1.018 

1.019 
1.019 
1.018 
1.017 

1.021 
1.022 
1.02(1 
1.024 

1.020 
1.019 
1.021 
1.021 

1.023 
1.023 
1.022 
1.022 

1.015 

Oct.8  to  14 

1.017 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

1.015 
1.014 

1.020 

1.018 

1.023 

1.020 

1.023 

1  015 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0      1            1.020 

1.020 

1.022 

1.020 

1.023 

1.015 

A  verage 

1.020 

1.020 

1.022 

1.020 

1.023 

1.015 

Regarding  the  volume  of  urine  per  day,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  all 
the  subjects,  with  the  exception  of  W.  C.  R.,  showed  some  little 
increase  in  the  volume  excreted  during  the  first  benzoate  period 
as  compared  with  the  fore  period.  In  most  instances  the  increase 
is  not  very  large.  In  two  cases,  namely,  H.  H.  G.  and  E.  CM., 
the  increase  is  somewhat  conspicuous.  The  subject  W.  C.  R., 
however,  showed  during  the  first  benzoate  period  a  noticeably 
smaller  volume  of  urine  per  day  as  compared  with  the  fore  period. 
Secondly,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  in  the  first  after  period  of  ten  days  the 
volume  of  urine  dropped  to  the  level  of  the  volume  excreted  during 
the  fore  period  in  only  one  instance,  namely,  H.  II.  G.  In  three  of  the 
other  cases  the  volume  per  day  in  the  first  after  period  was  greater  than 
during  the  benzoate  period,  while  two  of  the  subjects,  W.  W.  H.  and 
E.  C.  M.,  showed  a  slight  falling  off.  During  the  second  benzoate 
period",  where  the  dosage  was  much  larger,  the  volume  per  day  was 
increased  noticeably  in  the  case  of  W.  C.  R.  and  J.  F.  L.  With 
E.  C.  M.  the  volume  fell  off.  Likewise  in  the  case  of  L.  M.  L.,  when 
compared  with  the  first  benzoate  period.  Finally,  in  the  last  after 
period  it  is  to  be  noted  that  the  volume  of  urine  remained  essentially 
unaltered.  The  differences  referred  to  are  not  ver}^  great,  but  there 
is  a  suggestion  of  a  slight  diuretic  effect.  How  far  this  apparent 
diuretic  effect  is  to  be  connected  with  the  specific  action  of  sodium 
benzoate  and  how  much  to  other  possible  causes  is  to  be  questioned. 


54  SODIUM    BENZOAT?:    AlSl)   THK    IIKALTH    OF    MAN. 

Thus,  some  consideration  must  be  given,  especially  in  connection 
with  the  first  benzoate  period,  to  the  i)()ssible  efl'ect  of  the  heat  of 
midsummer  in  producing  increased  loss  of  water  from  the  body 
with  the  accompanying  increased  desire  for  water,  some  of  which 
would  naturally  ])ass  out  through  the  kidneys.  That  the  slightly 
increased  output  of  urine  per  day  observed  is  perhaps  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  other  causes  than  the  benzoate  is  suggested  at  least  by  the 
fact  that  the  volume  of  urine  did  not  diminish  noticeably  in  the  after 
])eriods  when  no  benzoate  was  taken.  Obviously,  however,  any 
accurate  determination  of  slight  diuretic  action  would  involve  careful 
comparison  of  all  intake  of  water  with  the  output  through  different 
channels. 

Regarding  the  specific  gravity  of  the  urine,  it  is  to  be  observed 
that  during  the  first  benzoate  period  the  specific  gravity  of  the  urine, 
with  the  exception  of  the  subject  W.  C.  R.,  was  somewhat  lower  than 
in  the  fore  period.  This  is  in  harmony  with  the  increase  in  volume. 
Subject  W.  C.  R.  showed  an  average  specific  gravity  during  the  first 
benzoate  period  of  1.018,  as  contrasted  with  1.015  of  the  fore  period. 
The  volume  of  urine  with  this  subject  averaged  1,239  c.  c.  during  the 
first  benzoate  period,  as  contrasted  with  1,508  c.  c.  in  the  fore  period. 
The  change  in  specific  gravity  of  the  urine  in  all  the  subjects  during 
the  first  benzoate  period  is  to  be  ascribed  solely  to  the  slight  changes 
in  volume.  During  the  second  benzoate  period  the  specific  gravity 
suflPered  little  change.  In  fact,  it  is  quite  apparent  that  the  solid 
matters  of  the  urine  were  not  altered  in  amount  under  the  influence 
of  sodium  benzoate,  since  the  specific  gravity  remained  essentially 
the  same,  except  so  far  as  it  underwent  slight  modification  incidental 
to  the  small  changes  in  volume. 

EFFECT   ON  TOTAL   NITROGEN. 

The  output  of  total  nitrogen  in  the  urine  is  best  compared  by 
studying  the  grand  averages  for  each  individual  during  the  fore 
period,  the  first  benzoate  period,  and  the  four  subsequent  periods. 
The  follo^^^ng  table  gives  the  average  output  of  total  nitrogen  per 
day  for  the  six  subjects  during  the  seventeen  weekly  and  ten-day 
periods,  with  the  grand  averages  already  referred  to.  Examination 
of  the  data  shows  that  with  the  subjects  H.  H.  G.,  W.  W.  H.,  L.  :M.  L. 
and  E.  C.  M.  the  total  nitrogen  of  the  fore  period  was  in  excess  of  that 
excreted  during  any  of  the  later  periods.  The  somewhat  high  total 
nitrogen  output  of  the  four  subjects  during  the  fore  period  is  to  be 
attributed  to  the  larger  intake  of  nitrogen  from  July  6  to  July  26. 
This  fact  has  already  been  commented  upon  in  another  connection, 
but  it  needs  special  consideration  here,  since  it  is  well  knowTi  that  the 
nitrogen  output  runs  more  or  less  parallel  with  the  nitrogen  intake. 
In  these  four  subjects  the  somewhat  larger  intake  during  this  fore 
period  was  especially  noticeable,  and  it  is  on  this  account  that  the 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON    NUTHITTON    AND    HEALTH.       55 

Mvci-M^o  diiily  ni(roj]:;on  output  of  the  four  subjects  in  (|uostion  is 
relativoly  hi^li.  In  !ittoni|)tin<:  to  iiscortjiiii  whcthor  sodium  l>on- 
zoate  exerts  any  influence  upon  the  out])ut  of  totul  nitrogen  through 
the  urine,  it  will  be  well  to  note  particularly  the  average  daily  output 
of  nitrogen  on  the  periods  subsequent  to  July  2G.     If,  for  example, 

f  comparison  is  made  of  the  grand  averages  for  the  first  benzoate 
period,  the  first  after  period,  the  second  benzoate  period,  and  the  final 
after  period,  it  will  be  seen  that  tiiere  is  practically  little  or  no  change 
in  the  average  output  of  nitrogen  in  any  of  the  subjects.  Somewhat 
striking,  indeed,  is  the  close  agreement  between  the  averages  for  the 
first  benzoate  period  and  the  second  b(>nzoate  period  as  compared  with 

F  that  of  the  first  after  period.  Thus,  in  the  case  of  II.  H.  G.  the  grand 
average  for  the  first  benzoate  period  was  8.68  grams  of  nitrogen  per 
tlay;  for  the  second  benzoate  period  8.64  grams  of  nitrogen  per  day; 
while  for  the  period  in  between  it  was  8.53  grams  of  nitrogen  per  day. 
Again,  in  the  case  of  L.  M.  L.  the  average  output  of  nitrogen  per  day 
during  the  first  benzoate  period  was  9.47  grams;  for  the  first  after 
period  9.43  grams;  for  the  second  benzoate  period  9.42  grams. 
Still  again,  in  the  case  of  E.  C.  M.  the  average  output  of  nitrogen 
per  day  during  the  first  benzoate  period  covering  two  months  was 
9.82  grams;  during  the  first  after  period  9.83  grams;  during  the 
second  benzoate  period  of  a  month  9.43  grams.  It  is  perfectly 
obvious,  therefore,  that  sodium  benzoate  in  the  doses  taken  by  our 
subjects  does  not  affect  the  output  of  total  nitrogen  through  the 
urine  where  the  nitrogen  intake  remains  essentially  the  same. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

Average  amount  of  total  nitrogen  per  day. 

H.  H.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.G.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Grams. 
12.59 
10.09 

Gram.':. 
12.57 
11.06 

Grams. 
12.11 
11.27 

Grams. 
10.39 
9.49 

Grams. 
12.46 
10.27 

Grams. 
9  93 

July  13  to  19 

8.70 

11.34 

11.81 

11.69 

9.94 

11.36 

9.31 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug,  2.... 
Aug.  3  to  9    

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

9.85 
9.49 
8.27 
8.83 
8.56 
8.10 
7.99 
8.42 
8.64 

10.14 
9.16 
9.27 
9.68 
8.22 
7.76 
7.74 
7.88 
9.24 

11.74 
9.74 
9.53 
9.22 
8.18 
9.03 
8.58 
9.32 
9.89 

9.12 
8.86 
8.  95 
9.13 
8.78 
9.43 
8.81 
9.06 
10.00 

11.15 
9.49 
9.55 
9.94 
9.51 
9.40 
9.72 
9.57 

10.08 

8.35 
7.31 
7.98 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 
Sept.  7  to  13 

8.42 
7.95 
8.74 
7.84 
8.13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

8.76 

Average 

8. 68 

8.78 

9.47 

9.12 

9.82 

8.16 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

8.53 

8.35 

9.43 

10. 01 

9.83 

8  58 

Average 

8.53 

8.3.=; 

9.43 

10.01 

9.83 

8.58 

Oct.  1  to  7.. 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

8.54                8.65 
8.44  :              8.39 
8.  74                9. 03 
8.87                8.91 

9.75 
9.66 
9.21 
9.08 

10.19 
10.19 
9.92 
9.49 

9.68 
9.34 
9.59 
9.13 

9.30 

Oct.  8  to  14 

8.74 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

Average 

8.28 
9.06 

8. 64                8.  74 

9.  42                9. 94 

9.43 

8.84 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7.... 

0 

9.27 

8.88 

9.  85  1             9. 38  1              9. 62                  9. 21 

Average 

9.27 

8.88 

9.85 

9.38 

9.62  1               9.21 

56 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


EFFECT   ON  THE    UREA-NITROGEN. 

Urea,  more  than  any  other  one  nitrogenous  component  of  the  urine, 
fluctuates  in  harmony  with  the  amount  of  protein  food  ingested. 
Consequently,  it  is  to  be  expected  that  the  urea-nitrogen  will  show  the 
same  relatively  liigh  figure  during  the  fore  period  in  those  subjects 
whose  intake  of  nitrogen  was  high  during  the  first  two  or  three  weeks 
of  the  experiment.  In  harmony  with  this  view,  it  is  to  be  noted  that 
the  average  daily  output  of  urea-nitrogen  in  the  four  subjects,  H.  H.  G., 
W.  W.  H.,  L.  M.  L.,  and  E.  C.  M.,  is  comparatively  liigh  for  the  fore 
period. 

The  accompanying  table,  giving  the  amount  of  urea-nitrogen  per 
day  during  the  various  periods  of  the  experim.ent,  shows  that  aside 
from  these  four  liigh  figures  there  is  practically  no  change  whatever 
in  the  average  daily  output  of  urea-nitrogen  for  any  of  the  subjects  in 
the  cHfferent  periods  of  the  experiment.  In  other  words,  it  is  quite 
apparent  from  the  figures  presented  that  the  urea-nitrogen  excreted 
through  the  kidneys  is  not  influenced  in  any  degree  bj''  the  ingestion 
of  sodium  benzoate. 


Date. 

DaUy 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

Average  amount  of  urea-nitrogen  per  day. 

H.  H.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L.     :    E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Grams. 
10.76 
8.56 

Grams. 
10.76 
9.51 

Grams. 
10.10 
9.53 

Grams. 
8.37 
7.63 

Grams. 
10.32 
8.50 

Grams. 
8  16 

July  13  to  19 

7.17 

Average 

9.66 

10.13 

9.81 

8.00 

9.41 

7  66 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2  . . . 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

8.29 
8.05 
6.78 
7.4.5 
7.20 
6.79 
6.56 
7.12 
7.12 

8.73 
7.78 
7.99 
8.36 
6.93 
6.48 
6.51 
6.65 
7.84 

9.94 
8.12 
7.82 
7.72 
6.71 
7.46 
7.10 
7.87 
8.29 

7.16 
7.06 
7.04 
7.35 
6.99 
7.60 
7.12 
7.34 

9.40 
7.84 
7.95 
8.41 
7.84 
7.76 
8.11 
8  14 

6.88 
6.11 
6  61 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 
Sept.  7  to  13 

7.15 
6.64 
7.50 
6.62 
6.94 

Sept.  14  to  20 

8.22  1             8.41 

7.44 

Average 

7.26 

7.47 

7.89 

7.32 

8.20 

6.87 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

7.18 

7.10 

7.98 

8.30 

8.24 

7.30 

Average 



7.18 

7.10 

7.98 

8.30 

8.24 

7.30 

Oct.  1  to7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

7.04 
6. 96 
7.16 
7.04 

7.32 
7.04 
7.55 
7.13 

8.13 
7.97 
7.  .52 
7.23 

8.41 
8.37 
7.88 
7.42 

7.96 
7.63 
7.70 
7.24 

7.86 

Oct.  8  to  14 

7.34 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

6.78 
7.40 

Average 

7.05 

7.26 

7  71 

8.02 

7  i;.1 

7.34 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7.... 

0 

7.80 

7.43  1             8.30 

7. 67                7. 98 

7.70 

Average 

7.80 

7.43 

8.30 

7.67 

7.98 

7.70 

EFFECT   ON   AMMONIA-NITROGEN. 

The  table  herewith  presented,  showing  the  average  daily  amount  of 
ammonia-nitrogen  excreted  by  the  individual  subjects  during  the  dif- 
ferent periods  of  the  experiment,  indicates  quite  plainly  that  tliis 
form  of  nitrogen  is  not  influenced  b}^  sodium  benzoate  in  the  doses 


IXFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   NUTRITION    AND    HEALTH.       57 

used  in  our  cxporiiuent.  The  averages — except,  as  with  llie  previous 
forms  of  nitrogen,  the  relatively  high  aninu)nia  yield  in  the  fore  period 
owing  to  the  larger  intake  of  protein  food — are  in  such  close  agreement 
that  it  is  plain  no  specific  effect  in  this  direction  can  be  attributed  to 
sodium  benzoate. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

Average  amount  of  ammonia-nitrogen  per  day. 

H.  H.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  etc  12 

Urams. 
0 

Oram. 
0.  4,s 

Oram. 
0.44 
.44 

Oram. 
0.52 
.45 

Oram. 
0.61 
.56 

Oram. 
0  .'57 

Gram. 
n  <;i 

July  13  to  19 

0                     .44 

.54  1                .47 

Average 

.46 

.44 

.48 

.68 

.  55  j                .49 

JHlv20to20 

July  27  to  Aug.  2... 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.40 
.40 
.37 
.35 
.27 
.32 
.34 
.36 
.41 

.39 
.35 
.34 
.30 
.23 
.29 
.28 
.31 
.35 

.49 
.46 
.41 
.37 
.29 
.32 
.35 
.35 
.36 

.58 
.52 
.56 
.53 
.45 
.51 
.45 
.52 
.51 

.51 
.51 
.48 
.42 
.40 
.41 
.40 
.41 
.47 

.46 
.33 
34 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  .31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.33 
.28 
.30 
.27 
.30 
.36 

Average . .  . 

.36 

.31 

..37 

.51 

.45 

33 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

.35 

.32 

.34 

.47 

.45 

.35 

Average 

.35 

.32 

.34 

.47                  .45 

.^'i 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.39 
.42 
.37 
.41 

.36 
.33 
.31 
.37 

.40 
.43 
.41 
.39 

.55 
.55 
.48 
.51 

.52 
.49 
.48 
.49 

41 

Oct.  8  to  14 

.38 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

.38 
.40 

Average 

.40 

.34 

.40 

.52 

.49 

39 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0 

.37 

.33 

.36 

.47 

.48 

.40 

Average 

.37 

.33 

.36 

.47 

.48 

40 



EFFECT  ON  PTJRINE-NITROGEN. 

The  daily  fluctuation  in  the  purine-nitrogen  of  the  individual 
subjects  is  seen  from  the  daily  charts.  In  the  appended  table,  how- 
ever, are  shown  the  figures  for  the  average  daily  content  of  this  form 
of  nitrogen  during  the  seventeen  periods  of  the  experiment,  mth  the 
grand  averages  for  the  fore  period,  benzoate  periods,  and  after  periods. 
Examination  of  the  data  shows  that  for  some  reason  (presumably  the 
larger  proportion  of  meat  in  the  diet)  the  excretion  of  purine-nitrogen 
per  day  is  greater  during  the  fore  period  than  in  any  of  the  later  pe- 
riods. From  July  20,  the  beginning  of  the  first  benzoate  period,  to 
the  end  of  the  second  benzoate  period  there  is  very  little  change  per 
day  in  the  excretion  of  this  form  of  nitrogen.  The  average  daily 
excretion  during  the  first  benzoate  period  and  during  the  first  after 
period  is  almost  identical,  and  mth  one  exception  the  same  is  true 
for  the  daily  average  excretion  during  the  second  benzoate  period. 
It  is  thus  apparent  that  sodium  benzoate  does  not  have  any  tangible 
effect  upon  the  output  of  purine-nitrogen.  The  only  fact  that  would 
in  any  sense  stand  opposed  to  this  conclusion  is  the  relatively  small 


58 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN, 


average  output  of  purine-nitrogen  per  clay  during  the  final  after 
period.  It  might  be  said,  for  example,  that  in  the  linal  after  period 
the  purine-nitrogen  excretion  drops  off  because  of  cessation  in  the 
dosage  of  benzoate.  If  this  were  the  case,  a  similar  result  would 
naturally  be  expected  in  the  first  after  period.  This,  however,  the 
data  show  is  not  the  case.  There  is  no  indication,  except  possibly 
in  the  case  of  W.  W.  H.,  of  an}^  marked  tendency  on  the  part  of  sodium 
benzoate  toward  changing  noticeably  the  excretion  of  purine-nitrogen. 
We  must  conclude  that  the  excretion  of  this  form  of  nitrogen  through 
the  urine  is  not  materially  modified  by  the  ingestion  of  sodium  ben- 
zoate in  the  doses  made  use  of  in  our  experiment. 


Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

Average  amount  of  purine-nitrogen  per  day. 

Date. 

H.  H.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L.    i    J.  F.  L. 

1 

E.  0.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  0  to  12  

Grams. 
0 
0 

Gram. 
0.067 
.049 

Gram. 
0.045 
.018 

1 
Gram.            Gram. 
0.055  '           0.082 
.  045                .  042 

Gram. 
0.056 
.038 

Gram. 
0.085 

July  13  to  19 

.057 

.058 

.031 

.  050                .  062 

.047 

.071 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2... 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.040 
.029 
.049 
.039 
.038 
.035 
.045 
.043 
.047 

.013 
.006 
.021 
.017 
.028 
.018 
.020 
.016 
.009 

.033 
.030 
.034 

.039 
.057 
.066 

.027 
.040 
.051 
.031 
.030 
.031 
.019 
.027 
.023 

.045 
.039 
.057 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug  17  to  23 

.043 
.031 
.031 
.031 
.033 
.035 

.059 
.054 
.048 
.046 
.029 
.053 

.044 
.047 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.036 
.037 
.034 
.043 

Average . . 

.040 

.016 

.033  1              .050  1              .031                  .042 

Sept.  21  to  .30 

.\verage 

'                                                1 

0                   .047  1             .020 

.037                .  053  1              .038                  .  042 

.047 

.020 

. 037  1             .  053  !             .  038 

.042 

Oct.  lto7 

.6  1             .043 
1.  0                .  035 
2.0  1              .025 
4.0                .035 

.011 
.013 
.009 
.011 

.044 
.031 
.029 
.026 

.051 

.024 

.044 

Oct.  8  to  14 

.037 
.026 
.037 

.024 
.016 
.025 

.034 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

.029 
.035 

.034 

.011                .032                .037  1              .025 

.035 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 . . . 

0                   .  025  j             .  006  1             .010                .024                .  017 

.017 

.025 

.  006  ^              .  016  ,              .  024  i              .  017 

.017 

EFFECT  ON  TJIIIC  ACID-NITROGEN. 

The  accompanying  table,  giving  the  average  daily  output  of  uric 
acid-nitrogen  during  the  different  periods  of  the  experiment,  shows 
quite  plainly  that  the  excretion  of  this  form  of  nitrogen  is  not  changed 
in  any  degree  by  the  sodium  benzoate  taken.  Somewhat  noticeable, 
indeed,  is  the  close  agreement  in  the  average  daily  output  of  uric  acid- 
nitrogen  during  the  first  benzoate  period  and  during  the  second  ben- 
zoate period  in  the  case  of  the  subject  II.  H.  G.,  as  well  as  in  E.  C.  M., 
W.  C.  R.,  and  L.  M.  L.  In  fact,  the  data  speak  for  themselves  quite 
clearly,  that  sodium  benzoate  is  without  effect  upon  the  excretion  of 
uric  acid. 


NFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   NUTKIl'lOiN    AiND    IIKALTII.       59 


Daily 

Average  amount  of  uric  acld-nitrogon  per  day. 

liunzoate. 

1 

II.II.  G. 

W.  W.H. 

L.M.  L. 

Oram. 
0.199 
.199 

J.  F  L. 

E.  CM. 

W.C.R. 

July  6tol2 

Orams. 
0 
0 

Oram. 
0.147 
.166 

Gram. 
0.201 
.191 

Oram. 
0.162 
.168 

Gram. 
0.204 
.200 

Oram. 
0.153 
.142 

July  13  to  19 

Average 

.156 

.196 

.199 

.165 

.202 

.147 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2... 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.146 
.140 
.124 
.141 
.143 
.135 
.128 
.148 
.148 

.192 
.183 

.185 
.183 
.174 
.167 
.167 
.175 
.188 

.208 
.211 
.203 
.184 
.188 
.200 
.184 
.213 
.190 

.174 

.158 
.155 
.166 
.175 
.  185 
.103 
.203 
.172 

.209 

.181 

.181 

.200 

.193 

.198. 

.205 

.198 

.211 

.150 
.160 
.160 
.153 
.163 
.158 
.148 
.157 
.  155 

Aug.  10  to  10 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

Average. . 

.140 

.179 

.198 

.172 

.197 

.15(i 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

.134 

.167 

".182 

.156 

.187 

.147 

Average 

.134 

.167 

.182 

.156 

.187 

.147 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.142 
.142 
.152 
.127 

.189 
.186 
.193 
.172 

.204 
.211 
.214 
.182 

.104 
.106 
.177 
.104 

.  197  j                .  158 
192                    ''"! 

Oct.  8  to  14 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

.205 
.184 

.157 
.160 

Average 

.140 

.185 

.  203  1              .  168 

.194 

.155 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0 

.146 

.189 

.200 

.168 

.  205  1                .  171 

Average. . 

.146 

.189 

.200 

.168 

205  '                  1" 

EFFECT  ON  CREATININE-NITROGEN. 

The  accompai\ying  table,  showing  the  average  daily  excretion  of 
creatinine-nitrogen  for  the  individual  subjects  during  the  seventeen 
periods  of  the  experiment,  makes  it  quite  clear  that  here  likewise 
there  is  no  influence  exerted  by  sodium  benzoate  which  can  be  noted. 
The  figures  giving  the  grand  averages  for  the  fore  period,  first  benzoate 
period,  first  after  period,  second  benzoate  period,  etc.,  with  the  dif- 
ferent subjects,  are  so  closely  alike  that  tlie  conclusion  above  is 
thoroughly  justified  by  the  results. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

Average  amount  of  creatinine-nitrogen  per  day. 

H.n.  G. 

1                       1 
W.  W.  H.  1    L.  M.  L.        J.  F.  L. 

! 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  0  to  12 

July  13  to  19 

! 
Grams.    1      Gram. 
0      1            0. 451 
0                    .445 

Gram.            Gram. 
0. 490             0. 626 
.505  j              .624 

Gram. 
0.611 
.606 

Gram. 
0.554 
.568 

Gram. 
0.  458 
.463 

Average. . 

.448 

.497 

.625 

ms  1              .'^(11 

.  460 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2... 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3  1              .464 
.3  1              .456 
.3                .463 
.3                .472 
.3  1              .404 
.3  :              .457 
.  3  i              .466 
.3                .482 
.3                .476 

.517 
.513 
.514 
.512 
.508 
.502 
.510 
.517 
.510 

.608                .639  1              .570 
.608  '              .643                .564 
.611   :                .(>49  1                ..558 

.466 
.478 
.486 

.\ug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept. 6... 

Sept.7tol3 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.601 
.596 
.596 
.594 
.607 
.605 

.658                .577 
.524                .575 
.  635                . 5(« 
.648  1              .573 
.649  1-            .577 
.655  1              .590 

.488 
.501 
.483 
.490 
.495 
.496 

Average . . 

.466 

.511 

.603 

.622  1              .571 

.487 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0      !              .487 

.516 

.609 

.652  1              .598 

.500 

Average 

.487 

.516 

.609 

.652  1              .598 

.500 

ou 


SODIUM   BE.NZOATL:   AND   TKE   UE^VLTU   01"    MAN. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

Average  amount  of  creatinine-nltrogen  per  day. 

H.H.G. 

W.W.H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.L. 

E.C.M. 

W.C.  R. 

Oct.  1  to7 

Grams. 
0.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

Oram. 

0.488 

.493 

.494 

.477 

Oram. 

0.530 

.537 

.526 

.513 

Oram. 

0.612 

.629 

.613 

.593 

Oram. 

0.664 

.671 

.648 

.646 

Oram. 

0.617 

.614 

.592 

.509 

Oram. 
0.526 

Oct.  8  to  14. 

.515 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

.515 
.493 

Average 

.488 

.526 

.012 

.657 

.598 

.512 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0 

.482 

.532 

.606 

.647 

.584 

.508 

Average 

.482 

.532 

.006 

.647 

.584 

.508 

EFFECT  ON  HIPPURIC  ACID-NITROGEN. 

In  considering  the  effect  on  the  excretion  of  hippuric  acid-nitrogen 
it  is  to  be  remembered  that  hippuric  acid  is  not  wholly,  at  least,  a  prod- 
uct of  ordinary  protein  katabolism.  The  appearance  of  hippuric 
acid  in  the  urine  is  dependent  in  large  measure  upon  the  amount  of 
benzoyl-containing  substances  introduced  into  the  system.  The 
other  factor  contributing  to  the  production  of  hippuric  acid  is  the 
amount  of  glycocoll  available  in  the  sj^stem.  Under  ordinary  con- 
ditions of  body  metabolism  there  is  alwaj^s  a  sufficient  amount  of 
glycocoll  present  to  combine  with  any  ordinary  amount  of  a  benzoyl- 
containing  radical  to  make  hippuric  acid,  this  acid  being  benzoyl- 
glycocoll.  In  view  of  these  facts,  it  is  obvious  that  the  taking  of 
sodium  benzoate  will  naturally  be  followed  by  an  increase  in  the 
amount  of  hippuric  acid-nitrogen  contained  in  the  day's  urine.  Hip- 
puric acid-nitrogen  was  not  determined  each  day  of  the  experiment , 
as  already  noted,  but  sufficient  data  are  available  to  construct  a 
table  showing  in  a  general  way  the  average  dail}^  output  of  hippuric 
acid-nitrogen  for  different  periods  of  the  experiment.  The  table 
appended  shows  that  during  the  first  benzoate  period  the  average 
daily  output  of  hippuric  acid-nitrogen  was  in  some  cases  lower  than 
the  average  daily  output  in  the  fore  period,  while  in  other  cases  the 
increase  was  so  slight  as  to  be  hardl}'  noticeable.  This  is  due  to 
variations  in  the  character  of  the  food.  It  is  a  significant  fact, 
having  bearing  upon  the  present  experiment,  that  the  excretion  of 
hippuric  acid  in  the  urine  can  be  easily  increased  or  decreased  by 
modifying  the  diet.  If  it  is  desired  to  increase  the  hippuric  acid 
output  it  is  simply  necessary  to  eat  fruits,  such  as  cranberries, 
huckleberries,  plums,  and  other  articles  rich  in  benzoyl  radicals,  in 
which  case  the  output  of  hippuric  acid  in  the  urine  is  increased.  In 
the  fore  period  on  some  days  a  diet  intentionally  designed  to  give  a 
high  hippuric  acid  yield  was  prescribed,  and  it  is  significant  that  the 
average  output  of  hippuric  acid  during  this  fore  period  was  in  many 
cases  as  great  as  in  the  first  benzoate  period,  when  0.3  gram  of  sodium 


l^Nl'LUK^'CE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  OJS   JS  UTiiliU)^'    AND   lIlC^VLTil. 


01 


benzoate  was  ^ivoii  daily.  In  the  iirst  after  period  it  is  to  be  noted 
that  there  is  a  littk^  drop  in  tlie  outinit  of  liippuric  acid-nitrogen  as 
compared  with  that  of  the  first  benzoate  period.  In  the  second  ben- 
zoate period,  where  the  dosa«]je  was  hir<^e,  the  avera<^e  daily  output  of 
liippuric  acid-nitrogen  was  corresjjondingly  increased.  Somewhat 
noticeable  is  the  fact  that  in  the  final  after  period  the  excretion  of  liip- 
puric acid-nitrogen  still  continued  high,  showing  a  tendency  for  the 
benzoate  to  lag.  In  some  cases,  indeed,  notably  in  II.  II.  G.  and 
W.  W.  H.,  the  average  output  per  day  was  greater  in  the  final  after 
period  than  during  the  benzoate  period.  In  conclusion  then  it  may 
be  stated  that  sodium  benzoate,  in  harmony  with  well-known  physio- 
logical facts,  did  in  all  these  subjects,  when  the  dosage  was  suffi- 
ciently large,  give  rise  to  an  increased  output  of  liippuric  acid- 
nitrogen.  This,  however,  is  not  to  be  interpreted,  as  implying  a  dis- 
turbance of  the  nitrogen  metabolism  of  the  body  by  sodium  benzoate, 
but  is  simply  a  measure  of  the  combination  of  the  benzoyl  radical 
taken  with  the  preexistent  glycocoll. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

Average  anioimt  of  hippuric  acid-nitrogen  per  day. 

II.  II.  G. 

W.W.H. 

L.M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.C.M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  6  to  12... 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Gram. 
0.064 

Gram. 
0.054 

Gram. 
0.051 

Gram.      •      Gram. 
0.046  1           0.066 

Gram. 
0.054 

July  13  to  19    . 

' 

Average 

.  064 

.054 

.051 

.04(i  1              .066 

.054 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2... 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.029 

.021 

.022 

.027 

.018 

.025 



Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

.026 

.058 

.077 

.070 

.060 

.050 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.osi 

.041 
.034 
.072 

.045 
.068 
.038 
.032 

.057 
.052 
.036 
.104 

.061 
.064 
.039 
.094 

.070 
.071 
.037 

.089 

.057 
.086 
.055 
.092 

Average . 

.042 

.043 

.058 

.  059                -  0.57 

.061 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

.037 

.023 

.027 

.038 

.054 

.048 

Average 

.037 

.023 

.027 

.038 

.054 

.048 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.063 
.065 
.171 
.260 

.050 
.067 
.156 
.230 

.071 
.099 
.169 
.380 

.061 
.085 
.221 
.392 

.050 
.090 
.154 
.361 

.032 

Oct.  8  to  14 

.081 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

.187 
.378 

Average 

.139 

.126 

.179 

.189 

.  164 

.169 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7. . . 

0 

.170 

.190 

.190 

.170 

.150 

.130 

Average . . . 

.170 

.190 

.190 

.170 

.150 

.130 

EFFECT  ON  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  NITROGEN. 

So  far,  we  have  confined  our  attention  in  referring  to  the  different 
forms  of  nitrogen  excreted  through  the  urine  to  the  average  daily  out- 
put in  grams.  We  may  next  advantageously  consider  how  far 
sodium  benzoate  tends  to  disturb  the  average  distribution  of  nitrogen, 


62 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


i.  e.,  how  far  the  percentages  of  the  difTerent  forms  of  nitrogen  figured 
on  the  total  nitrogen  are  changed.  In  the  tables  showing  the  distri- 
bution of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  the  urine,  will  be  found  the  daily  per- 
centages of  the  different  forms  of  nitrogen  for  each  individual.  Foi- 
comparison,  however,  tables  are  appended  for  each  subject  giving 
the  chiily  average  distribution  of  nitrogen  for  the  different  periods, 
together  with  the  grand  averages  for  the  fore  period;  first  benzoatc 
period;  first  after  period ;  second  benzoate  period ;  and  the  final  after 
period.  As  is  well  known,  about  85  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen  of 
the  urine  is  ordinarily  in  the  form  of  urea.  This  percentage,  however, 
is  dependent  in  a  measure  upon  the  amount  of  protein  food  taken. 

Comparison  of  the  six  tables  following  show^s  that  in  the  first  ben- 
zoate period  the  percentage  of  urea-nitrogen,  i.  e.,  the  percentage  of 
urea-nitrogen  figured  on  the  total  nitrogen,  is  not  essentially  different 
from  that  of  the  fore  period.  In  the  case  of  W.  W.  H.  and  L.  M.  L.  there 
is  a  slight  decline,  whereas  in  E.  C.  M.  and  W.  C.  R.  there  is  a  slight  rise. 
These  differences,  however,  are  not  sufficiently  marked  to  have  any 
significance.  What  is  conspicuous,  however,  is  the  somewhat  notice- 
able drop  in  the  percentage  of  urea  in  all  the  subjects,  with  the 
exception  of  J.  F.  L.,  during  the  second  benzoate  period.  At  first 
glance  this  might  be  attributed  to  some  specific  action  on  the  part  of 
sodium  benzoate.  A  httle  thought,  however,  w411  show  that  this  does 
not  necessarily  follow.  During  the  second  benzoate  period  the  daily 
intake  of  the  benzoyl-containing  radical  was  fairly  large,  and  there 
resulted  a  correspondingly  large  increase  in  the  output  of  hippuric 
acid.  In  other  words,  the  ingested  benzoic  acid  combined  with  the 
requisite  amount  of  glycocoll  and  was  excreted  through  the  urine  as 
hippuric  acid.  In  the  absence  of  the  benzoic  acid  radical  the  glycocoll 
would  have  been  decomposed  into  urea.  The  slight  decrease  in  the 
output  of  urea  during  the  second  benzoate  period,  therefore,  was  not 
due  to  any  diminution  in  the  amount  of  this  form  of  nitrogen,  but 
simply  to  the  withdrawal  of  a  certain  amount  of  glycocoll  which  was 
eliminated  as  hippuric  acid,  thus  escaping  conversion  into  urea. 

Daily  average  distribution  of  nitrogen. 

[Percentages  of  total  nitrogen.] 

SUBJECT  H.  H.  G. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose 

benzoate. 

Urea  - 
nitrogen. 

Am- 
monia- 
nitrogen. 

P  urine- 
nitrogen. 

Uric 
acid- 
nitrogen. 

Creat- 

inine- 

nitrogen. 

Hippuric 

acid- 
nitrogen. 

Unde- 
termined 
nitrogen. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

85.4 
85.0 

3.8 
4.3 

0.5 

1.1 
1.6 

3.5 

4.4 

0.4 

5.3 

4.2 

Average 

85.2 

4.1 

.5 

1.4 

4.0 

.4 

4.8 

July  20  to  26 

.3 
3 

84.2 

OA  a 

4.0 
4.2 
4.4 
3.9 

.4 
.3 
.6 
.4 

1.4 
1.5 
1.4 
1.6 

4.7 
4.8 
5.5 
5.3 

.3 

5.0 

July  27  to  Aug.  2 

4.4 

.3            82.0 
.3            84.5 

5.6 

Aug.  10  to  16 

.3 

4.1 

IJSfFLiUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION    AND   HEALTH.       (I.'i 


Daily  average  distribution  of  nitrogen — Coutiuued. 

[Percentages  of  total  nitrogen.] 

SUBJECT  II.  II.  G.-Contlnued. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose 

benzoate. 

Urea- 
nitrogen. 

Am- 
monia- 
nitrogen. 

Purine- 
nitrogen. 

Uric 
acid- 
nitrogen. 

Creat- 

inliii!- 

nltrogen. 

lllppuric 

acid- 
nitrogen. 

I'ndo- 
tern  lined 
nitrogen. 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Orams. 
0.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

84.2 
83.7 
82.2 
84.5 
82.5 

3.1 
3.9 
4.2 
4.2 
4.7 

0.4               1.0 
.4               1-6 

5.4 

,5.8 
.5.7 
5.5 

5.2 
4.7 
6.1 
3.0 
5.1 

Aug  24  to  30 

0.6 
.5 
.4 
.8 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  C... 
Sept  7  to  13 

.5 
.5 
.5 

1.6 
1.7 
1.7 

Sept.  14  to  20 

83.6 

4.1 

.4 

1.6 

5.3 

.5 

4.8 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

84.3 

4.1 

.5 

1.5 

5.7 

.4 

3.9 

84.3 

4.1 

.5 

•1.5 

5.7 

.4 

3.9 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

82.4 
82.6 
82.0 
79.3 

4.5 
4.9 
4.2 
4.6 

.5 
.4 
.2 
.4 

1.6 
1.6 
1.7 
1.4 

5.7 
5.8 
5.6 
5.4 

.7 

.7 

1.9 

2.9 

5  1 

Oct.  8  to  14 

4  7 

Oct.  1.5  to  21 

6  1 

Oct.  22  to  28 

8  7 

Average 

81.6 

4.5 

.4- 

1.5 

5.6 

1.5 

6  1 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

84.1 

3.9 

.2 

1.5 

5.1 

1.8 

4.8 

Av^erage 

84.1 

3.9 

.2 

1.5 

5.1 

1.8 

4  8 

SUBJECT  W.  W.  H. 


July  6  to  12 

0 

85.6 

3.5 
3.9 

0.3 

1.6 

3.9 
4.5 

0.4 

4.8 

July  13  to  19 

0 

86.0 

.2     1            1.7 

3.5 

Average 

85.8 

3.7 

.2 

1.7 

4.2 

.4 

4  1 

July  20  to  26 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

86.1 
84.9 
86.1 
86.4 
84.3 
83.4 
83.3 
84.4 
84.8 

3.6              .13 

1.8 
2.0 
1.9 
1.8 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.2 
2.0 

5.1 
5.5 
5.5 
5.2 
6.1 
6.4 
6.6 
6.5 
5.5 

.2 

3  0 

July  27  to  Aug.  2 

3.8 
3.6 
3.0 
2.7 
3.7 
3.6 
3.9 
3.7 

.006 

.1 

.1 

.3 

.3 

.3 

.2 

.1 

3.5 

Aug.  3  to  9 

2.7 

Aug.  10  to  16 

.5 

3.2 

Aug.  17  to  23 

4.2 

Aug.  24  to  .30          

.5 

4  2 

Aug.  31  to  Sept  6 

Sept.  7  to  13 

.9 
.4 
.3 

4.4 
2.5 

Sept.  14  to  20 

3.8 

Average 

84.8 

3.5 

.17 

2.0 

5.8 

•4 

3.5 



Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

85. 0              3. 8 

.2     j            2.0 

6.1 

.2 

2.5 

Average 

85.0 

3.8 

.2                2.0 

6.1 

.2 

2.5 

Oct.  1  to  7...  . 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

84.6 
83.8 
83.7 
80.0 

4.1 
3.9 
3.4 
4.1 

.1                2.1 
.2                2.2 
.1                2.1 
.1                1.9 

6.1 
6.4 
5.8 
5.7 

.5 

.8 

1.7 

2.6 

2.8 

Oct.  8  to  14 

3.9 

Oct.  15  to  21 

5.7 

Oct.  22  to  28 

8.2 

Average 

83.0 

3.9 

.1                2.1 

6.0 

1.4 

5.1 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0      1         83.6 

3.7 

.06              2.1 

5.8 

1.9 

4.4 

Average 

83.6 

3.7 

.06  i            2.1 

5.8 

1.9 

4.4 

SUBJECT  L.  M.  L, 


July  6  to  12 

0 

83.4 
84.6 

4.2 
3.9 

0.4 
.4 

1.6 
1.7 

5.2 
5.5 

0.4 

5.1 

July  13  to  19 

3.7 

Average 

84.0 

4.1 

.4 

1.7 

5.3 

.4 

4.4 

July  20  to  26 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

84.6 
83.4 
82.2 
83.7 
82.1 
89  7 

4.1 
4.7 
4.3 
4.0 
3.5 
3.5 
4.0 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.4 
.3 
.3 
.3 

1.7 
2.1 
2.  a 
1.9 
2.3 
2.2 
2.1 

5.1 
6.2 
6.4 
6.5 
7.2 
5.6 
5.9 

.2 

3.7 

July  27  to  Aug.  2 

Aug.  3  to  9 

3.1 

4.7 

Aug.  10  to  16 

.7 

3.3 

Aug.  17  to  23  .   ... 

4.6 

Aug.  24  to  30 

.6 
,6 

4.7 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6 

.3            82.7 

3.6 

64 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Daily  average  distribution  of  nitrogen — Continued. 
[Percentages  of  total  nitrogen.] 
SUBJECT  L.  M.  L.— Continued. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose 

benzoate. 

Urea- 
nitrogen. 

Am- 
monia- 
nitrogen. 

Purine- 
nitrogen. 

Uric 
acid- 
nitrogen. 

Creat- 

Inine- 

nitrogen. 

Hippuric 

acid- 
nitrogen. 

Unde- 
termined 
nitrogen. 

Sept  7  to  13        

Grams. 
0.3 

84.4 
83.8 

3.7 
3.6 

0.3 
.3 

2.2 
1.9 

6.5 
6.1 

0.3 
1.0 

2.9 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.3 

4.0 

Average 

83.3 

3.9 

.3 

2.0 

6.2 

.6 

3.8 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0                84.7 

3.6 

.4 

1.9 

6.4 

.2 

2.8 

Average 

1          84.7 

3.6 

.4 

1.9 

6.4 

.2 

2.8 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

83.4 
82.6 
81.7 
79.6 

4.1 

4.4 
4.4 
4.2 

.4 
.3 
.3 
.2 

2.0 
2.1 
2.3 
2.0 

6.2 
6.5 
6.6 
6.5 

.7 
1.0 
1.8 
4.1 

3.7 

Oct  8  to  14 

3.9 

Oct.  15  to  21 

4.6 

Oct  '>2  to  28 

7.1 

Average 

1          81.8 

4.2 

.3 

2.1 

6.4 

1.9 

4.8 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0      1          84. 4 

3.6 

.1 

2.0 

6.1 

1.9 

3.8 

84.4 

3.6 

.1 

2.0 

6.1 

1.9 

3.8 

SUBJECT   J.  F.  L. 


Julv  6  to  12  

0 
0 

80.5  ' 
80.4 

5.9 
5.9 

0.8 
.4 

1.5 

5.9 

0.4; 

4.9 

July  13  to  19 

1.7  1            6.3 

1              5.0 

Average 

80.4 

5.9 

.6 

1. 6              6. 1 

.4  !              4.9 

July  20  to  26 

.3            78. 6 

6.3 
5.8 
6.2 
5.8 
5.1 
5.4 
5.1 
5.7 
5.1 

.4 
.6 
.7 
.6 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.3 
.5 

1.9  !            7.0 
1.  7              7. 2 

.2 

5.5 

July  27  to  Aug.  2 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

79.6 
78.4 
80.6 
80.0 

4.8 

1.7 
1.8 
2.0 
1.9 
1.8 
2.2 

7.2 
7.2 
5.9 
6.7 
7.2 
7.1 

.5.3 

Aug.  10  to  16 

.7 

4.0 

a.  D 

Aug.  24  to  30 

.  3  .          80.  6 
.3            80. 6 
.3            80. 8 
.  3            82. 2 

.5 
.7 
.4 
.9 

4.3 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6...- 
Sept.  7  to  13 

4.3 
3.5 

Sept.  14  to  20 

1.7  1            6.5 

4.0 

Average 

80. 2 

5.6 

.5 

1.8              6.9 

.6 

4.6 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0      1          83. 0 

4.7 

.5 

1. 6              6. 5 

.3 

3.7 

Average 

1          83.0  '            4.7 

.5  {            1.6              6.5  1              .3 

3  7 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

82.  6              5.  4 
82.  3              5. 4 
80.7              4.8 

.5  1            1.6  !            6.5 

.6 

.8 

2.2 

4.1 

3.4 

Oct,  8  to  14 

.3 
.2 
.4 

1.6  ;           6.5 

1.7  j           6.5 
1.7  !           6.8 

3.9 

Oct.  15  to  21 

5.7 

Oct.  22  to  28 

78.3 

5.3 

7.4 

1                                     ■                                    1 

Average 

80.9 

5.2 

.31            1. 6              6. 5              1. 9  1              5. 1 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

82.0 

5.0 

.2              1.7              5.8 

1.7 

4.1 

Average. . 

82.0 

5.0 

.2 

1.  7  1            5. 8 

1.7 

4.1 

1 

. 

SUBJECT   E.  C.  M. 


July  6  to  12 

0 
0 

82.8 

4.5 

0.4 

1.6 
1.9 

4  5 
5.5 

0.5 

5.5 

July  13  to  19 

82.  7              5. 2  1              .4 

4  0 

Average 

82. 7              4. 8  1              .4 

1.8 

5.0 

.5 

47 

July  20  to  26 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

84.4 
82.6 
83.3 
84.5 
82.4 
82.6 
83.5 
85.0 
83.6 

4.5 
5.3 
5.0 
4.2 
42 
4  3 
41 
4  2 

.2 
.4 
.5 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.2 
.2 

1. 8              5. 1 

.1 

3.8 

July  27  to  Aug.  2 

1.9 
1.8 
2.0 
2.0 
2.1 
2.0 
2.0 
2.1 

5.9 
5.8 
5.8 
6.0 
5.9 
5.8 
6.0 
5.8 

3.8 

3.6 

Aug.  10  to  16 

.5 

3.2 

5.0 

Aug.  24  to  30 

.6 
.7 
.3 
.8 

4  7 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6.... 
Sept.  7  to  13 

4  4 
2.4 

Sept.  14  to  20 

4  6                .2 

3.7 

Average 

83.5 

45                .3              1.9              5.8 

.5 

3.8 

INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION    AND   HEALTH. 


65 


Date. 


|.I.-M  to  SO.  , 
Averas*'  - 


t.  1  to  7. . . 
I.  S  to  14. . 
t  15  to  21. 
t.  22  to  28. 


.\verage . . . 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7. 

.Vverage. . . 


Daily  average  distribution  of  nitrogen — Continued. 

[rercentages  of  total  nitrogen.] 
SUBJKCT  K.  r.  M.— {'ontinued. 


Daily 

dose 

benzoate. 


Grams. 
0 


.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 


Urea- 
nitrogen. 


Am- 
monia- 
nitrogen. 


83.8 


4.5 


Purine- 
nitrogen. 


0.3 


83.8 


4.5 


Uric 
acid- 
nitrogen. 


Creat-   |  Hippuric 
inine-    i     acid- 
nitrogen.  I  nitrogen. 


1.9 


1  9 


82.3 
81.7 
80.6 
79.4 


5.3 
5.2 
5.0 
5.3 


81.0 


2.0 
2.0 
2.1 
2.0 


6.3 
6.5 
6.2 
6.2 


2.0  i 


6.3 


82.8 


6.0 


2.1 


Unde- 
termined 
nitrogen. 


.5 

.9 

1.6 

3.9 


1.5 


3.0 


3.0 


3.7 
4.1 
6.2 
7.0 


5.2 


SUBJECT  W.  C.  R. 


July  6  to  12 

0 
0 

8.3.3 

82.4 

5.0 
5.4 

0.8 
.6 

1.5 
1.6 

4.6 
5.3 

0.5 

4  7 

July  13  to  19 

4.7 

Average 

82. 8 

.5.2 

.7 

1.6 

5.0 

.5 

4.7 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  .\ug.  2 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

82.5 
83.6 
82.8 
84.8 
83.4 
85.7 
84.6 
85.4 
85.0 

5.5 
4.5 
4.2 
3.9 
3.5 
3.4 
3.3 
3.6 
4  1 

.5 
.5 
.  7 
.5 
.6 
.4 
.5 
.4 
.4 

1.7 
2.1 
2.0 
1.8 
2.0 
1.8 
1.8 
1.9 
1.7 

5.5 
6.5 
6.0 
5.7 
6.3 
5.5 
6.2 
6.1 
5.6 

.3 

5.7 
2.8 

Aug.  3  to  9 

4.2 

Aug.  10  to  16.   ... 

.6 

3  3 

Aug.  17  to  23 

4.2 

Aug.  24  to  30 

.6 
1.0 

.6 
1.0 

2.9 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6 

Sept.  7  to  13 

3.0 
2.5 

Sept.  14  to  20 

3.0 

.\verage 

84.2 

4.0 

.  5 

l.s 

.5.9 

.7 

3.5 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

So.  1 

4.0 

.5 

1.7 

5.8 

.  o 

2.9 

.\verage 

So.  1 

4.0 

.  h 

1.7 

5.8 

.5 

2.9 

Oct.  1  to  7 . .     . 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

84.6 
84.0 
82.0 
81.0 

4.4 
4.3 
4.5 
4.4 

.4 
.4 
.3 
.3 

1.7 
1.6 
1.9 
1.7 

5.6 
5.8 
6.2 
5.4 

.3 

.9 

2.2 

41 

3.1 

Oct.  8  to  14 

3.7 

Oct.  15  to  21 

5.1 

Oct.  22  to28. . . 

6.2 

Average 

83.0 

4.4 

.3 

1.7 

5.7 

1.9 

4.5 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

83.  6 

4.3 

.1 

1.8 

5.5 

1.4 

4.6 

Average 

83.0 

4.3 

.1 

1.8 

5.5 

1.4 

4.6 

Careful  scrutiny  of  the  figures  for  the  percentages  of  ammonia- 
nitrogen,  purine-nitrogen,  uric  acid-nitrogen,  and  creatinine-nitrogen 
shows  no  marked  variation  during  the  difTerent  periods  of  the  experi- 
ment. Shght  fluctuations  do  appear  here  and  there,  but  they  are  not 
sufficiently  marked  or  regular  to  have  any  special  importance.  There 
is,  possibly  in  the  case  of  L.  M.  L.  and  W.  W.  H.,  a  tendency  for  the 
percentage  of  creatinine-nitrogen  to  increase  somewhat  during  the 
later  stages  of  the  expeiiment.  This  increase,  however,  is  not  large 
and  can  not  have,  it  is  thought,  any  particular  significance. 

70111— No.  8.S— 09 5 


66 


SODIUM   BEIs ZOATE   A^'D   THE   HEALTU    OE    MAN. 


EFFECT   ON   TOTAL    SULPHUR. 

The  daily  excretion  of  sulphur  through  the  urine  is  recorded  in  the 
tables  giving  the  daily  record  of  the  individual  subjects.  Here,  how- 
ever, we  have  arranged,  in  tabular  form,  the  daily  average  output  of 
total  sulphur  for  the  various  subjects  during  the  seventeen  periods  of 
the  experiment,  with  the  grand  averages  for  the  fore  period,  benzoate 
periods,  etc.  As  is  well  known,  there  is  ordinarily  a  certain  definite 
relationsliip  between  the  extent  of  protein  metabolism  and  the  output 
of  sulphur,  since  considerable  of  the  sulphur  of  the  excretion  comes 
from  the  breaking  down  of  protein.  In  view  of  these  facts,  therefore, 
we  should  expect  during  the  fore  period,  in  harmony  with  the  larger 
intake  of  protein  food  and  the  corresponding  increase  in  protein  metab- 
ohsm,  a  larger  output  of  total  sulphur  than  in  the  subsequent  periods. 
This  is  what  the  figures  in  the  appended  table  show  in  practically  all 
of  the  subjects.  During  the  first  benzoate  period  the  average  daily 
output  of  total  sulphur  for  J.  F.  L.,  for  example,  was  0.702  gram. 
During  the  first  after  period  the  average  daily  output  was  0.712  gram; 
during  the  second  benzoate  period  0.689  gram;  and  in  the  final  after 
period  0.691  gram.  As  is  seen,  these  figures,  which  are  more  or  less 
generally  dupHcated  in  the  other  subjects,  show  very  little  difference. 
There  is  perhaps  a  sHght  tendency  for  the  sulphur  output  to  diminish 
somewhat  during  the  benzoate  periods.  The  differences,  however,  are 
so  small  as  to  have  little  significance.  So  far  as  total  sulphur  is  con- 
cerned, therefore,  we  are  not  disposed  to  ascribe  any  noticeable  effect 
on  the  part  of  sodium  benzoate. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

Average  amount  of  total  sulphur  per  day. 

H.H.  G 

W.  W.  H. 

L.M.L.     1     J.  F.  L. 

E.C.M.    1    W.C.  R. 

July    6tol2 

July  13  to  19 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Gram. 
0.927 
.761 

Gram. 
0.882 
.779 

Gram. 
0.864 
.799 

Gram. 
0.800 
.734 

Gram. 
0.908 
.783 

Gram. 

0.7(i8 
.058 

Average 

.844  i             .830 

.831 

.767 

.845 

.713 

July  20  to  20 

July  27  to  Aug.  2.... 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3                .728 
.3                 .739 
.3                 .635 

.790 
.726 
.736 
.722 
.646 
.605 
.642 
.584 
.636 

.894 
.752 
.737 
.697 
.609 
.645 
.590 
.614 
.649 

.750 
.730 
.735 
.736 
.681 
.728 
.650 
.613 
.698 

.876 
.735 
.770 
.777 
.745 
.710 
.668 
.673 
.684 

.684 
.589 
.637 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  li... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.678 
.639 
.606 
.555 
.571 
.588 

.609 
.618 
.634 
.555 
.567 
.585 

- 

.638                 .676 

.687 

.702 

.737 

.608 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0      1              .587 

.587  1              .650 

.712 

.702 

.606 

Average 

.587 

.587  1              .650 

.712 

.702 

.606 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6  1               .560 

.601 
.598 
.654 
.631 

.654 
.661 
.680 
.633 

.681 
.701 
.702 
.672 

.632 
.634 
.647 
.634 

.649 

Oct.  8  to  14 

1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.571 
.599 
.614 

.595 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

.589 
.630 

Average 

.586 

.621 

.656 

.689 

.636 

.616 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7.... 

0      1              .653 

.635 

.716 

.691 

.704 

.654 

Average 

.653  S              .635  1              .716 

.691 

.704 

.654 

l^■FLL'E^'L•l:  Ol'  sodium  liE^'ZUAiJ■;  OM    JSUTlllilUIs    AMD    ilKALTil.       C7 

EFFECT   ON    INORGANIC    SULPHUR. 

Witli  this  form  of  siilpliiir  the  liguros  for  tlio  aveiajj;e  daily  outj)Ut 
(lurinji;  the  diirercnt  periods  of  the  ex})erimcnt  are  in  close  conformity 
with  the  general  conclusions  regarding  the  total  sulphur.  During  the 
fore  j;eriod  when  the  food  intake  was  relatively  large,  the  amount  of 
inorganic  sulphur  excreted  per  day  was  correspondingly  liigh.  The 
daily  averages,  however,  for  the  first  benzoate  period,  the  first  after 
periotl,  the  second  l)enzoatcperioil,  and  the  final  after  period  show  veiy 
little  dilference.  We  must  conclude,  therefore,  that  sodium  henzoate 
is  without  influence  on  the  output  of  inorganic  sulphur  through  the 
urine. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose  of 

Ijenzoate. 

Average  am<junt  of  inorganic  sulphur  per  day. 

H.  H.  G. 

W.W.  H.       L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.C.R. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Gram. 

0.789 
.567 

i 
Gram.     1      Gram. 
0.  729             0.  741 

Gram. 
0.675 
.545 

Gram. 
0.766 
.595 

Gram. 
0.  619 

July  13  to  19 

.621 

.627 

.489 

Average 

.678 

.675 

.684 

.610 

.680 

.554 

Julv20to26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2... 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.548 
.535 
.457 
.492 
.404 
.454 
.420 
.438 
.455 

.607 
.537 
.541 
.549 
.472 
.473 
.525 
.489 
.515 

.698 
.571 
.530 
.509 
.438 
.490 
.465 
.500 
.526 

.553 
.528 
.539 
.531 
.521 
.561 
.525 
.503 
.574 

.667 
.536 
.563 
.567 
.547 
.531 
.522 
..534 
.  .544 

.  .489 
.39() 
.425 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6.. 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.429 
.434 
.480 
.  41<t 
.  4.36 
.470 

Average 

.485 

.523  i              .525 

.537 

.557 

.442 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

.459 

.  483  :              .528 

.574 

.564 

.477 

Average 

.459 

.483 

.528 

.574 

.564 

.477 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.450 
.455 
.460 
.442 

.498 
.503 
.542 
.512 

.544  1              .556 
.547                .591 
.535  ;              .576 
.495                .546 

.541 
.520 
.523 
.512 

.522 

Oct.  8  to  14 

.477 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

.4m 

.501 

Average 

.452 

.514 

.  530  1              .567 

.524 

.490 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0 

.516 

.518 

.558  1              .551 

.552 

.508 

■             Average 

.516 

.518 

.558 

.551 

.552 

.508 

EFFECT  ON  ETHEREAL  SULPHUR. 

The  table  of  daily  averages  appended  shows  throughout  a  very  close 
agreement.  The  grand  averages  for  the  fore  period,  first  benzoate 
period  and  the  subsequent  periods  are  veiy  nearly  identical  in  all  of 
the  individuals.  The  conclusion  therefore  is  that  the  production 
and  output  of  this  form  of  sulphur  is  not  influenced  in  any  tangible 
degree  by  the  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  taken. 


t)8 


SODIUM    BENZUATE   AMD   THE    HEALTH    OE    MAN, 


Date. 

Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

Average  amount  of  ethereal  sulphur  per  day. 

11. 11.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  0  to  12 

Orams. 
0 
0 

Gram. 
0.042 
.051 

Oram. 
0.039 
.055 

Gram. 
0.052 
.054 

Gram. 
0.054 
.058 

Oram. 
0.058 
.053 

Oram. 
0.044 
040 

July  13  to  1<)  .     . . 

Average 

.046 

.047 

.053 

.056 

.055 

04'' 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2. . . 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.0.52 
.056 
.048 
.049 
.052 
.057 
.044 
.053 
.048 

.042  1              .044 
.041  i              .040 
047                  "47 

.056 
.055 
.0.50 
.067 
.052 
.051 
.041 
.049 
.044 

.051 
.050 
.047 
.053 
.040 
.043 
.036 
.041 
.041 

.043 
.o:j5 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.051 
.054 
.048 
.039 
.042 
.045 

.043 
.040 
.048 
.036 
.041 
.046 

.a39 
.043 
.a33 

.(m 

.039 
.037 

Average 

.051 

.045 

.043 

.052 

.045 

038 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

.048 

.043 

.045 

.052 

.  039                  .  037 

Average 

.048 

.04.1 

.045 

mv). 

039                  .  037 

1 

Oct.  1  to7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.048 
.046 
.049 
.044 

.045 
.043 
.039 
.047 

.053  ]              .054 
049                  '^'tQ 

038                    035 

Oct.  8  to  14 

037                    f*-''" 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

.045 
.050 

.039 
.042 

.033 
.035 

.031 
.032 

Average 

.047 

.043 

.049 

.046 

.036 

034 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0 

.055 

.050 

.054 

.053 

.045 

.044 

Average 

.055 

.050                -0.'i4  i                n.'-w? 

.045 

.044 

EFFECT   ON   NEUTRAL    SULPHUR. 

The  daily  averages,  together  with  the  grand  averages,  for  the  excre- 
tion of  neutral  sulphur  through  the  urine,  sho\\Ti  in  the  accompany- 
ing table  are  not  quite  in  such  close  agreement  as  the  preceding  sul- 
phur figures.  It  is  to  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  data  for 
neutral  sulphur  are  obtained  by  difference.  Consequently,  slight 
variations  are  here  liable  to  be  magnified  somewhat.  The  daily 
average  figure  for  the  first  benzoate  period  in  every  individual  is 
noticeably  higher  than  the  daily  average  during  the  first  after  period. 
Between  the  first  after  period  and  the  second  benzoate  period,  how- 
ever, where  the  largest  difference  would  be  looked  for  if  sodium  ben- 
zoate had  any  specific  effect,  there  is  little  or  no  difference  in  the 
average  daily  excretion,  the  grand  averages  for  the  two  periods  being 
essentially  the  same.  This  is  likewise  true,  in  some  of  the  individuals 
at  least,  with  regard  to  the  final  after  period.  Hence,  we  are  not  dis- 
posed to  attribute  any  specific  action  to  sodium  benzoate  in  influ- 
encing the  excretion  of  neutral  sulphur  through  the  urine. 


I  Nl'LUE.NCi:  Oi"  iSODlUM    13L.\Z(iATl,   O.N    NLTKIIIO.N     A^;D    HEALTH, 


(J'J 


Dat«. 

Daily 
dase  of 
beuzoate. 

Average  amount  of  neutral  sulphur  per  day. 

11.  H.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

July  6  to  12. 

Grains. 
0 
0 

Oram. 
0.108 
.143 

Oram. 
0.073 
.094 

Oram. 
0.075 
.113 

Oram. 
0.072 
.135 

Oram. 
0.092 
.136 

Oram. 
0.123 
.128 

July  13  to  19 

Average 

.125 

.083 

.094 

.103 

.114 

125 

July  20  to  26 

Julv  27  to  Aug.  2  . . . 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.126 
.147 
.130 
.137 
.123 
.106 
.088 
.080 
.086 

.141 
.145 

.148 

.152 
.141 

.161 

.141 
.147 
.146 
.138 
.108 
.110 
.083 
.066 
.080 

.158 
.149 
.160 
.156 
.157 
.137 
.110 
.100 
.099 

.153 

.159 

173 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.124!              .145 
. 120                 . 130 
.084                .107 
.078  i              .089 
. 061                 .  073 
. 076                 .  077 

.141 
.140 
.123 
.099 
.092 
.077 

Average 

.113 

.108                 .117 

.113 

.136 

128 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

.080 

.059                 .076  1              .087 

.099 

.086 

Average 

.080 

.059                 .076  }                n87 

.099 

086 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.(Kil 
.070 
.090 
.098 

.057  ,              .058 
.051                 .064 
. 072                 .  099 
.073                 .086 

.071 
.0(>6 
.087 
.085 

.054 
.075 
.090 
.085 

.092 
081 

Oct.  8  to  14 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

.102 
.096 

Average 

.080 

.063                 .076 

.077 

076  1                  092 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0 

.082 

.068                 .103 

.080 

.107                  .101 

.\verage..  . 

.082 

.068                  -in.'? 

.086 

.107  '                 ini 

EFFECT  ON  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  SULPHTJH. 

Having  presented  the  data  bearing  upon  the  output  of  the  different 
forms  of  sulphur  through  the  urine  in  grams  per  day,  we  may  next 
consider  how  far  sodium  benzoate  tends  to  disturb  the  average  dis- 
tribution of  the  sulphur,  i.  e.,  how  far  the  percentages  of  the  different 
forms  of  sulphur  calculated  on  the  total  sulphur  are  changed.  In 
the  tables  showing  the  daily  distribution  of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in 
the  urine  will  be  found  the  daily  percentages  of  the  different  forms  of 
sulphur  for  each  intUvidual.  For  convenience,  we  append  here  tables 
for  each  subject  giving  the  daily  average  distribution  of  sulphur  for 
the  different  periods,  together  -with  the  grand  averages  for  the 
so-called  normal  periods  and  the  two  benzoate  periods.  Compari- 
son of  the  grand  averages  shows,  first,  that  the  daily  percentage  of 
inorganic  sulphur  during  the  first  benzoate  period  is  somewhat  less 
in  every  individual  than  during  the  fore  period.  Further,  during  the 
first  after  period  the  percentage  of  inorganic  sulphur  in  every  instance 
rises  somewhat,  approximating  to  the  daily  average  output  during 
the  fore  period.  During  the  second  benzoate  period,  however,  when 
the  larger  doses  of  benzoate  were  given,  the  average  daily  output 
of  inorganic  sulphur  remains  substantially  stationary,  in  some  indi- 
viduals falling  slightly,  in  others  rising  slightly.  In  the  final  after 
period,  the  inorganic  sulphur  tends  to  fall  off  as  compared  with  the 
average  daily  excretion  during  the  preceding  benzoate  period.  The 
only  exception  to  this  rule  is  in  the  case  of  H.  H.  G.     As  there  is  a 


70 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND    TJIE    HEALTH    OE    MAX. 


lack  of  any  conformity  in  these  fluctuations,  however,  we  are  not 
disposed  to  consider  them  as  having  any  special  meaning. 

Regarding  the  percentage  tlistribution  of  ethereal  sulphur,  com- 
parison of  the  grand  averages  for  the  different  periods  shows,  in  most 
cases,  a  fairly  close  agreement.  Thus,  with  the  subject  L.  M.  L.  the 
average  daily  output  of  ethereal  sulphur  for  the  fore  period  was  6.4; 
for  the  first  benzoate  period,  6.2;  for  the  first  after  period,  6.9;  for  the 
second  benzoate  period,  7.5;  for  the  final  after  period,  7.5.  These 
differences  are  more  or  less  typical  of  what  is  to  be  seen  in  connection 
vnth.  the  other  subjects  of  the  experiment.  In  one  or  two  cases  the 
variations  are  somewhat  more  noticeable,  but  there  is  no  such  degree 
of  uniformity  as  would  imply  any  definite  or  specific  action  on  the 
part  of  the  benzoate. 

Regarding  the  percentage  distribution  of  neutral  sulphur,  the 
results  point  to  the  same  general  conclusion.  During  the  first  ben- 
zoate period  there  is  a  tendency  for  the  neutral  sulphur  to  be  increased 
as  compared  with  the  average  daily  proportion  during  the  fore 
period.  During  the  second  benzoate  period,  however,  with  the 
larger  dosage,  the  percentage  of  neutral  sulphur  is  either  unaltered, 
as  compared  \nth  the  first  after  period,  or  is  diminished  somewhat. 
In  one  instance  there  is  a  slight  increase.  The  figures  taken  together, 
however,  fail  to  show  any  action  that  is  at  all  specific  or  peculiar. 

Daily  average  distribution  of  sulphur. 

[  Percentages  of  total  sulphur.] 

SUBJECT. H.H.  0. 


Date. 

Daily  dose 
of  benzoate. 

Inorganic 
sulphur. 

Ethereal 
sulphur. 

Neutral 
sulphur. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

83.8 
74.6 

4.4 

6.7 

11.3 

July  13  to  19         .                                

18.7 

Average 

79.2 

5.5 

15.0 

July  20  to  26 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

75.7 
72.4 
72.1 
72.6 
72.6 
75.1 
76.1 
76.4 
75.9 

7.0 
7.5 
7.5 
7.2 
8.1 
8.1 
8.0 
9.7 
8.2 

17.1 

July  27  to  August  2 

19.9 

August  3  to  9  .    . .          .             

20.4 

August  10  to  16 

20.2 

August  17  to  23 

19.2 

August  24  to  30 . . .     .                  

16.6 

August  31  to  September  6 

15.5 

September  7  to  13 

13.7 

September  14  to  20 

14.7 

Average 

74.3 

7.9 

17.5 

September  21  to  30 

0 

78.2 

8.1 

13.6 

Average 

78.2 

8.1 

13.6 

October  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

80.3 
79.7 
76.7 
72.1 

8.5 
8.0 
8.2 
8.1 

10.9 

October  8  to  14 

12.2 

October  15  to  21 

15.1 

October  22  to  28 

16.1 

Average. .           ...          

77.1 

8.2 

13.6 

October  29  to  November  7 

0 

79.0 

8.4 

12.5 

Average .:.... 

79.0 

8.4 

12.5 

INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   NUTRITION    AND    HEALTH.       71 

Daily  average  dislribution  of  sulphur — Continued. 

[  Percentages  u(  toUii  sulphur.] 

SUBJECT  W.  W.  II. 


July  tj  to  12... 
July  13  to  19.. 

Average. 


Julv20  to2ti 

July  27  to  .\ug.  2.. 

Aug.  3  to  9 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

.\ug.  31  to  Sept.  0. 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 


Average . 

Sept.  21  to  30.. 

Average. 


Oct.  1  to  7... 
Oct.  8  to  14.. 
Oct.  15  to  21. 
Oct.  22  to  28. 


Average. . . 

Ocl.  29  to  Nov.  7. 

Average . . . 


Date. 


Daily  dose 
ofbenzoate. 


Orams. 
0 
0 


Inorganic 
sulphur. 


85.3 
80.7 


.6  I 
1.0 

2.0  ; 

4.0  , 


83.0 


76.8 
74.1 
73.6 
76.0 
73.1 
78.2 
81.7 
82.0 
81.0 


Ethereal 
sulphur. 


77.4 


82.1 


82.1 


82.9 
84.2 
82.9 
81.0 


82. 


81.7 


6.4 
7.1 


5.3 
5.6 
6.3 
7.0 
8.3 
7.9 
6.0 
7.6 
7.0 


6.8 


7.3 


7.4 
7.1 
5.9 
7.4 


Neutral 
sulphur. 


'8.2 
12.2 


10.2 


17.8 
17.4 
20.0 
17.0 
18.4 
13.8 
12.1 
10.2 
11.9 


15.4 


10.1 
10.1 


9.4 
8.6 
11.1 
11.5 


10.2 
10.5 
10.5 


SUBJECT  L.  M.  L. 


July  6  to  12... 
July  13  to  19.. 

Average. 


July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2.. 

.\ug.  3  to  9 

.\ug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

.\ug.  31  to  Sept.  6. 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 


Average . 

Sept.  21  to  30.. 

Average . 


Oct.  1  to7... 
Oct.  8  to  14.. 
Oct.  15  to  21. 
Oct.  22  to  28. 


Average... 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7. 

Average . . . 


1.0 
2.0 
4.0 


85.3 
79.0 


2.1 


78.2 
76.1 
71.8 
73.1 
71.7 
76.0 
78.8 
81.5 
81.1 


76.5 


81.3 


81.3 


83.2 


78.7 
78.4 


78.0 


78.0 


6.1 

6.8 


4.9 
5.3 
6.3 
6.1 
6.4 
7.4 
6.1 
6.6 
7.1 


6.9 


8.1 
7.4 
6.6 
7.9 


7.5 


8.6 
14.2 


11.4 


!6.8 
18.6 
21.8 
20.8 
21.5 
16.6 
15.1 
11.9 
11.8 


17.2 
11.6 
11.6 


8.8 
9.7 
14.5 
13.6 


11.6 
14.4 
14.4 


SUBJECT  J.  F.  L. 


July  6  to  12.. 
July  13  to  19. 


Average . 


84.4 
74.0 


9.0 
18.2 


72 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    OF   MAN. 


Daily  average  distribution  of  sulphur — Continued. 

[  Percentages  of  total  sulphur.] 

SUBJECT  J.  F.  L.— Continued. 


Date. 

Daily  dose 
ofbenaoate. 

Inorganic 
sulphur. 

Ethereal 
sulphur. 

Neutral 
sulphur. 

July  20  to  26 

Grams. 
0.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

:i 

73.8 
72.4 
73.4 
72.2 
76.4 
77.1 
80.8 
81.6 
82.3 

7.4 
7.5 
6.8 
9.1 
7.6 
7.0 
6.3 
7.7 
6.3 

18.8 

July  27  to  Aug.  2 

20.1 

Aug.  3  to  9 

19.8 

Aug.  10  to  16                    

18.7 

Aug.  17  to  23 

15.8 

Aug.  24  to  30 

15.1 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  0      

12.7 

Sept.  7  to  13 

10.4 

Sept.  14  to  20 

11.4 

76.7 

7.3 

15.8 

Sept.  21  to  30              

0 

80.5 

7.3 

12.2 

Average                      

80.5 

7.3 

12.2 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

81.7 
84.3 
82.1 
81.3 

7.9 
6.2 
5.5 
6.2 

10.4 

Oct.  8  to  14 

9.4 

Oct.  15  to  21                 

12.3 

Oct.  22  to  28 

12.5 

Average              

82.3 

6.4 

11.1 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

79.8 

7.6 

12.4 

Average               .           

79.8 

7.6 

12.4 

SUBJECT  E.  C.  M. 


July  6  to  12 

0 
0 

83.9 
76.1 

8.1 
6.7 

9.6 

July  13  to  19                                                   

17.2 

80.0 

7.4 

13.4 

July  20  to  26                                                            

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

76.2 
73.0 
73.2 
73.0 
73.6 
74.8 
78.2 
75.3 
79.6 

5.8 
6.8 
6.1 
6.8 
5.3 
6.0 
5.4 
6.1 
6.0 

18.0 

July  27  to  Aug.  2                                   

20.2 

Aug.  3  to  9.                    

20.7 

Aug.  10  to  16 

20.1 

Aug.  17  to  23     

21.1 

Aug.  24  to  30 

19.2 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6  ...               

16.4 

Sept.  7  to  13 

14.6 

Sept.  14  to  20 

14.4 

75.2 

6.0 

18.3 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

80.4 

5.5 

14.0 

Average  .          .                             

80.4 

5.5 

14.0 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

85.5 
82.1 
80.7 
80.7 

6.0 
5.8 
5.2 
5.6 

8.5 

Oct.  8  to  14 

11.9 

Oct.  15  to  21 

13.9 

Oct.  22  to  28 

13.6 

Average 

82.2 

5.6 

11.9 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

78.5 

6.4 

15.1 

Average 

78.5 

6.4 

15.1 

SUBJECT  W.  C.  R. 


July  6  to  12 

July  13  to  19... 

Average . 


July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2. 

Aug.  3  to  9 

Aug.  10  to  16 


78.9 
74.4 


76.6 


71.6 
67.1 
66.7 
70.5 


5.5 
6.0 


5.8 


6.2 
5.9 
5.9 
6.4 


l^:FLUE^■cI:  of  somuivi  liEivZuATE  ok  nutkixiois  a^d  health, 

Daily  nurmit'  distrilndion  of  sulphur-  Cu\\\'\\\{\vi\. 

[  I'eroentagcs  of  total  sulphur.] 

SUBJECT  W.  C.  U.-Contlnued. 


Date. 

Dally  dose, 
of  benzoate. 

Inorganic 
sulphur. 

Ethereal 
sulphur. 

Neutral 
sulphur. 

( ifi.  17  to  2'A 

Grams. 
0.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

70.3 
75.4 
7.5.6 
76.7 
80.4 

6.9 
5.2 
6.5 
6.8 
6.3 

22.7 
19  4 

Ocl.  24  to  30 

.•VUR.  31  to  Sept.  6 

17  8 

Sopt.  7  to  13 

16  2 

Sept.  14  to  20 

13  1 

Average 

72.7 

6.2 

20  9 

.•<t'pt.  21  to3ti 

0 

79.8 

6.1 

14.1 

.Vvf  rat!'' 

79.8 

6.1 

14  1 

net.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

80.5 
80.3 
78.1 
79.6 

5.3 
6.2 
5.3 
5.0 

14  2 

i)ct.  8  to  14 

13.5 

Oct.  15  to  21 

17.3 

Oct.  22  to  28 

15  2 

Average 

79.6 

5.4 

15.0 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

77.8 

6.7 

15.4 

Average 

77.8 

6.7 

15.4 

RATIO  OF  SULPHUR  TO  NITROGEN. 

Changes  in  the  metabohsm  of  the  body,  either  of  nitrogen  meta- 
bolism or  sulphur  metabolism,  induced  by  sodium  benzoate  would 
naturally  lead  to  changes  in  the  ratio  of  sulphur  to  nitrogen  in  the 
urine.  The  three  tables  which  follow  show  the  ratio  of  sulphur  to 
nitrogen  for  each  individual  during  the  different  periods  of  the  experi- 
ment, the  grand  averages  being  perhaps  best  adapted  for  simple 
comparison.  Critical  study  of  the  tables  shows  no  appreciable 
change  in  the  ratio  under  the  influence  of  sodium  benzoate.  Thus, 
with  the  subject  H.  H.  G.  the  average  daily  ratio  of  sulphur  to  nitro- 
gen for  the  fore  period  is  1 :13.4;  for  the  first  benzoate  period,  1 :13.6; 
for  the  first  after  period,  1:14.5;  for  the  second  benzoate  period, 
1:14.7;  for  the  final  after  period,  1:14.2.  Again,  A\4th  the  subject 
W.  W.  H.  the  average  daily  ratio  of  sulphur  to  nitrogen  during 
the  fore  period  is  1:14.2;  in  the  first  benzoate  period,  1:13.0;  in  the 
first  after  period,  1:14.2;  in  the  second  benzoate  period,  1:14.0;  in 
the  final  after  period,  1 :14.0.  It  is  plain  that  differences  such  as  these, 
which  are  more  or  less  typical  of  all  of  the  individuals,  have  no  sig- 
nificance and  indicate  quite  clearly  that  sodium  benzoate  in  the  doses 
taken  by  our  subjects  has  no  disturbing  influence  on  the  relative 
excretion  of  sulphur  and  nitrogen. 


74 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Ratio  of  sulphur  to  nitrogen. 
(Averages  per  day.] 


Date. 

Daily 

dose  of 

ben- 

zoate. 

H.  H.  G. 

W.  W.  II. 

Sulphur. 

Nitrogen. 

S:N. 

Sulphur. 

Nitrogen. 

S:N. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Oram. 
0.927 

.701 

Grams. 
12.59 
10.09 

1:13.5 
1:13.2 

Gram. 
0.882 
.779 

Grams. 
12.57 
11.06 

1:14.2 

July  1.3  to  19           

1:11.2 

.844 

11.34 

1:13.4 

.8.30 

11.81 

1:11.  J 

Jul  V  20  to  26  

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.728 
.739 
.635 
.  (i78 
.639 
.  606 
.555 
.571 
.588 

9.85 
9.49 
8.27 
8.  83 
8.56 
8.10 
7.99 
8.42 
8.64 

1:13.5 
1:12.8 
1:1.3.0 
1:13.0 
1:13.3 
1:1.3.3 
1:14.3 
1:14.7 
1:14.6 

.790 
.726 
.736 
.722 
.646 
.  605 
.612 
.581 
.ti36 

10.14 
9.16 
9.27 
9.68 
8.23 
7. 70 
7.74 
7.88 
9.24 

1:12. s 

July  27  to  Aug.  2 

1:12,1. 

Aue;.  3  to  9 

1:12.1. 

AuR.  10  to  16 

l:i:i.  1 

Au?.  17  to  23 

1:12.7 

\u^.  24  to  30     

1.12.  H 

Aus;.  31  to  Sept.  6 

1:12.1 

Sept.  7  to  13 

1:1.3.4 

Sept.  14  to  20 

1:14.5 

.6.^8 

8.68 

1:13.6 

.676 

8.78 

1:13.0 

Sept  21  to  30     

0 

.587 

8.53 

1:14.5 

.587 

8.35 

1:14.2 

.587 

8.53 

1:14.5 

.587 

8.35 

1:14.2 

Oct.  1  to7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.560 
.571 
.599 
.614 

8.54 
8.44 
8.74 

8.87 

1:15.2 
1:14.7 
1:14.5 
1:14.4 

.601 
.598 
.0.54 

.a3i 

8.65 
8.39 
9.03 
8.91 

1:14.3 

Oct.  8  to  14 

1:14.0 

Oct.  15  to  21 

1:13.8 

Oct.  22  to  28 

1:14.1 

.586 

8. 04 

1:14.7 

.621 

8.74 

1:14.0 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

.653 

9.27 

1:14.2 

.635 

8.88 

1:14.0 

.653 

9.27 

1:14.2 

.635 

8.88 

1:14.0 

Daily 

dose  of  i_ 

ben-  I 

zoate.  I  Sulphur. 


L.  M.  L. 


Nitrogen.      S:N. 


J.  F.  L. 


Sulphur. 


Nitrogen. 


July  6  to  12. . . . 
July  13  to  19... 

Average. 


July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2.. 

Aug.  3  to  9 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  0. 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 


Average . 


Sept.  21  to  30.. 
Average. 


Oct.  1  to  7... 
Oct.  8  to  14.. 
Oct.  15  to  21 . 
Oct.  22  to  28. 


Average . 
Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 
Average . . . , 


Grams. 
0 
0 


Gram. 
0.864 


Grams. 
12.11 
11.27 


1:14.0 
1:14.1 


Gram. 
0.800 
.734 


Grams. 
10.39 
9.49 


.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 


.831 


11.69 


.752 
.737 
.697 
.609 
.645 
.590 
.614 
.649 


11.74 
9.74 
9.53 
9.22 
8.18 
9.03 
8.58 
9.32 
9.89 


9.47 


9.43 


.650 


.6.54 
.661 
.680 
.033 


9.75 
9.66 
9.21 


1:14.0 


707 


1:13.1 
1:12.9 
1:12.9 
1:13.2 
1:13.4 
1:14.0 
1:14.5 
1:15.1 
1:15.2 


.750 
.730 
.735 
.736 
.681 
.728 
.650 
.613 


1:13.7 


702 


.712 


1:14.5 


1:14.9 
1:14.6 
1:13.5 
1:14.3 


.681 
.701 
.702 
.672 


9.94 


9.12 
8.86 
8.95 
9.13 
8.78 
9.43 
8.81 
9.06 
10.00 


9.12 


10.01 


10.01 


10.19 
10.19 
9.92 
9.49 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUAl   BKNZOATE  ON    NUTHITION    AND    HEALTH.        75 

Ratio  of  sulphur  to  nitrogen — Continued. 
[.Vvoragcs  per  <lay.] 


Diitv. 

Daily 

(lo.sc  of 

l)on- 

zoalo. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

Sulphur. 

Nitrogen. 

S:N. 

Sulphur. 

Nitrogen. 

S:N. 

July  ()  to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Gram. 
0.008 
.783 

Grains. 
12.46 
10. 27 

1:13.7 
1:13.1 

Gram. 
0. 708 
.658 

Grams. 
9.93 
8.70 

1:12.9 

July  13  tol9 

1:13.2 

.845 

11.36 

1:13.4 

.713 

9.31 

1:13.0 

July  20  to  2t) 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.870 
.735 
.770 
.777 
.745 
.710 
.OIB 
.073 
.684 

11.15 
9.49 
9.55 
9.94 
9.51 
9.40 
9.72 
9.57 

10.08 

1:12.7 
1:12.9 
1:12.4 
1:12.8 
1:12.7 
1:13.2 
1:14.5 
1:14.2 
1:14.7 

.684 
.  589 
.6.37 
.000 
.(U8 
.634 
.555 
.567 
.585 

8., 35 
7.31 
7.98 

8.42 
7.95 
8.74 
7.84 
8.13 
8.76 

1:12.2 

July  27  to  -Vug.  2 

1:12  4 

Aug.  3  to  9 

1 :  12. 5 

Aug.  10  to  IG 

1:13.8 

Aug.  17  to  23 

1:12  8 

Aug.  24  to  30 

1:13.7 

1:14.1 

Sept.  7  to  13  . 

1:14  3 

Sept.  14  to  20 

1:14.8 

Average 

.737 

9.82 

1:13.3 

.608 

8.16 

1:13.4 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

.702 

9.83 

1:14.0 

.606 

8.58 

1:14.1 

.702 

9.83 

1:14.0 

.606 

8.58 

1:14  1 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.632 
.034 
.647 
.634 

9.08 
9.34 
9.59 
9.13 

1:15.3 

1:14.7 

'      1:14.8 

1:14.4 

.649 
.595 
.589 
.630 

9.30 
8.74 
8.28 
9.06 

1:14.3 

Oct.  8  to  24 

1:14.6 

Oct.  15  to  21 

1:14.0 

Oct.  22  to  28 

1:14.3 

Average 

.636 

9.43 

1:14.8 

.616 

8.84 

1:14.3 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

.704 

9.62 

1:13.6 

.654 

9.21 

1:14.0 

Average.. 

.704 

9.02 

1:13.6 

.654 

9.21 

1:14.0 

EFr'ECT  ON  PHOSPHATE-PHOSPHORUS. 

Possible  effect  of  sodium  benzoate  on  the  phosphorus  metaboHsm 
of  the  body  can  best  be  detected  by  noting  such  changes  as  may 
occur  in  the  excretion  of  phosphonis  through  the  urine.  In  the 
tables  showing  the  daily  composition  of  the  urine  the  phosphate- 
phosphorus  excreted  each  day  by  the  different  individuals  is  shown. 
In  the  table  here  appended  is  given  the  average  daily  output  in 
grams  for  the  seventeen  periods  of  the  experiment,  together  with 
the  grand  averages  for  the  fore  period,  the  first  benzoate  period,  etc. 
Comparison  of  these  figures  shows  a  lack  of  any  distinct  effect  on  the 
part  of  the  benzoate  upon  the  iDhosphate-phosphonis  excreted. 
The  average  daily  output  for  the  fore  period  is  in  several  cases  higher 
than  in  the  after  periods,  but  between  the  first  benzoate  period, 
the  second  benzoate  period  and  the  two  other  periods  there  is  no 
appreciable  difference  in  the  average  amount  of  phosphorus  excreted 
each  day.  The  conclusion  is  therefore  obvious  that  sodium  ben- 
zoate does  not  exert  in  the  doses  taken  by  our  subjects  any  influ- 
ence upon  the  excretion  of  phosphate-phosphorus,  and  consequently 
cannot  be  accredited  with  any  noticeable  influence  upon  the  phos- 
phorus metabolism  of  the  body. 


76 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Daily 
dose  of 
benzoate. 

Average  amount  of  phosphate-phosphorus  per  day. 

H.  II.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.F.L. 

E.C.M. 

W.C.  K. 

July  6  to  12     

Grams. 
0 
0 

Oram. 
0.90 
.77 

Gram.          Grams. 
0.94                1.06 
.89  ,             1.01 

Gram. 
0.69 
.60 

Gram. 
0.93 

.77 

Gram. 
0. 72 

July  13  to  19 

.64 

.83 

.91 

1.03 

.64                 .85 

.(i8 

July  20  to  26 

July27  to.'Vug.  2... 

Aug.  3  to  9 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.74 
.70 
.65 
.65 
.64 
.64 
.62 
.69 
.68 

.79 
.78 
.68 
.74 
.68 
.62 
.62 
.69 
.61 

1.00 
.88 
.73 
.72 
.71 
.76 
.71 
.79 
.79 

.63 
.60 
.58 
.59 
.57 
.58 
.60 
.64 
.69 

.86 
.73 
.68 
.75 
.69 
.71 
.69 
.72 
.74 

.61 
.57 
.58 
.56 
.61 
.61 
.61 
.69 
.67 

Average. 

.67 

.69 

.79  1                .61  1                .73 

.61 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

.69 

.69  1                .81  j                .67                  .73 

.69 

Average . . 

.69 

.69  ;                .81  j                .67                  .73 

.69 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6  !                .69 

.73                  .79                  .70 
.73  1                .80                  .71 
.73                  .74                  .69 

.72                  .77                  .  68 

.70 
.69 
.66 
.67 

.69 

Oct.  8  to  14 

1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.66 
.62 
.64 

.67 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

.6,1 
.68 

Average .... 

.65 

.73                  .77                  .69 

.68 

.67 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7.  .. 

0                     .68 

.73  !                .80  1                .69 

.73 

.66 

.68 

.73  i               .80  !               .69 

.73 

.66 

RATIO  OF  PHOSPHORUS  TO  NITROGEN. 

Possible  disturbance  of  the  ordinar}^  relation  between  phosphorus 
metabolism  and  nitrogen  metabohsm  has  been  sought  for  by  calcu- 
lating the  ratio  of  phosphorus  excreted  to  nitrogen  excreted  per 
day.  The  three  following  tables  give  the  average  daily  excretion 
of  the  two  elements  for  the  periods  indicated,  with  the  ratio  of 
P:  N.  Study  of  the  figures  presented  shows  on  the  whole  a  remark- 
able degree  of  uniformity  for  the  difl'erent  individuals  throughout 
the  entire  experiment.  Thus,  with  the  subject  E.  C.  M.  the  ratio 
of  phosphorus  to  nitrogen  for  the  fore  period  is  1:13.3;  for  the 
first  benzoate  period,  1:13.4;  for  the  first  after  period,  1:13.4; 
for  the  second  benzoate  period,  1:13.8;  for  the  final  after  period, 
1:13.1.  While  these  figures  for  E.  C.  M.  are  perhaps  closer  than 
in  most  of  the  other  individuals,  still  throughout  there  is  a  very  close 
agreement;  so  much  so  that  it  is  obvious  sodium  benzoate  does  not 
disturb  in  any  degree  the  ratio  between  the  output  of  phosphonis 
and  nitrogen.  Here  and  there  a  sHght  discrepancy  may  be  found, 
but  the  majority  of  the  results  surely  point  to  a  lack  of  any  tangible 
influence  on  the  part  of  sodium  benzoate  in  changing  the  ratio  of 
these  two  elements. 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON    NUTUITIDN    .\ND    HEALTH.        77 


Ratio  of  phosphorus  to  nitrogen. 
[Averages  per  day.] 


Dally 

dose  of 

bensoate. 

H.  II.  a. 

W.  W.  H. 

Date. 

Phos- 
phorus. 

Nitrogen. 

P:N. 

Phos- 
phorus. 

Nitrogen. 

P:N. 

Jiilv6to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Gram. 
0.90 

.77 

Grams. 
12.59 
10.08 

113.9 
1:13.0 

Gram. 
0.94 

.89 

Grams. 
12.  .57 
11.06 

1"13  3 

July  13  to  19 

1'12  4 

A\"erage 

.83 

11.33 

1:13.6 

.91 

11.81 

1-12  9 

July  20  to  26 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.74 
.70 
.65 
.65 
.64 
.64 
.62 
.69 
.68 

9.85 
9.49 
8.27 
8.83 
8.56 
8.10 
7.99 
8.42 
8.64 

113.3 
113.5 
1:12.6 
1:13.5 
1:13.3 
1:12.6 
1:12.9 
1:12.2 
1:12.7 

.79 
.78 
.68 
.74 
.68 
.62 
.62 
.69 
.61 

10.14 
9.16 
9.27 

9.  (a 

8.22 
7.76 
7.74 
7.88 
9.24 

1'12  8 

Julv  27  to  Aug.  2 

AUR.  3  to  9 

1:11.7 
113  6 

Aug.  10  to  16  . . 

1'13  0 

Aug.  17  to  23 

1*12  0 

Aug.  24  to  30 

1-12  5 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6 

1-12  4 

Sept.  7  to  13 

111.4 

Sept.  14  to  20 

1-15  1 

Average 

.66 

8.68 

1 :  13. 1 

.69 

8.78 

112  7 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

.69 

8.53 

1:12.3 

.69 

8.35 

1 • 12. 1 

Average . .        .     . 

.69 

8.53 

1:12.3 

.09 

8.  .35 

112  1 

Oct.  1  to" 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.69 
.66 
.62 
.64 

8.54 
8.44 
8.74 
8.87 

1:12.3 
1:12.8 
1:14.0 
1:13.8 

.73 
.73 
.73 

.72 

8.65 
8.39 
9.03 
8.91 

111.8 

Oct.  8  to  14 

1:11.5 

Oct.  15  to  21 

112  3 

Oct.  22  to  28 

112  3 

Average 

.65 

8.63 

1:13.2 

.73 

8.74 

111.9 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

.68 

9.27 

1:13.5 

.73 

8.88 

112  1 

Average 



.68 

9.27 

1:13.5 

.73 

8.88 

1:12.1 

Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  ¥.  L. 

Phos- 
phorus. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

P:N. 

Phos- 
phorus. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

r:N. 

July  6  to  12 

Grams. 
0 
0 

Gram. 
1.06 
1.01 

Grams. 
12.11 
11.27 

1:11.4 
1:11.1 

Gram. 

0.69 

.60 

Grams. 
10.39 
9.49 

1:15.0 

Julv  13  to  19 

1:15.8 



1.03 

11.69 

1:11.3 

.64 

9.94 

1:15.5 

July  20  to  26 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

1.00 
.88 
.73 
.72 
.71 
.76 
.71 
.79 
.79 

11.74 
9.74 
9.53 
9.22 
8.18 
9.03 
8.58 
9.32 
9.89 

1:11.7 
1:11.0 
1:13.0 
1:12.8 
1:11.5 
1:11.8 
1:12.0 
1:11.8 
1:12.5 

.63 
.60 
.58 
.59 
.57 
.58 
.60 
.64 
.69 

9.12 
8.86 
8.95 
9.13 
8.78 
9.43 
8.81 
9.06 
10.00 

1:14.4 

July  27  to  Aug.  2 

Aug.  3  to  9 

1:14.7 
1:15.4 

Aug.  10  to  16 

1:15.4 

Aug.  17  to  23 

1 :  15. 4 

Aug.  24  to  30  . 

1 :  16. 2 

Aug.  31  to  .Sept.  6 

Sept.  7  to  13 

1:14.6 
1:14.1 

Sept.  14  to  20 

1:14.5 

Average 



.79 

9.47 

1:11.9 

.61 

9.12 

1:15.0 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

.81 

9.43 

1:11.6 

.67 

10.01 

1:15.0 

Average 

.81 

9.43 

1:11.6 

.67 

10.01 

1:15.0 

Oct.  lto7 

.6 

1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.79 
.80 
.74 

■  ' ' 

9.75 
9.66 
9.21 
9.08 

1:12.3 
1:12.0 
1:12.4 
1:11.8 

.70 
.71 
.69 

.68 

10.19 
10.19 
9.92 
9.49 

1:14.5 

Oct.  8  to  14 

1:14.3 

Oct.  15  to  21 

1:14.3 

Oct.  22  to  28 

1:13.9 

Average 

.77 

9.43 

1:12.2 

.69 

9.94 

1:14.4 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

.80 

9.85 

1:12.3 

.69 

9.38 

1:13.5 

Average 

.« 

9.85 

1:12.3 

.69 

9.38 

1:13.5 

78  SODIUM  benzoatp:  and  the  health  vf  man. 

Ratio  of  phosphorus  to  nitrogen — Continued. 
[Averages  per  day.] 


Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R. 

Date. 

Phos- 
phorus. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

P:N. 

Phos- 
phorus. 

Nitro- 
gen. 

P:X. 

July  6  to  12            

Grams. 
0 
0 

Gram. 
0.93 

.77 

Grams. 
12.  46 
10.27 

1:13.4 
1:13.3 

Gram. 

0.72 

.64 

Grams. 
9.63 
8.70 

1:13.3 

July  13  to  19 

1:13.5 

A  verage 

.85 

11.37 

1:13.3 

.68 

9.16 

1:13.4 

July  20  to  26 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.86 
.73 
.68 
.75 
.69 
.71 
.69 
.72 
.74 

11.15 
9.49 
9.55 
9.94 
9.51 
9.40 
9.72 
9.57 

10.08 

1:12.9 
1:13.0 
1:14.0 
1:13.2 
1:13.8 
1:13.2 
1:14.0 
1:13.3 
1:13.6 

.61 
.57 
.58 
.56 
.61 
.61 
.61 
.69 
.67 

8.35 
7.31 
7.98 
8.42 
7.95 
8.74 
7.84 
8.13 
8.76 

1:13.6 

July  27  to  August  2        ... 

1 :  12. 8 

August  3  to  9 

1:13.7 

August  10  to  16 

1:15.0 

August  17  to  23 

1:13.0 

August  24  to  30 

1:14.3 

August  31  to  September  6 

September  7  to  13 

1:12.8 
1:11.7 

September  14  to  20 

1:13.0 

.73 

9.82 

1:13.4 

.61 

8.16 

1:13.3 

September  21  to  30 

0 

.73 

9.83 

1:13.4 

.69 

8.58 

1:12.4 

.73 

9.83 

1:13.4 

.69 

8.58 

1:12.4 

October  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

.70 
.69 
.66 
.67 

9.68 
9.34 
9.59 
9.13 

1:13.8 
1:13.5 
1:14.5 
1:13.6 

.69 
.67 
.65 
.68 

9.30 
8.74 
8.28 
9.06 

1:13.4 

October  8  to  14 

1:13.0 

October  15  to  21..   .          .   . 

1:12.7 

October  22  to  28 

1:13.3 

Average 

.68 

9.43 

1:13.8 

.67 

8.84 

1:13.2 

October  29  to  Novcinlier  7 

0 

.73 

9.62 

1:13.1 

.66 

9.21 

1:13.9 

.73 

9.62 

1:13.1 

.66 

9.21 

1:13.9 

EFFECT   ON   INDICAN. 

The  indican  of  the  urine  is  generally  considered  as  connected,  in 
some  measure  at  least,  with  intestinal  putrefaction  by  which  indol 
is  formed.  This  being  the  case,  the  indican  of  the  urine  becomes  to 
some  extent  a  measure  of  the  putrefactive  processes  in  the  intestine. 
It  is  interesting  to  note,  therefore,  the  possible  effect  of  sodium  ben- 
zoate upon  the  amount  of  indican  in  the  urine.  The  tables  giving 
the  daily  composition  of  the  urine  show  the  fluctuations  from  day 
to  da}^  with  the  different  individuals.  The  accompanying  table, 
dealing  solely  with  averages,  gives  the  average  amount  of  indican 
per  day  for  each  individual  for  the  seventeen  periods  of  the  experi- 
ment, while  the  grand  averages  show  the  amount  excreted  for  the 
fore  period,  first  benzoate  period,  second  benzoate  period,  etc.  The 
figures  for  the  fore  period  are,  in  several  cases  at  least,  relatively 
high,  but  in  the  first  benzoate  period  and  the  later  periods  the  average 
output  for  each  individual  shows  very  little  change.  We  might 
draw  the  inference,  comparing  the  data  of  the  fore  period  with  the 
data  of  the  subsequent  periods,  that  sodium  benzoate  tends  to  lower 
indican  production.  Probably,  however,  the  somewhat  lower  figures 
for  indican  after  Juh^  20  are  associated,  in  a  measure  at  least,  with 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   NUTKITION    A.NU    HEALTH. 


■y 


the  lowered  intake  of  protein  footl.  If  comparison  is  limited  to  the 
fii-st  benzoate  period  and  later  periods,  there  is  very  little  suggestion 
of  any  marked  effect  on  the  part  of  the  benzoate.  Taking  all  the 
data  into  consideration,  we  tliink  the  conclusion  is  justified  that 
sodium  benzoate  in  the  doses  used  in  our  experiment  and  under  the 
conditions  of  relatively  low  protein  intake  does  not  exert  much,  if 
any,  influence  upon  the  amount  of  indican  in  the  urine. 


Date. 

Daily 

dose  of 

beazoate. 

Average  amount  of  indican  per  day.    (Standard  Fehling's  solution  =-^100.) 

H.  H.  G. 

w.  w.  n. 

L.  M.  L.        J.  F.  L. 

1 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  R, 

July  6  to  12 

July  13  tola 

Orams. 
0 
0 

14 
22 

58 
43 

12                   51 
25  '                 58 

26 
11 

24 
Trace. 

Average 

1                 18  1                 50  1                 18  1                 54  1                 18 

12 

Julv20to26 

July27to  Aug.  2... 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3  i                 25 
.3                    20 
.3                    14 
.3                    18 
.3  '                  16 
.3  ,                 13 
.3  1                 15 
.3                    12 
.3                    10 

23 

27 

17 
9 
12 

54 
52 
36 
39 
44 
40 
40 
46 
38 

16 
46 
16 
12 
10 
14 
10 
11 
11 

Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 

Aug.  lOtoie 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.24to30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  G... 

Sept.7tol3 

Sept.  14  to  20 

23 
17 
19 
17 
21 
20 

10 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 
Trace. 

10 
11 
Trace. 
9 
12 
11 

Average 

1                  16 

21 

5                   43 

16 

C 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0                         8 

17 

Trace. 

33 

8 

Trace. 

.\verage 

8 

17  j         Trace. 

33 

8 

Trace. 

Oct.  1  to  7.. 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

14 
16 
13 
11 

33  1                 17 
17                    11 

43 
36 
32 
28 

14 

10 

Trace. 

9 

Trace. 

Oct.  8  to  14 

Trace. 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

13 

14 

Trace. 
Trace. 

Trace. 
Trace. 

Average 

1                 14                    19 

7  1                 35 

8  '          Trace. 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0      j                 14 

20 

Trace. 

35 

12  :                  11 

Average 

'                 14 

20 

Trace.                 35 

12 

11 

EFFECT   ON    SODIUM   CHXORIDE. 

Wliile  the  sodium  chloride  of  the  urine  ordinarily  has  little  signifi- 
cance except  as  indicating  the  amount  of  salt  taken  with  the  daily  food, 
yet  for  completeness  chlorine  was  determined  each  day,  and  the  follow- 
ing table  giving  the  average  amounts  of  chlorine  as  sodium  cliloride  for 
the  different  periods  of  the  experiment  is  presented.  Comparison  of 
the  grand  averages  shows  a  fairl}"  clqse  agreement  in  the  dailj'  output 
of  chlorine.  There  is  no  change  to  be  noted  in  those  periods  when 
sodium  benzoate  was  taken.  The  output  of  chloride  runs  practically 
unchanged,  with  here  and  there  a  slight  fluctuation,  which,  however, 
can  have  no  special  significance. 


80 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    OF   MAN. 


Daily 

dose  of 

benzoate. 

Average  amount  of  chlorine  as  NaCI  per  day. 

II.  n.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

L.  M.  L. 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  H. 

July  6  to  12 

Orams. 
0 
0 

Grams. 
12.14 
10.58 

Grams. 
12.59 
10.44 

Grams. 
11.49 
9.73 

Orams. 
11.88 
10.88 

Orams. 
14.31 
12.50 

Grams 
12.4^ 

July  13  to  19 

11.17 

Average. . 

11.36 

11.51 

10.61 

11.38 

13.40 

11.79 

July  20  to  26 :. 

July  27  to  Aug.  2. .. 
Aug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

10.81 
10.70 
12.15 
10.99 
11.19 
10.75 
11.11 
13.02 
12.52 

11.57 
11.83 
10.11 
13.58 
12.  09 
12.20 
12.  66 
13.63 
13.20 

11.06 
9.77 
11.93 
11.46 
11.68 
11.01 
12.12 
12.56 
13.67 

13.09 
11.29 
12.90 
12.64 
12.45 
11.91 
11.87 
11.84 
12.57 

14.07 
11.03 
14.26 
14.52 
14.74 
14.27 
15.19 
12.90 
14.19 

11.24 
10.80 
11.39 

Aug.  lOtolfi 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

11.11 
12.51 
12.63 
11.49 
13.00 
12.66 

Average  . 

11.47 

12.38 

11.69 

12.28 

13.90 

11.87 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

11.48 

13.35 

12.92 

12.78 

13.87 

11.95 

11.48 

13.35 

12.92 

12.78 

13.87 

11.95 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

11.35 
12.87 
12.48 
10.18 

13.78 
16.  02 
16.60 
13.55 

12.14 
13.62 
13.80 
11.37 

11.54 
12.97 
13.17 
10.71 

13.81 
15.29 
15.48 
14.48 

13.70 

Oct.  8  to  14 

13.69 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

15.26 
11.49 

Average. . 

11.72 

14.98 

12.73 

12.09 

14.76 

13.  5:j 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0 

12.17 

13.48 

13.18 

12.87 

13.96 

13.  20 

12. 17 

13.48 

13.18 

12.87 

13.96 

13. -20 

I 


EFFECT   ON   TOTAL   ACIDITY. 

The  accompanying  table  giving  the  average  total  acidity  of  the 
urine,  expressed  in  grams  of  oxalic  acid,  for  the  different  periods  of 
the  experiment,  shows  very  little  variation  for  the  different  indi- 
viduals. In  the  fore  period  the  average  daily  acidity  was  higher  than 
in  the  later  periods.  There  is  a  tendency,  noticeal)le  in  all  of  the 
subjects,  for  sodium  benzoate  to  lower  the  acidity  of  the  urine  slighth  ■ 
This  conclusion  is  based  upon  the  figures  of  the  fore  period,  com])ined 
with  the  figures  showing  the  average  daily  acidity  during  the  final 
after  period.  Taking  these  two  groups  as  standards  of  comparison, 
it  is  plain  that  during  the  first  benzoate  period  and  in  the  second 
benzoate  period  the  acidity  tends  to  fall.  The  differences  are  not 
great,  but  there  is  suggested  an  influence  here  which  is  worthy  of 
notice. 


INFlA'KiNCi;  OF  SODir.M    KKN/i  >AI  K   ON    XITTRITION     AM)    lllvM.ril 


hi 


l)ati>. 

Daily 
doso  of 
bcuzouto. 

\verago  tola 

iioiilily  iMT 
h.  M.  L. 

lay  ill  terms  of  oxalic  acid. 

11.  II.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

Orams. 
2.13 
1.84 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

Orams. 
2.43 

1.82 

w.  c.  u. 

Jiilv  6  to  12 

Orams. 
0 
0 

Grams. 
1.99 
1.41 

Orams. 
2.43 
2.11 

Orams. 
1.75 
1.39 

OramJi. 
1.52 

.July  13  to  19 

1.42 

1.70 

1.98 

2.27 

1.67 

2.12 

1.47 

.Iulv20to26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2... 
Vug.  3  to  9 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

1.65 
1.29 
1.24 
1.50 
1.31 
1.36 
1.36 
1.35 
1.45 

1.72 
1.59 
1.22 
1.57 
1.32 
1.33 
1.20 
1.36 
1.29 

2.58 
1.75 
1.62 
1.74 
1.49 
1.63 
1.37 
1.58 
1.60 

1.74 
1.48 

1.48 
L.'JO 
1.30 
1.47 
1.19 
1.40 
1.44 

2.39 
1.93 
l.T'.l 
1.86 
1.71 
1.09 
1.60 
1.68 
1.75 

1.45 
1.17 
1.18 

Aug.  10  to  16 

.Vug.  17to23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept. 6... 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

1.30 
1.-28 
1.37 
1.12 
1.34 
1.44 

-Vverage  

1.39 

1.40 

1.70 

1.44 

1.82 

1.29 

Sept.  21  to  30 

0 

1.31 

1.15 

1.57 

1.30 

1.70 

1.24 

Average 

1.31 

1.15 

1.57 

1.30 

1.70 

1.24 

Oct.  1  to  7 

.6 
1.0 
2.0 
4.0 

1.38 
1.35 
1.21 
1.31 

1.32 
1.43 
1.26 
1.42 

1.63 
1.62 
1.51 
1.55 

l.,50 
1.56 
1.33 
1.38 

1.76 
1.78 
1.65 
1.68 

1. 45 

Oct.  8  to  14 

1.30 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

1.33 
1.46 

Average . . 

1.31 

1.36 

1.58 

1.44 

1.72 

1.38 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7... 

0 

1.68 

1.72 

1.90 

1.62 

2.01 

1.73 

Average 

:         1.68 

1.72 

1.90 

1.62 

2.01 

1.73 

EFFECT  ON  PHENOL  AND  AROMATIC    OXY-ACIDS  OF  THE  URINE. 

For  the  detection  of  these  substances  the  following  method  was 
pursued:  Three  hundred  cubic  centimeters  of  urine  (day's  urine 
diluted  to  1800  c.  c.)  were  acidified  with  5  c.  c.  of  dilute  sulphuric 
acid  (1:4)  and  subjected  to  steam  distillation  until  150  c.  c.  of  dis- 
tillate were  obtained.  In  the  heating  with  acid  the  combined  phenol 
in  the  urine  is  broken  up  and  the  phenol  allowed  to  pass  over  in  the 
distillate.  The  distillate  was  tested  for  phenol  with  Millon's  reagent 
and  the  results  studied  in  a  comparative  way.  There  were  no  appre- 
ciable differences. 

The  distillation  was  then  resumed  and  allowed  to  continue  until 
300  to  350  c.  c.  of  hquid  had  been  driven  over.  At  this  stage  it  was 
soon  found  that  very  little,  if  any,  phenol  remained  in  the  dis- 
tillation flask.  The  contents  of  the  flask  were  then  thoroughly 
shaken  \\'ith  150  c.  c.  of  ether  for  the  removal  of  the  aromatic  oxy- 
acids.  After  evaporation  of  the  ether  the  residue  was  extracted  with 
50  c.  c.  of  boiling  water,  and  the  aqueous  solution  treated  with 
Millon's  reagent.  A  light  rose  to  deep  red  color  was  taken  as  an  indi- 
cation of  the  presence  of  aromatic  oxy-acids.  The  reactions  were 
again  studied  as  to  their  comparative  intensities,  and  are  indicated 
as  0,  mild,  moderate  and  strong. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  table,  the  results  of  the  first  three  or  four 
examinations  for  oxy-acids  were  negative.  After  that  a  slight  or 
70111— No.  ss— 09 (j 


82 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


moderate  reaction  was  obtained  until  toward  the  end  of  the  experi- 
ment, when  the  amounts  of  aromatic  oxy-acids  were  considerably 
increased.  The  strong  reactions  were  given  soon  after  the  close  of 
the  liigh  benzoate  period:  and  for  six  weeks  these  larger  amounts 
were  but  slightl,y,  if  at  all,  reduced. 

Phenol  in  the  urine. 
|S  indicates  slight,  M  moderate,  and  St  strong  reactions.] 


Subject. 

Nonben- 
zoate 
period. 

First  benzoate 
period. 

Non- 
Ijenzo- 

ate 
period. 

High  benzoate 
period. 

Nonbenzoate 
period. 

July. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

October. 

November. 

8.        19. 

27. 

12.    i  28. 

10. 

17. 

24. 

8. 

15. 

22. 

28. 

2. 

6.     7. 

H.  H.  G. 

S 
S 

s 
s 
s 
s 

s 

0 

s 
s 
s 
s 

1 

s 
s 
s 
s 

S 

S 

s 
s 
s 
s 

s 
s 
s 
s 
s 

S 
S 
S 
S 
? 
? 

S 

S 

s 
s 
s 

0 

M 

s 

0 
0 
0 

s 

S 
S 
S 
S 

f 

8 

1 

S 
0 

s 

S 
St 
S 
S 
S 
S 

8 
8 
8 
8 
8 
8 

M 
M 

8 
8 
H 

8 

8      M 

W.  W.  II 

8      S 

L.M.L 

J.  F.  L 

E.C.M 

W.C.  R 

M      S 

S      S 
S      S 
8      S 

Aromatic  oxy-acids  in  the  urine. 
[S  indicates  slight,  M  moderate,  and  St  strong  reactions.] 


Nonben- 
zoate 
period. 

First  benzoate 

1                                  1 
Non-  1                             [ 
ben-  1  High  benzoate.  i 

Nonbenzoate 

Subject. 

period 

zoate 
period. 

period. 

period. 

July. 

July. 

August. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

October. 

November. 

Dec. 

8. 

19. 

27. 

12.      28. 

10. 

17. 

24. 

8. 

15. 

22. 

28. 

2. 

6. 

7. 

17. 

24. 

1. 

H.  H.  G... 

0 

0 

0 

S 

s 

0 

M 

S        M  i  M 

M 

M 

M 

0 

M 

St 

s 

8 

W.  W.  H.. 

0 

0 

? 

0 

s 

0 

S 

0         S   1  M 

M 

M 

M 

S 

M 

St 

0 

M 

L.M.L.... 

0 

0 

? 

s 

s 

s 

M 

s    :  M    M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

St 

St 

8 

J.  F.  L 

0 

0 

6 

0 

s 

0 

S 

S      '  S     M 

M 

0 

M 

M 

S 

St 

St 

St 

E.C.M.... 

0 

0 

? 

0 

s 

s 

s 

S      i  S      S 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

St 

St 

0 

W.C.  R... 

0 

0 

0 

0 

s 

s 

s 

S      1  M     M 

1        1 

M 

M 

M 

M 

S 

St 

St 

s 

Whether  the  presence  of  the  aromatic  ox3'-acids  in  the  urines  is  due 
to  the  benzoate  administered  is  extremely  questionable.  A  number  of 
normal  urines  which  were  tested  in  the  same  manner  gave  widely 
different  results.  In  some  no  reaction  whatever  could  be  obtained, 
while  others  gave  a  mild  or  even  moderately  strong  reaction. 

The  persistence  of  the  aromatic  oxy-acids  long  after  the  close  of  the 
last  benzoate  period  may  possibly  be  due  to  causes  other  than  the 
benzoate;  or,  if  the  benzoate  does  play  some  part,  it  may  be  explained 
(m  the  hypothesis  that  after  ingestion  of  the  larger  and  repeated 
doses  of  sochum  benzoate  the  latter  is  not  eliminated  at  once, 
but  is  stored  up  in  the  body  and  gradually  eliminated,  partly  as 
oxy-benzoic  acid  (an  aromatic  oxy-acid).  This  view,  however, 
appears  to  us  improbable.  Further  observations  are  being  made  in 
order  to  arrive  at  a  more  definite  conclusion  regarding  these  aromatic 


!  NFLUENC'E  OF  SODIUM    BKNZOATK  ON    NUTHITION    AND    IIKAT.TII.        SM 

oxy-jU'i(ls.  Finally,  it  should  1)0  oinphasized  that  these  acids  ((cciir  in 
exceecUn*];!}-  small  quantities,  so  that  tiieir  presence,  wliile  interesting, 
presumahly  lias  no  hearinij;  upon  the  problem  under  consideration. 

EFFECT    ON   THE   HIPPURIC    ACID    OF   THE    URINE. 

As  stateil  in  another  connection,  benzoic  acid,  benzoates,  and  ben- 
zoyl-containing  radicals  taken  into  the  alimentary  tract  appear  in  the 
urine  as  hi]>puiic  acid.  If  the  amount  of  })enzoic  acid  introduced  is 
huge — more  than  sufficient  to  combine  with  the  glycocoll  present  in  the 
system  to  form  hippuric  acid—then  other  combinations  are  possible, 
such  as  benzoyl-glycuronic  acid,  which  appears  in  the  urine.  It  is 
rare  to  find  benzoic  acid  itself  uncombined  or  a  salt  of  benzoic  acid  in 
the  urine.  In  no  one  of  our  subjects  was  any  trace  of  benzoic  acid 
or  benzoate  found  in  the  urine.  Benzo^i-glycuronic  acid  is  charac- 
terized by  a  strong  reducing  power.  Examination  of  the  daily  urines 
of  all  the  su1)jects,  especially  "during  the  high  benzoate  period,  failed 
to  show  any  reducing  ])ower.  Consequently,  benzoyl-glycuronic 
acid  could  not  have  been  present;  certainly  not  to  any  extent.  In 
other  words,  even  with  the  larger  doses  of  sodium  benzoate,  the 
benzoic  acid  given  the  subjects  was  eliminated,  in  large  measure  at 
least,  through  the  urine  as  hippuric  acid. 

The  normal  urine  of  man  practicall}'  always  contams  a  certain 
amount  of  hippuric  acid.  This  is  due,  in  large  measure  at  leasts  to 
the  presence  of  benzoic  acid  or  benzoyl-containing  radicals  in  the  food. 
Certam  articles  of  food,  such  as  various  berries,  plums  and  i)runes,  are 
relatively  rich  in  benzoyl-containing  radicals.  It  is  therefore  easy 
to  arrange  a  diet  in  which  considerable  benzoic  acid  or  benzoyl-con- 
taining groups  may  be  introduced  with  the  food. 

On  July  7  and  8,  and  again  on  Jul}"  22  and  23,  all  of  the  subjects 
were  given  a  diet  in  which,  so  far  as  it  was  possible,  benzoyl-containing 
substances  were  reduced  to  a  minimum.  Then,  on  July  9  and  10,  the 
daily  diet  of  each  subject  was  especially  constructed  so  as  to  contain 
considerable  benzoic  acid  or  benzoyl  radicals  by  addition  of  rasp- 
berries, currants,  and  huckleberries.  A  table  is  appended  showing  the 
amount  of  benzoic  acid  (present  as  hippuric  acid)  in  the  urine  of  the 
individual  subjects  on  certain  dates  designated.  Likewise  is  sho\sni 
the  amount  of  benzoic  acid  added  to  the  food  when  sodium  benzoate 
was  administered. 

Attention  is  called,  first,  to  the  amount  of  benzoic  acid  obtained  as 
hippuric  acid  througli  the  urine  on  July  7  and  8,  when  the  diet  was 
freed  as  far  as  possible  from  benzoj'l-containing  articles.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  on  these  two  days  the  amount  of  benzoic  acid  per  day, 
contained  in  the  urine  of  the  individual  subjects  as  hippuric  acid, 
varied  fi'om  0.058  gram  to  0.303  gram.  This  means  that  under  ordi- 
nary conditions  of  diet  where  fruits  are  eliminated  there  is  a  sufficient 


84  SODIUM    BENZOATE    AIsU    THE    HEALTH    UE    MAiS. 

amount  of  henzoyl-coiitaiuin";  ladicals  in  the  food  to  give  rise  to  an 
amount  of  lii})puri«  acid  equal  to  a  maximum  of  0.3  gram  of  heu- 
zoic  acid  per  day.  On  July  9  and  10,  howevei',  when  liuckleben-ies, 
raspberries,  and  currants  were  added  to  th<>  daily  diet,  the  amount  of 
benzoic  acid  obtained  from  the  urine  as  hi])puric  acid  rose  to  a  max- 
imum of  1.154  grams,  with  a  minimum  of  0.3o6  gram.  In  the  ma- 
jority of  the  subjects,  however,  the  amount  of  benzoic  acid  in  the 
urine  each  day  as  hippuric  acid  was  between  0.8  and  0.9  gram. 

On  July  22  and  23,  as  stated,  the  daily  diet  was  as  free  from 
benzoyl-containing  compounds  as  it  was  possible  to  arrange  it,  but 
on  these  days  0.252  gram  of  benzoic  acid  was  given  as  sodium  ben- 
zoate.  Study  of  the  figures  in  the  tables  for  benzoic  acid  ol)tained 
from  the  urine  as  hippuric  acid  shows  that  with  the  above  dosage 
the  output  of  l)enzoic  acid  in  the  urine  per  daj'  for  all  six  subjects  was 
veiy  much  below  the  amount  of  l)enzoic  acid  obtained  from  the  urine 
on  July  9  and  10,  when  no  sodium  benzoate  was  administered,  but 
with  huckleberries,  raspberries,  and  currants  added  to  the  diet.  In 
fact,  all  through  the  first  benzoate  period  when  the  amount  of  benzoic 
acid  taken  daily  ecjualed  0.252  gram,  the  benzoic  acid  in  the  urine  as 
hippuric  acid  never  ec|ualed  the  maximum  figure  obtained  from  the 
subjects  when  no  benzoate  was  given,  on  a  diet  reinforced  l)y  huckle- 
berries, currants,  and  raspberries.  Reference  to  the  food  charts  for 
July  9  and  10  shows  that  the  quantity  of  these  berries  taken  was  not 
large,  155  grams  of  fresh  huckleberries  being  perhaps  the  maximum 
per  day.  The  inference,  therefore,  is  that  the  amount  of  benzoyl- 
containing  radicals  naturally  present  in  the  food  on  July  9  and  10  was 
much  larger  than  the  amount  of  benzoic  acid  introduced  with  a  daily 
dosage  of  0.3  gram  of  sodium  benzoate. 

Study  of  the  data  in  the  appended  table  obtained  during  the  second 
benzoate  period  when  the  dosage  was  still  larger  shows  an  output  of 
benzoic  acid  as  hippuric  acid,  more  or  less  comparable  to  the  amount 
of  benzoic  acid  ingested.  Thus,  in  the  week  of  October  15  to  21  the 
daily  intake  of  benzoic  acid  was  1.680  grams.  The  average  dail}' 
output  of  benzoic  acid  as  hippuric  acid  varied  with  the  different  sub- 
jects from  1.212  grams  to  1.657  grams.  Or  taking  the  entire  higher 
benzoate  period  of  one  month,  when  the  average  daily  intake  of  ben- 
zoic acid  was  1.596  grams,  the  average  daily  output  of  benzoic  acid 
as  hippuric  acid  for  the  different  individuals  ranged  from  1.102  grams 
to  1.559  grams. 

Finally,  attention  should  be  called  to  the  fact  that  from  October  29 
to  November  7,  when  sodium  benzoate  was  no  longer  taken,  the 
average  daily  output  of  benzoic  acid  in  the  form  of  hippuric  acid 
varied  in  the  different  subjects  from  1.251  grams  to  1.700  grams,  thus 
showing  that  the  aromatic  group  introduced  in  the  way  indicated  is 
somewhat  slow  in  leaving  the  system. 


1M'LUE^;CE  Ul"  5>UD!  L-M   Uli^ZOATE  U^'    ^■  UTKH  iu.N    A.ND    liLALTU.       So 


Dal... 

Benzoic 
acid  given 
its  soilium 
licnzoate 
|)t»r  day. 

licnzoic  lU'id  obtained  Iroiii  ur 

n<>  tus  liipp 

iric  acid  per  day. 

H.  H.  G. 

W.  W.  H. 

Gram.i. 
0. 134 

.  065 
.858 
.797 

L.  M.  L. 

Grams. 

0.162 

.076 

.674 

.851 

J.  F.  L. 

E.  C.  M. 

W.  C.  K. 

July  7 

Grama. 
0 
0 
0 
0 

Grams. 
0.141 
.142 
1.154 

.784 

Grams. 

0.248 

.142 

.356 

.942 

Grams. 

0.303 

.086 

.933 

.979 

Grams. 
0.174 

July  8 

.058 

July  9 

.748 

July  10 

.911 

.•Vveragp 

.555 

.463 

.440 

.422 

.575 

.473 

July  22 

.252 
.252 

.233 

.261 

.205 
.153 

.239 
.167 

.300 
.173 

.118 
.190 

.178 

Julv  23 

.253 

AyrraKi' 

.252 

.247 

.179 

.203 

.236 

.154 

.216 

AUf.'.  10 

Ant:.  11 

.252 
.252 

.147 
.298 

..554 
.475 

.597 
.568 

.619 
.()58 

.545 
Lost. 

.616 
.418 

.Vvcraj;!' 

.252 

.223 

.514 

.582 

.638 

.545 

.517 

.252 
.2,-)2 
.252 
.252 

.084 
.420 
.680 
..582 

.057 
.  265 
.692 
..542 

.169 
..594 
.796 
.428 

.079 
.692 
.876 
.460 

.442 
.671 
.946 
..364 

.118 

.Vug.  25 

.483 

.821 

-Vug.  27 

.543 

Ayeragp 

.252 

.441 

.389 

.497 

.526 

.606 

.491 

-Vug.  31  to  Sept.  3  . . 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

.252 
.252 
.252 

.410 
.295 
.626 

..596 
.324 

.284 

.451 
.311 

.880 

.560 
.328 
.822 

.617 
.320 
.749 

.309 
.481 
.806 

Average 

.252 

.443 

.401 

..547 

.570 

.562 

.532 

Sept.  21  to  .10 

0 

.447 

.294 

.334 

.:i34 

.472 

.404 

.\  verage . . 

.447 

.294 

.334 

.334 

.472 

.404 

Oct.  1  to  7 

Oct.  8  to  14 

.504 

.840 

1.680 

3.360 

.  550 

.566 

1.486 

2.108 

.422 

..^>S1 

1. 355 

2.051 

.618 

.841 

1.467 

3.312 

.619 

.739 

1.212 

3.409 

.431 

.608 

1.330 

.3. 137 

.284 
.701 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

1.657 
3.293 

Average. . .... 

1.596 

1.177 

1.102 

1.559 

1.494 

1.376 

1.484 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7 

0 

1.470 

1.700 

1.730 

1.518 

1.346 

1.251 

\  verage . . 

1.470 

'      1.700 

1.730 

1.518 

1.346 

1.251 

EFFECT    ON   THE   NITROGEN   BALANCE. 

As  will  be  seen  from  examination  of  the  tables  showing  the  daily 
intake  of  nitrogen  and  the  daily  composition  of  the  urine  and  feces, 
a  nitrogen  l)alance  was  struck  at  given  periods,  of  seven  or  ten  days, 
with  all  of  the  subjects.  In  the  following  tables  the  record  of  mtro- 
gen  ])alances  for  each  individual  is  shown,  gi^^ng  the  daily  average 
intake  of  nitrogen  in  the  food  with  the  output  of  nitrogen  through 
the  urine  and  feces  for  the  seventeen  periods  of  the  experiment,  ex- 
pressed in  grams  per  day,  together  with  the  average  nitrogen  balance, 
likewise  expressed  in  grams  per  day. 

Examination  of  the  results  shows  that  on  two  occasions  a  minus 
nitrogen  balance  was  obtained.  The  first  case,  that  of  AV.  W.  11., 
occurred  during  the  period  of  August  3  to  August  9.  This  minus 
balance,  averaging  one  gram  per  day,  was  due  in  large  measure, 
without  question,  to  the  small  intake  of  food  incidental  to  an  attack 
of  corA-za,  which  is  mentioned  under  the  head  of  "Chnical  observa- 


86 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN, 


tioiis."  The  only  other  minus  balance  during  the  length  of  the  ex- 
periment was  in  the  case  of  W.  C.  R.  in  the  latter  part  of  the*  fore 
period,  July  13  to  19,  when  the  average  daily  nitrogen  balance  wa^ 
—  0.01  gram.  In  this  case,  as  the  figures  indicate,  the  subject  wa> 
practically  in  nitrogen  e([uilibrium.  Aside  from  these  two  cases  all 
the  subjects  showed  a  plus  nitrogen  balance  throughout  the  exi)eri- 
ment.  Critical  survey  of  the  data  presented  in  the  tables  makc- 
it  quite  clear  that  during  the  i)eriods  when  the  sodium  benzoate  wa> 
taken,  whether  the  doses  were  small  or  large,  there  was  no  markcil 
change  in  the  nitrogen  balance. 

The  daily  average  balance  shows,  it  is  true,  some  fluctuations,  as 
might  well  be  expected,  but  it  is  perfectly  evident  from  the  results 
that  sodium  benzoate  does  not  have  any  specific  effect  upon  the  nitro- 
gen metabolism  of  the  ])ody.  If  in  some  instances  the  plus  balance 
seems  smaller  in  those  periods  when  benzoate  was  taken,  it  will  be 
found  on  looking  at  the  nitrogen  intake  for  that  period  that  in  most 
cases  the  amount  of  nitrogen  ingested  was  below  that  of  the  periods 
where  the  plus  nitrogen  balance  was  larger.  In  other  w^ords,  the  size 
of  this  plus  nitrogen  balance  is  governed  mainly  byHhe  volume  of 
nitrogenous  or  protein  food  ingested,  and  there  is  no  influence  appar- 
ent on  the  part  of  sodium  benzoate  in  modif^ang  the  amount  of  this 
balance. 

Taking  into  consideration  all  the  data  })resented  in  connection 
with  the  urine,  having  in  mind  the  quantitative  changes  of  the  diiFer- 
ent  nitrogenous  constituents,  as  well  as  the  data  covering  the  nitro- 
gen intake  and  nitrogen  output,  it  seems  perfectly  manifest  that 
sodium  benzoate  in  the  doses  taken  by  our  subjects  does  not  exert 
any  appreciable  influence  upon  those  processes  of  nutrition  wliich  are 
ordinaril}^  included  under  the  term  protein  or  nitrogen  metabolism. 

Nitrogen  balance,  daily  average. 
SUBJECT  H.  H.  G. 


Date. 


July  ti  to  12 

July  13  to  19 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  August  2 

August  3  to  9. 

August  10  to  l(i 

August  17  to  23 

August  24  to  30 

August  31  to  September  G. 

September  7  to  13 

September  14  to  20 

September  21  to  30 

October  1  to  7 

October  8  to  14 

October  1.5  to  21 

October  22  to  28 

October  29  to  November  7. 


Daily 

Nitrogen 

Nitrogen 

benzoate. 

in  food. 

m  urme. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

0 

15.28 

12.59 

0 

12.29 

10.08 

.30 

12.98 

9.85 

.30 

11.  76 

9.49 

.30 

11.88 

8.27 

.30 

12.00 

8.83 

.30 

10.58 

8.56 

.30 

10.87 

8.10 

.30 

11.43 

7.99 

.30 

11.72 

8.42 

.30 

11.59 

8.64 

0 

11.14 

8.53 

.60 

10.64 

8.  .54 

1.00 

11.96 

8.44 

2.00 

10.57 

8.74 

4.00 

11.  W) 

8.87 

0 

11.82 

9.27 

Nitroeen    "^''^™?''° 
.  '  f„i^„  "    m  urine 

'"  ^^^^-  and  feces. 


Grams. 
1.65 
1.48 
1.68 
1.11 
1.36 
1.21 
1.46 
1.19 
1.38 
1.42 
1.64 
1.08 
1.33 
1.28 
1.00 
.92 
1.06 


Grams. 
14.24 
11.56 
11.53 
10.60 
9.63 
10.04 
10.02 
9.29 
9.37 
9.84 
10.28 
9.61 
9.87 
9.72 
9.74 
9.79 
10.33 


Nitrogen 
balance. 


l.Nl'LUE^vCE  01'  sODlUM  BEiS'ZUATE  O^'    ^^UTKlTlU^'    A^'D    iiLALTli.       87 

Nitrogen  balance,  daily  average — Continued. 
SUBJECT  W.  W.  H. 


Date. 


July  0  to  12 

July  13  to  19 

July  20  to  20 

July  27  to  .\ugust  2 

Au.i;ust  3  to  9 , 

August  10  to  Iti 

August  17  to  23 

August  24  to  30 

August  31  to  September  0. 

Sepleinl)er  7  to  13 

September  14  to  20 

Septemljer  21  to  30 

October  1  to  7 

Octobers  to  14 

October  15  to  21 

October  22  to  28 

October  29  to  November  7 


cl^^'of   I  Nitrogen 'Nitrogen 
l^^nfoaL.i   in  food.  I  in  urine. 


Orams. 

0 

0 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 

0 
.60 

1.00 

2.00 

4.00 

0 


Orams. 
14.32 
12.68 
12.98 
11.99 
9.26 
12.05 
10.79 
11.54 
11.32 
11.91 
11.86 
11.31 
11.88 
12.06 
12.26 
11.58 
11.41 


Orams. 
12. 57 
11.06 
10.14 
9.16 
9.27 
9.(8 
8.22 
7.76 
7.74 
7.88 
9.24 
8.35 
8.65 
8.39 
9.03 
8.91 


Nitrogen  jNitroge.,;^..^^^^,^,, 
'°f^««-  and  fe^.   l>^'^c«- 


Orams. 
1.35 
1.50 
1.48 
1.12 

.99 
1.01 
1.17 
1.38 
1.33 
1.08 
1.23 

.94 
1.11 
1.24 
1.08 
1.10 
1.06 


Orams. 
13.92 
12.56 
11.62 
10.28 
10.26 
10.69 
9.39 
9.14 
9.07 
8.96 
10.47 
9.29 
9.76 
9.63 
10.11 
10.01 
9.94 


Orams. 
+0.  40 
+  .12 
+1.36 
+1.71 
— l.OO 
+  1.36 
+  1.40 
+2.40 
+2.  25 
+2.95 
+  1.39 
+2. 02 
+2.12 
+2.  43 
+2. 15 
+  1.57 
+  1.47 


SUBJECT  L.  M.  L. 


July  6  to  12 

July  13  to  19 

July  20  to  26 , 

July  27  to  August  2 

Augusts  to  9 

August  10  to  16 , 

August  17  to  23 

August  24  to  30 

August  31  to  September  6. 

September  7  to  13 , 

September  14  to  20 

September  21  to  30 

October  1  to  7 

Octobers  to  14 , 

October  15  to  21 , 

October  22  to '28 , 

October  29  to  November  7 


0 

15.62  ; 

0 

14.94 

.30 

14.  76 

.30 

12.45 

.30 

12.71 

.30 

11.81  ! 

.30 

11.40 

.30 

12.33 

.30 

12.19 

.30 

13.14 

.30 

13.14 

0 

12.39 

.60 

13.00    ; 

1.00 

13. 32 

2.00 

12.84 

4.00 

11.69 

0 

13.23 

12.11 
11.27 
11.74 
9.74 
9.53 
9.22 
8.18 
9.03 
8.58 
9.32 
9.89 
9.43 
9.75 
9.66 
9.21 
9.08 
9.85 


2.13 
1.74 
1.88 
1.55 
1.55 
1.38 
1.65 
1.60 
1.49 
1.50 
1.40 
1.34 
1.53 
1.68 
1.38 
1.32 
1.36 


14.24 
13.01 
13.62 
11.29 
11.08 
10.60 
9.83 
10.63 
10.07 
10.82 
11.29 
10.77 
11.28 
11.34 
10.59 
10.40 
11.21 


+1.38 
+  1.93 
+  1.14 
+  1.16 
+1.63 
+  1.21 
+  1.57 
+  1.70 
+2. 12 
+2.32 
+  1.85 
+  1.62 
+  1.72 
+  1.98 
+2.25 
+  1.29 
+2.02 


SUBJECT  J.  F.  L. 


July  6  to  12 

July  13  to  19 

July  20  to  26 

July  27  to  August  2 

August  3  to  9 

August  10  to  16 

August  17  to  23 , 

August  24  to  30 

August  31  to  September  6. 

September  7  to  13 

September  14  to  20 , 

September  21  to  30 

October  1  to  7 

Octobers  to  14 

October  15  to  21 

Optol)er  22  to  28 

Octol)er  29  to  Novemljer  7 


14. 37 
13.  05 
14.58 
12.89 
14.12 
12.40 
12.  32 
12.94 
12.62 
13.10 
13. 15 
12.63 
12.  66 
11.93 
11.83 
11.29 
13.08 


10.  .39 
9.49 
9.12 
8.86 
8.95 
9.13 
8.78 
9.43 
8.81 
9.06 
10.00 
10.01 
10.19 
10.19 
9.92 
9.49 
9.38 


1.98 
1.67 
1.79 
1.49 
1.62 
1.45 
1.71 
1.74 
1.54 
1.68 
1.61 
1.29 
1.27 
1.53 
1.52 
1.07 
1.51 


12. 37 
11.16 
10.91 
10.35 
10.57 
10.58 
10.49 
11.17 
10.35 
10.74 
11.61 
11.30 
11.46 
11.72 
11.44 
10.56 
10. 89 


+2.00 
+  1.89 
+3. 67 
+2.  54 
+3.55 
+1.82 
+  1.83 
+  1.77 
+2. 27 
+2. 36 
+1.54 
+1.33 
+  1.20 
+  .21 
+  .39 
+  .73 
+2.19 


88 


SODIUM    BEIS'ZOATE    AND    THK    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Nitrogen  balanrr,  daily  average — Contiuued. 
SUBJECT  K.  C.  M. 


Date. 


Julv6  to  12 

Julv  13  to  19 

Julv20  to26 

July  27  to  Aug.  2.. 

Aug.  3  to  9 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6. 

Sept.  7  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

Sept.  21  to  30 

Oct.  1  to  7 

Oct.  8  to  14 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7.. 


d^^'of     Nitrogen  '  Nitrogen   Nitrogen  '  ^J:^!°f^°   Nitrogen 
^^Z>^L.    infood.  linurine.     infe<.es.  ^J^,^,   balanc-e. 


Grams. 

0 

0 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 
.30 

0 
.60 

1.00 

2.00 

4.00 

0 


Grams. 
15.69 
12.36 
15.15 
10.98 
13.02 
13.36 
12.42 
13.51 
12.73 
11.68 
12.13 
12.28 
12.24 
12.30 
11.77 
12.22 
12.88 


Orams. 
12.46 
10.27 
11.15 
9.49 
9.55 
9.94 
9.51 
9.40 
9.72 
9.57 
10.08 
9.83 
9.68 
9.34 
9.59 
9.13 
9.62 


Grams. 
1.75 
1.82 
2.16 
1.38 
1.81 
1.53 
1.67 
1.93 
1.77 
1.58 
1.17 
1.33 
1.53 
1.41 
1.22 
1.67 
1.46 


Grams. 
14.21 
12.09 
13.31 
10.87 
11.36 
11.47 
11.18 
11.33 
11.49 
11.15 
11.25 
11.16 
11.21 
10.75  I 
10.81 
10.80 
11.08 


Oravif 

+  1.18 

+  .27 
+  1.84 
+  .11 
+  1.66 
+  1.89 
+  1.24 
+2.18 
+  1.24 
+  .53 
+  .88 
+  1.12 
+  1.03 
+  1.55 
+  .96 
+  1.42 
+  1.80 


SUBJECT  W.  C.  R. 


Julv  6  to  12 

July  13  to  19 

July  20  to  26 

Julv  27  to  Aug.  2.. 

Aug.  3  to  9 

Aug.  10  to  16 

Aug.  17  to  23 

Aug.  24  to  30 

Aug.  31  to  Sept.  6. 

Sept.  J  to  13 

Sept.  14  to  20 

Sept..  21  to  30 

Oct.  1  to  7 

Oct.  8  to  14 

Oct.  15  to  21 

Oct.  22  to  28 

Oct.  29  to  Nov.  7.. 


0 

12.80 

9.93 

1.78 

11.71 

0 

10.32 

8.70 

1.63 

10.33 

.30 

11.54 

8.35 

1.30 

9.65 

.30 

10.48 

7.31 

1.23 

8.54 

.30 

10.74 

7.98 

1.30 

9.28 

.30 

10.06 

8.42 

1.09 

9.51 

.30 

11.08 

7.95 

1.48 

9.43 

.30 

11. 74 

8.74 

1.59 

10.33 

.30 

10.70 

7.84 

1.23 

9.07 

.30 

11.55 

8.13 

1.52 

9.65 

.30 

11.90 

8.76 

1.31 

10.07 

0 

11.18 

8.58 

1.24 

9.82 

.60 

11.91 

9.30 

1.38 

10.68 

1.00 

11.51 

8.74 

1.35 

10.09 

2.00 

11.19 

8.28 

1.17 

9.45 

4.00 

10.87 

9.06 

1.18 

10.24 

0 

11.29 

9.21 

1.31 

10.52 

+  1.09 
-  .01 
+  1.89 
+  1.94 
+  1.46 
+  .55 
+  1.65 
+  1.41 
+  1.63 
+  1.90 
+  1.83 
+  1.36 
+  1.23 
+  1.42 
+  1.74 
+  .63 
+  .77 


GENERAL   CONCLUSIONS. 

Due  consideration  of  all  the  ilata  presenteil  in  the  preceding  pages, 
together  with  careful  stud}'  of  the  individual  data  of  the  various 
tables  of  results,  leads  to  the  following  general  conclusions:  Sodium 
benzoate,  in  small  and  large  doses,  up  to  a  maximum  of  4  grams  ])er 
da}',  is  without  disturbing  influence  upon  the  general  health  of  the 
individual,  so  far  as  can  be  seen  from  clinical  observations.  There  was 
no  attendant  loss  of  body  weight ;  neither  was  there  any  disturbance  of 
digestion,  assimilation,  or  utilization  of  either  the  fat  or  protein  food. 
Indeed,  the  subjects  of  our  experiment  showed  a  gain  of  weight  and 
even  an  improved  condition  of  digestion  during  the  i)eriod  of  the 
experiment  in  which  the  action  of  sodium  benzoate  was  tested. 

Again,  there  was  no  deleterious  influence  on  the  part  of  sodium 
benzoate  upon  the  blood,  either  on  the  number  of  erythrocytes,  leu- 
cocytes, or  the  hemoglobin  content  of  the  blood. 

Upon  the  less  tangible  processes  of  metabolism  as  indicated  by  the 
quantitative  study  of  the  urine,  etc.,  there  is  no  indication  of  any 
marked  action.     No  changes  of  any  special  significance  were  to  be 


INFJ.rK.NCK   OK   SOIU  I    Al     UK  N /( >  A  I  I.    (' N     N  I "  I  K  Kll  i  i  N     A  M  >     1 1  1;A1,  1' 1 1 .         b'J 

noted  cliirini;;  tlio  period  when  sodiuiu  heiizoute  was  fed  even  in  larsje 
doses,  aside  from  a  slight  ed'ect  on  the  reaction  of  the  urine,  so  that 
the  conclusion  is  obvious  that  sodium  benzoate  does  not  exert,  in 
small  or  larj^e  doses,  any  ])ronounced  influence  upon  ihe  j^rocesses  of 
metabolism  or  of  nutrition. 

Sodium  benzoate  is  without  effect  upon  the  production  of  nitrogen 

balance.     Throughout  our  experiment  a  i)lus  nitrogen  balance  was 

easih'  maintained,  and   in  such  fashion  as  to  clearly  inilicate  that 

!  sodium  benzoate  does  not  exert  any  harmful  or  disturbing  influence. 

In  our  judgment,  therefore,  basetl  on  the  character  of  the  results 
obtained  in  this  study  of  the  action  of  sodium  benzoate  on  the  gen- 
eral health  and  nutrition  of  man,  there  is  no  suggestion  of  any  pro- 
nounced eflect  whatevei-  })roduced  by  the  salt  in  such  doses  as  we  have 
employed.  We  are  of  the  opinion  that  sodium  benzoate,  in  small 
and  large  doses,  up  to  a  maximum  of  4  grams  per  day,  is  no  more 
harmful  or  provocative  of  disturbance  of  the  human  organism  than 
corresponding  amounts  of  sodium  chloride  or  common  salt. 

This  conclusion,  while  based  entirely  upon  the  results  of  our  inves- 
tigation, is  in  close  harmony  with  what  is  known  regarding  the  occur- 
ence of  benzoj'l-containing  ratlicals  in  many  natural  products,  which 
have  long  served  as  useful  foods  for  mankind.  As  our  results  show, 
in  harmony  wath  well-known  facts,  the  ordinary  diet  of  man  con- 
tains a  sufficient  amount  of  benzoic  acid  or  kindred  substances  to  give 
rise  to  appreciable  quantities  of  hippuric  acid  in  the  urine.  Further, 
hucldeberries,  cranberries,  and  other  related  fruits  well  recognized  as 
noninjurious  to  health  have  in  them  amounts  of  benzoyl  radicals 
sufficient  to  form  quantities  of  hippuric  acid  in  the  urine  larger  than 
the  small  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  fed  in  our  experiment ;  thus  mak- 
ing it  apparent  that  some  natural  foods  at  least  contain  quantities  of 
benzoate,  or  related  substances,  in  amount  equal  to  what  was  fed  in 
our  daily  dosage  wdtli  sodium  benzoate,  and  that  the  system  is  well 
inured  to  the  presence  of  moderate  quantities  at  least  of  this  aromatic 
group. 

Finally,  it  may  be  added  that  the  results  of  our  experimental  study 
make  it  evident  that  the  admixture  of  sodium  benzoate  with  food 
does  not  lead  to  any  reduction  in  the  ciuality  or  strength  of  such  food; 
neither  is  the  food  injuriously  affected  thereby  when  the  salt  is  added 
in  small  quantities  or  in  large  quantities,  up  to  a  maximum  of  4  gi-ams 
per  day.  Were  the  contrary  true,  w'e  should  expect  to  find  in  our 
experimental  results  indications  of  either  a  disturbance  of  digestion, 
an  inhibition  of  the  normal  power  to  digest  and  assimilate  the  food 
treated  with  sodium  benzoate,  together  with  a  tendency  toward  the 
production  of  a  minus  nitrogen  balance,  with  possible  loss  of  botly 
weight. 


90 


bUDlUM    BK.NZUATE    AND    THE    JIEALTU    UE    MA^'. 


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M'LlKNl  K  OF  SOlilUAl   UEiNZOAlK  n.N    M    IlillloN    AND    HEALTH.       91 


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70111— No.  88—09- 


-13 


194 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


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J^'FLUE^CE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION    AND   HEALTH.     105 


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SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND  THE   HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


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INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATK  ON    N  UTlilTlON    AND    HEALTH.    197 


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198 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND  THE   HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  NITROGEN  AND  SULPHUR  IN  THE  URINE. 

Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  (md  total  sulphur. 

Svibject  H.  M.  <3r. 
FORE  PERIOD. 


Date. 


JulyB 

July? 

Ju]y8 

July9 

July  10 

July  11 

July  12 

Average 

July  13 

July  14 

July  15 

July  16 

July  17 

July  18 

July  19 

Average 


Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 


85.3 

&).7 

87.2 
85.0 

84.0 

86.9 
85.3 


86.2 
83.7 

85.7 
85.7 
83.5 
87.8 
82.1 


85.0 


Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 


3.9 

3.4 

3.1 
3.9 

3.9 

4.2 
4.0 


3.8 


5.8 
5.2 
3.6 
3.9 
4.0 
3.4 
4.2 


Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 


Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


0.7 
.6 

.6 

.4 


4.3  .5 


0.9 

1.2 

1.1 

1.1 

1.2 

.8 
1.6 


1.1 


1.2 
1.4 
1.2 
1.5 
1.9 
1.7 
1.4 


Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 


Hip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen, a 


3.7 
3.9 

3.6 

3.3 

3.0 

3.7 
3.6 


4.1 
4.3 
4.2 
4.2 
4.2 
4.9 
5.2 


0.1 
.1 
1.0 

.6 


5.3 
5.1 
5.3 
3.8 
4.0 
5.1 
6.1 
6.8 
7.2 
3.6 
4.9 


.4 


5.2 
5.3 


2.1 
4.5 
4.5 
4.3 
6.2 
1.6 
6.3 


Inor-      Ethe- 

ganic  I    real 

sill-  I    .sul- 
phur,     phur. 


81.5 


82.6 
83.1 

80.9 

90.4 
84.8 


83.8 


4. 2         74 


2.2 


7.7 
4.9 

4.5 

4.2 
3.1 


Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 


81.9 

7.5 

7.^5 

6.4 

76.3 

7.8 

75.6 

8.3 

77.0 

4.6 

70.5 

7.5 

66.2 

4.6 

74.6 

6.7 

16.2 


9.6 
12.0 
14.6 

5.3 
12.0 


11.3 


10.5 
20.0 
15.8 
16.1 
18.2 
22.0 
29.1 


18. 


FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD. 


July  20 

July  21 

July  22 

July  23 

July  24 

July  25 

July  26 

Average 

July  27 

July  28 

July  29 

July  30 

July  31 

August  1 

August  2 

Average 

Augusts.-* 

August  4 

Augusts 

August  6 

August  7 

August  8 

August  9 

Average 

August  10 

August  11 

August  12 

August  1."? 

August  14 

August  l.'i 

August  lii 

Average 


83.3 
85.2 

83.2 


82.6 
84.3 
85.0 


84.8 


3.6 
3.8 


3.9 

4.1 
4.6 
4.3 


4.0 


84.0 

4.2 

86.2 

4.8 

8.5.9 

3.1 

8.5.2 

4.1 

82.8 

3.9 

84.5 

4.4 

85.0 

4.9 

78.4 
84.9 
82.0 
82.1 
80.8 
82.7 
82.7 


82.0 


82.3 
87.2 
85.8 
83.5 
85.6 
85.6 
80.0 


84.5 


4.9 
3.3 
5.0 
4.6 
4.5 
4.2 
5.2 


4.7 
3.2 
3.4 
4.5 
2.8 
2.9 
6.6 


3.9 


0.5 
.4 


1.1 
.5 
.6 
.4 
.2 
.6 
.7 


1.3 
1.2 


1.6 
1.4 
1.6 


1.6 
1.5 
1.4 
1.3 
1.7 
1.4 
1.4 


1.2 
2.0 
1.3 
1.6 
2.0 
1.7 
1.2 


1.3 
1.1 
1.2 
1.5 

1.9 
1.7 
2.0 


1.6 


4.6 
3.9 


5.2 
4.5 
4.9 


.5.4 
4.9 
5.2 
4.0 
4.3 
5.9 
4.8 
3.8 


4.7 


4.5 
5.0 


4.9 
5.1 
4.5 
4.4 
5.1 
4.5 
4.8 


5.5 
5.5 
5.5 
5.5 
5.6 
6.3 
5.2 


5.0 
2.1 
4.6 
4.7 
6.2 
4.7 
2.8 


3.7 
4.9 
5.7 
6.8 
4.5 
4.7 


5.7 
4.6 
5.5 
6.5 
4.7 
4.9 
5.3 


3.7 
3.2 
4.7 
4.3 
5.1 


5.3 


70.6 
74.4 

75.4 

84.4 
75.3 


75.7 


75.0 
68.5 
75.4 
73.8 
72.8 
71.3 
70.2 


72.4 


71.0 
68.4 
72.0 
71.4 
76.9 
70.8 
73.9 


72.1 


76.7 
73.8 
70.8 
70.3 
76.4 
71.3 
68.6 


72.6 


8.0 
8.1 

6.4 

7.6 
6.6 


7.0 


6.5 
8.3 
8.2 
5.9 
6.8 
9.5 
8.2 


7.7 
8.0 
8.3 
6.5 
6.9 
7.4 
8.1 


7.5 


9.1 
7.3 
4.8 
7.0 
5.4 
7.5 
9.0 


7.2 


21.2 
17.4 

18.1 

8.0 
18.1 


17.1 


18.5 
23.2 
16.4 
20.1 
20.4 
19.2 
21.6 


19.9 


21.3 
2.3.0 
19.7 
22.1 
16.2 
21.8 
17.9 


20.4 


14.2 
18.9 
24.4 
22.7 
18.2 
21.2 
22.4 


20.2 


o  With  and  without  reference  to  hippuric  acid-nitrogen. 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION    AWD    IIKM/J  H.    199 

Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject   H.    M.  <!.— Continupd. 
FIRST  BENZOATE   PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 


August  17. 
August  IS. 
August  19. 
August  20. 
August  21. 
August  22. 
August  23. 


I'rea 
iiiiro 


Am- 
nionia 
nitro- 
gen. 


Average. 


84.8 
82.2 
84.1 
84.3 
85.6 
83.6 
84.6 

84.2 


August  24. 
.\ugust  25. 
August  26. 

August  27. 

August  28. 
August  29. 
August  30. 


84.6 
84.8 
85.3 

83.8 

84.4 
84.0 

78.7 


Average i      83.7 


August  31 

September  1. 
September  2 . 

September  3. 

September  4. 
September  5. 
September  6. 


Average. 

September  7. . . 
Setpember  8. . . 
September  9... 


84.2 
87.0 
79.6 

79.2 

83.4 
80.0 
80.8 


82.2 


85.6 
84.5 
85.0 


September  10 1      82.6 


Septemljer  1 1 . 
September  12. 
September  13. 


Average. 

September  14.. 
September  15.. 
September  16. . 
Septemlier  17.. 
September  18, . 
Septemter  19.. 
September  20.. 


86.4 
85.5 
82.3 


84.5 


3.1 
3.2 
3.1 
3.0 
2.6 
2.7 
3.7 


3.1 


4.2 
4.3 
3.3 

3.9 

3.5 
2.2 
5.6 


Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 


3.9 


4.4 
3.4 
4.4 

4.8 

4.6 
4.0 
4.2 


4.2 


3.3 
3.5 
5.2 
4.3 

4.1 
4.0 
5.2 


-\verage. 


83.9 
82.8 
81.5 
81.7 
83.2 
82.4 
81.0 

82.5 


5.0 
4.8 
5.5 
4.5 
4.4 
4.3 
4.8 


0.4 
.3 
.5 
.6 
.3 
.4 
.4 


Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


1.9 
1.8 
1.5 
1.2 
1.7 
1.6 
1.6 


1.6 


1.6 
1.6 
1.5 

1.7 

1.8 
1.8 
1.3 


1.6 


1.3 
1.4 
1.5 

1.6 

2.0 
1.7 
1.5 


Crmit- 
iniiie 
nitro- 
gen. 


4.9 
0.0 
5.8 
5.4 
5.2 
5.6 
4.8 


5.2 

5.4 
5.0 

5.4 

6.1 
6.0 
6.2 


Ilip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 


4.7 
6.3 
4.8 
5.1 
4.6 
6.0 
4.7 


5.2 


0.1  |{ 
.9 


1.9 

2.0 
1.5 
1.7 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 


6.1 
5.3 
5.6 

6.0 

6.7 
6.4 

4.S 


4.9 
5.0 
3.0 
3.6 
2.8 
3.7 
3.7 
4.5 
3.8 
5.5 
7.0 


3.6 
4.7 


2.8 
3.4 


{ 

7.4 

7.9 

.6 

( 

7.1 

1 

7.8 

2.9 

7.2 

7.7 

5.8 


5.6 
6.4 
6.4 
6.5 
5.2 
5.2 
.5.0 


5.7 
6.1 


.3{ 


2.4 
2.7 
2.4 
2.8 
1.9 
1.3 
3.8 
4.1 
1.7 
2.0 
2.6 
2.9 
5.0 
5.4 


1.7 


5.7 


1.7 
2.0 
1.8 
1.7 
1.6 
1.4 
1.4 


4.7 
5.5 
6.2 
0.2 
5.1 
5.6 
5.2 

5.5 


2.7 
3.0 


3.2 
3.9 
3.5 
4.3 
3.3 
4.2 
4.4 
5.2 
4.5 
5.3 
4.7 
5.5 
6.0 


4.2 
5.1 


Inor-  !  Ethe-  Nen- 
ganic  real  I  tral 
snl-  sul-  i  sul- 
phur, phur.  phur. 


75.0 
67.3 
71.8 
73.1 
74.0 
75.9 
71.4 


72.6 


73.5 


74.2 

71.4 

70.  5 
74.9 
70.8 


8.2 
12.7 
6.4 
7.2 
6.7 
5.1 


8.1 


7.6 
7.3 

8.2 
8.6 


15.1 
8.7 


8.1 


84.4 
71.4 
7.3.7 

67.6 


7.9 
9.2 
5.3 

8.4 


S.5.3 

70.8 


10.2 
6.6 


76.1 


8.0 


83.2 
08.  7 
j-  73.5 
79.2 
79.3 
74.5 

I 

I 


10.6 
8.4 
5.5 
7.4 
7.7 

18.9 


76.4 


81.3 
73.6 


75.6 


79.5 
79.9 


8.3 
8.0 
9.2 
7.3 
5.8 

8.2 


200 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Sizbject  H.  H.  Gr.— Continued. 
FIRST  AFTER  PERIOD. 


Date. 

Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 

Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creat- 
inine 

nitro- 
gen. 

Hip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
pliur. 

Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 

Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 

September  21 

September  22 

September  23 

September  24 

September  25 

September  26 

September  27 

September  28 

September  29 

September  30 

82.6 
87.0 
85.6 
83.8 
81.8 
82.6 
84.8 
84.6 
85.0 
84.2 

4.6 
3.2 
4.4 
4.5 
5.0 
3.9 
4.5 
3.5 
2.6 
3.9 

0.4 
.5 
.6 
.4 
.3 
.6 
.9 
.6 
.5 
.4 

1.4 
1.0 
1.4 
1.6 
1.7 
1.8 
1.1 
1.5 
1.7 
1.5 

6.4 
5.  7 
5.2 
5.4 
5.8 
6.0 
5.3 
5.8 
5.3 
5.8 

0.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 

.4 ; 

.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 

f      4.0 
\      4.5 
/      1-4 
1      1.9 
f      2.0 
\      2.5 
/      3.7 
I      4.1 
/      4.8 
\      5.2 
/      4.5 
\      4.9 
/      2.8 
\      3.2 
1      3.4 
\      3.9 
1      4.3 
1      4.8 
f      3.7 
I      4.2 

\    SO.  4 
[    76.8 
}     79.1 
\    77.6 
j-    76.8 
\    76.1 
\    83.2 
\    76.4 
\    75.3 
\    81.0 

6.9 
6.4 
9.1 
7.7 
8.4 

10.5 
7.8 
7.6 

11.1 
6.0 

12.6 
16.7 
11.8 
14.6 
14.8 
13.3 
8.6 
15.9 
13.5 
13.0 

Average 

84.3  1        4.1             .5  1        1.5 

5.7 

4  !/      3.5 
•^   \      3.9 

\    78.2 

8.1 

13.6 

SECOND  BENZOATE  PERIOD. 


October  1 

84.5 
83.8 
?2.1 
82.4 
81.5 
81.7 
82.0 

4.2 
5.5 
4.1 
5.0 
5.4 
3.5 
4.3 

0.6 
.5 
.6 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

5.7 
6.0 
5.3 
5.3 
5.7 
5.9 
5.8 

0.7 
.7 
.7 
.7 
.7 
.7 
7 

/      2.6 
\      3.2 
f      2.0 
1      2.2 
/      5.6 
I      6.2 
(      4.5 
5.2 
f      4.3 
I      5.0 
f      5.7 
i      6.4 
f      4.7 
I      5.5 

l    80.0 
\    81.5 
\    80.3 
\    78.4 
[    85.2 
I    80.6 
j-    76.8 

8.1 
10.4 
8.1 
5.6 
8.3 
7.5 
11.7 

11.8 

October  2 

7.4 

11.6 

October  4 

.3  1        1.7 
.5           1.6 
.4           1.9 

.5  1        1.7 

16.0 

October  5 

6.5 

October  6 

11.9 

October  7 

11.2 

Average 

82.4 

4.5 

.5 

1.6 

5.7 

.7 

f      4.4 
i      5.1 

\    80.3 

8.5 

10.9 

October  8 

..  82.6 

4.8 
4.4 
4.5 
5.2 
5.1 
5.2 
5.0 

.6 

.6 
.6 
.3 
.3 
2 
.2 

1.4 
1.5 
1.7 
1.8 
1.7 
1.7 

5.5 

5.2 
6.3 
6.3 
6.2 
.^3 

.7 
.7 
.8 
.8 
.7 
.7 
.7 

f      4.3 
I      5.1 
I      3.4 
I      4.2 
f      2.4 
\      3.3 
f      2.6 
i      3.5 
f      2.3 
\      3.1 
1      5.4 
\      6.2 
(      6.1 
\      6.9 

|.    79.8 
\    83.6 
\    84.6 
1    84.3 
\    77.4 
\    75.6 
\    74.1 

8.7 
7.7 
8.1 
6.5 
8.2 
8.5 
8.9 

11.0 

October  9 

83.9 
83.4 
82.8 
83.6 
81.3 
80.3 

8.6 

October  10 

7.3 

October  11 

9.2 

October  12 

14.4 

October  13 

15.9 

October  14 

1.7           5.8 

17.0 

Average 

82.6 

4.9 

.4 

1.6 

5.8 

A  r. 

\    79.7 

8.0 

12.2 

78.6 
83.5 
81.7 
84.3 
82.3 

5.5 

3.8 
4.3 
3.4 
4.1 

.5 

.2 
.2 
.1 
.4 

1.8 
1.6 
1.8 
1.6 
1.6 

6.1 
5.9 
5.2 
4.9 
5.3 

2.2 
2.0 
1.9 
1.7 
1.8, 

/      4.4 
\      6.5 
f      2.5 
i      4.6 
/      4.6 
\      6.5 
/      3.6 
\      5.3 
/      4.3 
\      6.2 

\    78.3 
}•    89.9 
\    78.8 
i    79.1 
I    76.5 

9.1 
9.0 

7.2 
4.4 
10.2 

12.6 

October  16 

10.9 

October  17 

14.0 

October  18 

16.5 

October  19 

13.2 

l^FLUE^Ci:  OF  bODlUAl    IJE.XZO.VTK   ON    2s  UTUriIO>;    .VND    liKALTlL.    liUi 

Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject  K.  H.  Gi-.-Contlnued. 
SECOND  BENZOATK  PEUIOD— Continued. 


Date. 

Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 

Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Uric 

aciil 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Hip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 

Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 

Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 

October  20 

81.0 
81.0 

4.2 
4.4 

0.2 
.2 

1.0 
1.9 

5.5 
6.1 

1.9 
2.0 

{  fi 

I      4.3 
\      6.4 

V    72.6 

10.9 
6.7 

15  9 

October  21 

20.7 

Average 

82.0 

4.2 

.2 

1.7 

5.6 

1.9 

(      4.2 
i      6.1 

1    76.7 

8.2 

15.1 

October  22 

79. 2          r,.  a 

.3 

.4 
.5 
.2 
.5 
.4 
.3 

1.3 
1.2 
1.6 
1.4 
1.4 
1.3 
1.3 

5.4 
5.4 
6.1 
5.0 
5.4 
5.3 
4.9 

2.9 

/      .5.4 

}•    73.4 

i    77.2 
\    53.7 
}•    72.5 
\    73.0 
\    7.3.4 
\    79.6 

9.8          ifi  S 

October  23 

80.5 
79.2 
79.3 
79.6 
79.4 
78.8 

5.5 
4.0 
4.5 
4.5 
3.3 
5.0 

I.      ».6 
2.9    '■!      ?•? 

8.7 

6.4 
9.0 
7.4 
7.5 

14  1 

October  24 

3.0 
2.9 

/      5.5 
t      8.5 
i      6.4 

11.8 

Octol>er  2,5. 

21  0 

October  26 

1       9. 3 

2.9    i/     5-5 

18.0 

October  27 

2.8 
2.8 

I      ».  5 
1      7.3 
V    10.2 
/      6.7 
1      9.5 

17.2 

October  28..   . 

13  0 

.\verage 

79.3           4.6 

.4 

1.4 

5.4 

2.9 

/      5.8 
\      8.7 

}.    72.1 

8.1 

16.1 

FINAL  AFTER  PERIOD. 


October  29 . . 

October  30.. 
October  31 . . 
November  1. 

November  2. 

November  3 . 

November  4. 

Novemljer  5. 

November  6 

Novem1)er  7 . 


Average. 


81.7 

4.9 

0.1 

1.6 

5.6 

82.9 

4.4 

.2 

1.6 

5.6 

•     84.4 

3.9 

1.8 

5.3 

83.9 

2.9 

.2 

1.5 

4.9 

86.8 

3.4 

.4 

1.5 

5.6 

82.3 

4.3 

.2 

1.5 

5.8 

83.8 

3.9 

.2 

1.4 

4.9 

84.1 

4.2 

.1 

1.5 

5.0 

84.6 

4.1 

.2 

1.4 

4.6 

86.2 

3.7 

.4 

1.5 

4.7 

..  84.1 

3.9 

.2 

1.5 

5.1 

{  1:1} 


{  ti] 


1.8 


79.3 

7.0 

80.5 

8.7 

77.6 

8.0 

79.2 

6.7 

76.3 

9.0 

78.6 

9.0 

81.1 

6.5 

80.7 

8.7 

80.1 

9.3 

77.1 

10.8 

8.4 


Subject  ^W.  T\r.  H. 

FORE  PERIOD. 


July  6. . 
July  7.. 

July  8. . 

July  9. . 

July  10. 

July  11. 
July  12. 


84.6 
86.3 

86.3 

85.7 

83.1 

87.0 
86.3 


Average I      85. 6 


3.7 

0.5 

3.0 

.6 

3.8 

.4 

3.4 

4.3 

.1 

3.3 

2.8 

.3 

.1 

1.4 
1.2 

1.5 

1.9 

1.7 

1.4 
1.7 


4.2 
3.7 

3.6 

3.7 

3.7 

3.7 
4.4 

3.9 


.5.4 

0.1 

{ 

4.8 
4.9 

.05 

{ 

4.0 
4.1 

.7 

f 

6.1 

■''     I 

6.8 

4.1 

4.5 

{  11} 


86.0 

88.2 

86.5 

83.1 
84.6 

85.3 


9.6 


7.4 

6.0 

6.3 

6.1 
3.0 

6.4 


202 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject  "W.  "W.  H.— Continued. 

FORE  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 


July  13 

July  14 

July  15 

July  16 

July  17 , 

July  18 

July  19 

Average 


Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 


85.2 
86.2 
86.7 
85.2 
87.2 
84.2 


Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 


5.4 
4.2 
2.0 
3.1 
3.8 
5.3 
4.2 


86.0 


3.9 


Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 


0.3 
.1 
.1 
.05 
.04 
.2 
.3 


Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


1.3 
1.7 
1.6 
1.6 

1.7 
1.8 
2.1 


Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 


4.4 
4.3 
4.3 
4.5 
4.2 
4.6 
5.9 


4.5 


Hip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 


1.7 
4.3 
5.6 
3.8 
4.9 
.7 
3.1 


Inor- 
ganic 

sul- 
phur. 


88.2 
81.4 


71.8 
74.3 


Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 


9.0 


5.4 
6.4 


6.9 

8.4 


7.1 


Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 


2.9 
12.0 
18.9 

3.7 


21.2 
17.3 


FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD. 


July  20. 
July  21. 

July  22. 

July  23. 

July  24. 
July  25. 
July  26. 


86.8 
85.1 

4.1 
4.1 

88.5 

3.4 

86.2 

3.8 

86.0 
86.1 
84.3 

3.6 
3.3 

2.7 

Average. 


86.1 


July  27... 
July  28... 
July  29... 
July  30... 
July  31... 
August  1 . 
August  2. 


Average. 


Augusts. 
August  4. 
August  5. 
August  6. 
August  7. 
August  8. 
August  9. 


Average. 


August  10. 

August  11. 

August  12. 
August  13. 
August  14. 
August  15. 
August  16. 


Average. 


August  17. 
August  18. 
August  19. 
August  20. 
August  21. 
August  22. 
August  23. 


Average. 


August  24. 
August  25. 
August  26. 


84.0  I 
82.9  I 
84.3 
86.8 
83.6  I 
85.5 

87.1  ! 


84.9 


82.3 
87.4 
87.4  I 
88. 9  '• 
87.2  i 


88.6 

87.3 
83.8 
87.2 
85.2 
85.3 


85.4 
83.3 
84.2 
84.6 
85.4 
82.4 
85.1 


84.3 


82.8 
85.6 
85.3 


0.3 
.2 
.07 


3.1 
4.6 
3.5 
3.4 
3.5 
4.6 
3.4 


.13 


3.8 


4.3 
3.6 
5.3 
3.4 
2.8 
3.0 
2.8 


86.1  !        3.6 


86.  6  I        3. 3 


2.3 

3.0 
3.9 
2.5 
3.5 
3.0 


3.0 


2.2 
3.1 
3.5 
2.8 
2.6 
2.9 
2.6 


.06 


1.9 
1.7 

2.0 

1.8 

2.1 
1.7 
1.8 


1.8 
2.0 
2.0 
1.9 
2.1 
2.1 
1.9 


2.0 


2.1 
2.1 
1.5 
1.9 
2.2 
2.0 
1.9 


2.7 


3.7 
3.1 
3.5 


1.6 

1.8 
2.0 
2.2 
2.0 
1.8 


1.9 
1.9 
2.1 
2.2 
2.2 
2.0 
2.1 


2.1 


2.1 
2.1 
1.8 


5.1 
4.4 

5.2 


5.9 
4.6 
5.3 


1.6 


5.2 
5.8 
5.8 
5.5 
6.1 
5.6 
5.4 


.2 

.4 

2.6 

2.7 


4.2 
5.8 


3.0 


5.7 
4.4 
4.2 
2.2 
4.7 
2.0 
2.0 


5.8 
6:5 
5.6 
5.1 
5.1 
5.6 
4.9 


3.4 
2.7 
4.7 


4.8 

5.2 
6.2 
5.1 
5.8 
5.5 


5.2 


5.5 
6.4 
6.8 
6.0 
6.0 
6.2 
6.1 


6.1 


6.2 
6.8 
5.4 


-{ 

-i 


3.1 
3.7 
1.7 
2.2 
2.5 
3.7 
2.9 
3.1 
4.1 


2.4 
3.2 


4.3 
4.8 
2.8 
4.0 
3.7 
6.0 
3.3 


i{  m 


4.2 


78.2 

81.4 

78.7 
78.1 
71.2 


76.8 


74.3 
69.3 
77.6 
79.1 
72.2 
71.1 
76.8 


74.1 


68.2 
62.2 
09.4 
79.0 
82.7 
77.3 
74.9 


78.2 

72.4 
72.6 

oae 

83.6 
83.2 
75.6 


76.0 


4.3 
6.0 

7.0 

5.1 

5.8 
6.0 
2.8 


73.1 


4.2 
6.5 
4.4 
5.3 
6.4 
7.2 
5.7 


5.6 


7.1 
5.3 
7.3 
4.3 
6.0 
8.4 
6.0 


6.3 


6.6 

6.6 

6.1 
9.0 
6.6 
8.8 
5.8 


7.0 


72.1 

7.2 

69.6 

8.0 

71.7 

13.1 

72.2 

9.4 

81.7 

7.0 

69.1 

7.7 

75.6 

4.8 

8.3 


19.5 
19.2 


13.4 

15.5 
15.8 
26.0 


17.8 


21.5 
24.6 
17.9 
15.6 
21.4 
21.7 
17.4 


17.4 


24.7 
32.5 
23.3 
16.7 
11.3 
14.3 
19.1 


20.0 


20.8 

21.2 
22^3 
10.7 
7.9 
18.5 


17.0 


20.6 
22.4 
15.2 
18.3 
11.2 
23.1 
19.5 


18.4 


78.7 

7.3} 

13.8 

80.6 

5.5  1 

13.7 

79.8 

7.2 

13.0 

TNFLVKXrK  OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE  ON  NUTRTTION  AND  HEALTH.       203 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Contiuued. 

Siab.ieot  '^V.  AV.  H.— Continued. 

FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD— Continued. 


September  21 . 
September  22. 
September  2.3. 
September  24 . 
September  25. 
September  26. 


FIRST  AFTER  PERIOD. 


I'rea 
Date.                 nitro- 
gen. 

Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creat- 
inine 

nitro- 
gen. 

Hip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 

Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 

Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 

August  27 

86.2 

86.8 
79.8 
76.0 

3.2 

1.7 

0.2 

2.0 

C.1 

6.2 
7.4 
7.4 

0.7 

f      1.4 
\      2.1 

}    78.6 

71.5 
79.3 
80.0 

5.8 

10.5 
13.5 
5.7 

15.6 

August  28 

2. 2 

18  0 

August  29 

August  30 

3. 5  i      .  i       1        2. 5 

7. 6  .6               2. 1 





6.4 
6.0 

7.3 
14.4 

Average 

August  31 

83.4  j        3.7 

.3 

2.1 

6.4 

.5 

/      2.7 
\      4.2 

J-    78.2 

7.9 

13.8 

80.4          4.3          .5 

1.9 

1.9 
2.3 

2.0 

2.1 
1.9 
2.5 

8.4 

6.0 
6.5 

5.9 

6.5 
7.3 
5.7 

1.1 

.8 
.8 

.8 

1      .3.4 
I      4.4 

/■■■-i.'g' 

\      5.8 
2.9 

}•    84.3 

81.0 
82.0 

\    79.7 

79.8 
82.4 
84.2 

6.8 

«  s 

September  1 

R5.R          X4 

6.2  1         12.8 

September  2 ' 

2.7 

.2 

5.0 
6.7 

5.3 

7.0 

12.3 

September  .3 

September  4 

Septembers 

82.1 
85.4 

4.0  1        .02 

3.2          .2 
4.4           .4 
3.4           .2 

13.5 
14.8 

Q  9 

September  6 

83.4 

4.6 

4.8           li.O 

Average 

83.3           3.6 

.3            2. 1 

1 

6.6 

.9 

r      4.1 

\    81.7 

6. 0           12. 1 

September  7 

Septembers 

September  9 

September  10 

September  11 

September  12 

September  13 

83.4 
8.5.9 
84.3 
84.8 
84.1 
84.0 
85.2 

4.3 
3.2 
4.1 
3.3 
4.8 
3.9 
3.9 

2 

1 
2 

1 
2 
1 
2 

2.3 
2.5 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.2 
2.1 

7.1 
6.9 
7.2 
6.3 
7.1 
6.2 
5.2 

.5 
.6 
.4 
.4 
.5 
.4 
.4 

{  i! 

{   .:? 

1       1.5 
\      2.0 
/      2.9 
\      3.3 

r     1.1 

t      1.6 
1      2.9 
\      3.4 
f      2.8 

1    86.6 
[    80.2 
}•    79.0 
},T., 
J-    84.4 
}■    84.4 
I 

6.9 
7.0 
5.4 
7.9 
7.6 
10.4 

6.4 
12.1 
15.6 
14.3 
7.8 
5.1 

V       6..i 

( 

Average 

84.4 

3.9 

2 

2.2  1        6.5 

■*\{  It 

}■    82.0 

7.6 

10.2 

September  H 

September  15 

87.6 
85.1 
83.7 

84.2 

85.4 

84.8 

85.2 

4.1 
4.2 
3.3 

.3.9 

3.3 

3.1 

4.4 

.04 

2.0  1        4.9 

2.2  1        5.6 
2.2  '        5.5 

2.1  6.0 

1 

1.9           5.0 

1.8  5.6 

1.9  6.0 

-  (IT 

•Hi  i:l 

o    /      4.0 
•'*    1       4.3 

3    /      1-9 
•"*    \      2.2 

}    83.8 

79.6 

j-    76.8 

}■    80.1 

\    81.8 

[    82.7 

}•    82.0 

7.4 
11.3 
7.3 

6.5 

5.6 

7.2 

4.2 

8.8 
9.1 

September  16 

September  17 

September  18 

September  19 

September  20 

.1 
.08 
.1 
.1 

.1 

15.7 
13.4 
12.4 
10.0 
13.8 

Average 

84.8 

3.7 

.1 

2.0  '        5.5             .3    {      11 

:                1                1 

1    81.0 

7.0 

11.9 

86.8 

3.3 

0.1 

1.9 

6.1 

0.2  jl 

1.1 
1.3 

}-    85.3 

5. 5 

87.2 

3.0 

.2 

2.0 

6.1 

■^^ 

1.1 
1.3 

\    81.2 

7.7 

86.7 

4.4 

.1 

1.6 

5.0 

.2 

{ 

1.8 
2.0 

\    81.2 

6.8 

85.3 

3.8 

.2 

2.0 

6.5 

.2 

( 

1.6 
1.8 

I    84.0 

6.0 

85.7 

4.4 

.05 

2.1 

5.7 

.2 

{ 

2.0 
2.2 

\    86.7 

7.7 

82.7 

3.6 

.3 

2.2 

6.6 

.2 

{ 

4.0 
4.3 

}■    82.6 

7.9 

204 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 
Svab.ject  "W.  ~W.  H.— Continued. 
FIRST  AFTER  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 

Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 

^^-      Purine      ^™       ^''®^*" 
monia  i  ^"jV""®  ,    acid    !   inine 
nitro-  i  °"„     1  nitro-  ,  nitro- 
gen.       *=            gen.    1    gen. 

Hip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 

Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 

Neu- 
tral 

sul- 
phur. 

September  27 

September  28 

September  29 

September  .30 

83.7 
83.9 

as.  7 

84.1 

.5. 0       0. 
3.8          .3 
3.2  '        .2 
3.5           .2 

1.7  6.0 

1.8  i        6.2 
2.2  1        7.4 
2.0           6.3 

0.2 
.2 
.3 
.3 

f      2.8 
1      3.0 
/      3.4 
\      3.7 
f      2.7 
1      3.0 
1      3.6 
\       3.9 

1    80.9 
\    8,3.0 
\    79.2 
\    79.3 

7.6 

8.4 

10.6 

G.2 

11.6 
8.6 
10.2 
14.3 

Average 

8.5.0 

3.8 

.2            2.0  j        6.1 

2    /      2.2 
•2    \      2.5 

1 

j-    82.1 

7. 3           10. 1 

SECOND  BENZOATE  PERIOD. 


October  1. 

October  2. 
October  3. 
October  4 . 

Octobers. 

October  6. 

October  7 . 


Average. 


October  8. 


October  9 . . 
October  10. 
October  11. 

October  12. 

October  13. 

October  14. 


Average. 


October  15. 


October  16. 
October  17. 
October  18. 

October  19. 

October  20. 
October  21. 


Average. 

October  22 

October  23 


October  24. 
October  25. 


82.8 

4.5 

85.4 

3.4 

84.4 

5.1 

84.6 

4.2 

84.6 

4.1 

83.7 

4.3 

86.2 

3.6 

84.6 


84.7 

83.1 
85.7 
81.6 

85.9 

83.4 

83.1 


83.8 


81.9 

83.8 
84.4 
79.8 

85.5 

85.7 
84.0 


83.7 


81.6 
83.7 

80.2 

74.2 


3.9 

3.6 
3.5 
3.5 

4.6 

4.2 

3.9 


3.4 
3.7 
3.6 

3.1 

3.2 
2.8 


3.4 


4.1 
4.6 

3.1 

4.6 


0.1 
,1 


2.0 

2.2 
2.1 

2.5 

2.0 
1.9 
2.2 


6.7 

0.6 

/ 

^ 

3.1 

3  7 

5.9 

.5 

{ 

1.8 
2.4 

5  9 

.5 

5.9 

.5 

1 

1.9 
2.5 

6.1 

.6 

{ 

2.2 
2.8 

5.8 

.5 

{ 

3.4 
4.0 

6.3 

.5 

{ 

.9 

1.5 

2.1 


2.-2 
2.8 


1.8 

2.7 
2.5 
2.6 

1.9 

1.8 

2.0 


6.0 

6.4 
7.2 
7.2 

6.1 

5.7 

6.0 


2.3 
3.2 
3.3 

4.2 


2.2  j 


2.3 

1.8 
2.4 
2.2 


1.9 
2.3 


5.9 

5.5 
5.9 
5.8 

5.8 

5.8 
5.8 


5.8 


1.7 
1.5 

2.0 

2.2 


5.6 
5.4 

6.1 

6.1 


1.6 
1.8 
1.7 


1.6 
1.7 


2.4 
2.4 

2.5 

2.8 


4.0 
4.8 
.4 
1.1 
3.8 
4.6 
4.1 
4.9 


3.0 
3.9 


3.9 
5.7 
3.0 
5.3 


6.5 
8.2 
1.7 
3.4 


{   tU 


{  5:n 


2.4 
4.7 
6.0 
8.5 
10.7 
13.6 


V    81.5 

I    86.0 

81.6 

\    77.6 

1    85.5 

85.9 

82.1 


7.9 

8.1 
6.4 
5.1 

6.4 

7.0 

11.6 


82.9 


^84.2 


84.2 


82.7 


82.9 


7.4 


85.6 

6.3 

83.6 

6.0 

85.5 

6.4 

84.6 

7.7 

83.0 

8.8 

83.8 

6.4 

84.3 

7.8 

85.2 

7.1 

84.3 

3.5 

82.0 

7.0 

80.9 
81.8 

7.1 
3.8 

5.9 


79.6 

7.1 

80.2 

7.6 

88.3 

8.4 

87.6 

4.7 

I^'^LUEKC'E  OF  SODIUM  BE^'ZOATE  UJS'   NUTiUTlO^;  AND  HEALTH.       205 

Percentages  of  total  nitrotjeii  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continutid. 

Sulaject  ^V.  AV.  H.-Continued. 
SECOND  BENZOATE  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 

! 

"'^••"-     niUo"     °'^^°- 
e«"-        gen         een. 

Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Hip- 

piiric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 

Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 

Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 

Octobt^r  2(i . 

Ootobor  27 

Octobor  2s 

Tfi.J           4.7         0.1 
82, 7           3. 0  '        .1 
79.3           5.0  1        .02 

1.9 
2.2 
1.8 

5.6 
5.6 
5.8 

2.5 
2.0 
2.7 

/      5.8 
\     8.3 
/      3.6 
1      0.2 
1      5.1 
t      7.9 

]•    78.5 
}•    77.0 
i    79.5 

8.4 
7.4 
7.6 

13.1 
15.5 
12.9 

.Vverage 

80.0           4.1  j        .1 

1.9          5.7 

2  6    !/      5-4 
^•^     \      8.2 

}•    81.0 

7.4           11.5 

FINAL  AFTER  PERIOD. 


October  29. . 

October  30. . 
October  31 . . 

November  1. 

November  2. 

Novcml)(>r  3 . 

November  4. 

November  5. 

November  0. 

November  7. 


Average. 


83.8 

82.5 
82.3 

85.4 

87.2 

83.3 

84.8 

81.7 

83.6 

81.5 


.3.2 
3.4 

4.7 

3.2 

3.1 

4.2 

4.8 

2.8 

3.3 


.04 
.04 
.1 
.05 


2.0 

2.1 
2.3 

2.1 

2.1 

2.3 

2.1 

1.9 

1.9 

2.2 


6.2 

5.8 
6.4 

5.9 

0.6 

6.3 

5.2 

6.2 

5.4 

5.7 


2.3 

2.2 
2.0 

2.3 

2.3 

2.1 

1.9 

2.2 

1.8 

2.0 


1.3 
3.7 


\ 


0.0    \ 
2.3    /■ 

2.7'  > 
4.9    ( 

\ 


2.7 
4.9 


{   f.l\ 


5.8 


{  U} 


77.9 

79.3 
81.2 

83.0 

86.0 

76.1 

81.2 

83.5 

88.0 

80.3 


81.7 


8.5 
7.0 

6.7 

7.4 

10.1 

6.2 

8.9 

6.6 

7.9 


7.8 


S^l^^ject  JL..  1*1.  I^. 

FORE  PERIOD. 


July  6 82. 9 

July  7 82.  5 

July  8 86.  5 

Jul  J  9 83.2 

JulylO 81.6 

July  11 1  84.1 

Julyl2 j  83.0 

.Vvprag<' 83.4 

July  13 i  80.  4 

July  14 83.4 

July  15 '  86. 0 

July  16 86. 2 

Julvl7 84.7 

July  18 82.3 

July  19 81.7 

Average 84.6 

July  20 

July  21 

July  22 

July  23 


5.0 
3.7 

3.0 

4.3 


3.8 
5.1 


3.9 


1.2 
1.5 

1.6 

1.0 


1.3 
2.3 


4.2 
5.3 

5.4 

5.2 


4.7 
5.3 


1.6 


5.2 


4.4 

.4 

1.7 

4.2 

.4 

1.7 

2.3 

.3 

1.0 

3.5 

.3 

1.0 

3.6 

.2 

2.0 

4.4 

.7 

1.7 

5.4 

.4 

1.7 

4.9 
5.0 
5.3 
5.5 
5.9 
0.4 
5.9 


0.1 
.05 
.6 


{  lU 


4.8 
5.1 


2.0 
5.2 
4.3 
2.6 
3.4 
4.4 
4.7 


82.3 


84.0 

88.0 

85.2 

80.8 
91.7 


85.3 


84.8 
78.8 
78.4 
76.6 
79.3 
74.8 


2.6 


5.9 

4.8 

6.5 

9.9 
7.2 


6.1 


5.4 
7.1 
5.4 
7.8 
6.1 
9.1 


FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD. 


84.3 
83.8 

3.9 
4.2 

0.3 
.2 

1.6 
1.6 

5.1 
5.3 

4.5 
4.6 

77.8 
76.3 

3.8 
4.8 

87.2 

3.5 

.6 

1.6 

5.2 

0.2 

\      1.5 

[    78.2 

5.8 

85.1 

3.8 

.3 

1.5 

5.4 

.2 

/      3.0 
\      3.2 

\    82.4 

5.4 

206 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentages  of  total  tdlrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject  Ij.  M!.  L.— Continued. 

FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 


July  24. 
July  25. 
July  26. 


Average 


July  27... 
July  28... 
July  29. . . 
July  30. . . 
July  31... 
Augiist  1 . 
August  2. 


.\.verage. 


Augusts. 
August  4. 
August  5. 
August  ti. 
August  7. 
August  8. 
August  9. 


Average. 


August  10. 

August  11 . 

August  12. 
August  13. 
August  14. 
August  15. 
August  If). 


-Average. 


August  17. 
August  18. 
August  19. 
August  20. 
August  21 . 
August  22. 
August  23. 


Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 


3.8 
4.3 
5.6 


84.6 


85.6 
82.7 
83.2 
82.1 
82.4 
85.3 
81.7 


83.4 


82.7 
80.2 
82.3 
80.2 
84.7 
83.2 


82.2 


83.3 

87.3 

83.4 
81.9 
85.9 
85.3 
79.1 


Average. 


August  24. 
August  25. 
August  26. 

August  27. 

August  28. 
August  29. 
August  30. 


82.1 


83.3 
83.1 
85.5 

83.2 

84.7 
79.7 
77.6 


Average. 


August  31 

September  1 . 
September  2. 

Septembers. 


79.9 
82.8 
83.2 

82.3 


4.1 


Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 


0.2 
.15 
.2 


Uric  I  Creat- 
acid  I  inine 
nitro-  j  nitro- 
gen. I    gen. 


llip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 


1.8 
1.8 
2.2 


5.3 
4.7 
5.0 


3.4 
4.3 
4.6 


5.1 


2.1 
3.7 


4.4 
5.5 
4.6 
4  7 
4.3 
4.2 
4.9 


4.8 
S.9 
4.6 
3.8 
3.7 
4.0 
4.6 


4.S 


2.9 

4.2 
3.5 
3.2 

4.7 
5.4 


83.7 

4.0 

80.9 

3.9 

79.2 

3.3 

84.1 

3.4 

84.6 

3.4 

80.4 

3.4 

83.6 

2.9 

81.7 

4.0 

3.2 
3.6 
2.8 


3.8 
5.9 


3.5 


4.7 
3.7 
4.0 

4.3 


2.1 
2.3 
2.2 
2.0 
2.2 
2.3 
1.8 


4.9 
6.6 
6.2 
6.4 
7.0 
6.4 
6.2 


2.1 
2.2 
2.2 
2.0 
2.3 
1.9 
1.9 


5.7 
6.5 
6.3 
0.2 
7.0 
6.1 
6.6 


2.8 
2.6 
3.3 
4.4 
3.7 
1.4 
4  7 


5.9 
4.2 
6.2 


6.5 
2.7 
3.1 


2.1 

5.7 

■u 

1.8 

5.7 

.8   j 

1.8 

6.3 

2.2 

6.7 

1.7 

6.6 

2.1 

7.4 

1.9 

7.1 

3.7 
4.5 
1.1 
2.0 
3.6 
5.4 
1.4 
.0 
6.1 


I     7. 


1.9 


6.5 


2.4 
3.3 


2.8 
2.4 
2.2 
2.0 
2.4 
2.0 
2.0 


8.2 
7.1 
7.1 
6.7 
6.8 


4.4 
7.0 
2.0 
2.7 
6.4 
4.1 
4.5 


2.2 
2.0 
1.8 


2.1 
2.9 
2.2 


2.6 
2.0 
2.0 


6.1 
6.3 
5.8 


7.1  !. 

7.1  1. 

7.2  . 


3.9 
4.8 
3.9 
4.4 
3.6 
3.8 
4.2 
5.0 
3.1 
5.7 
6.4 


8.2 
6.8 
6.6 


4.0 

4.7 


3.7 
4.3 


3.2 
3.8 
3.7 
4.3 


Inor-  Eth©-  Neu- 
ganic  real  j  tral 
sul-  sul-  sul- 
phur, phur.  pliur. 


77.9 
78.3 
75.8 


78.2 


78.0 
75.3 

76.7 
78.4 
76.2 
70.0 
76.7 


76.1 


70.5 
69.3 
70.8 
71.6 
74.5 
69.1 
77.5 


71.8 


09. 7 

75.6 
71.6 
78.9 

t>7.5 
73.2 


73.1 


67.0 
67.2 
69.2 


77.4  i 
77.1  I 
74.4 


71.7 


78.6 
75.5 
74.9 

74.1 

75.6 
75.3 

76.7 


80.6 
74.4 
82.3 

82.1 


4.4 
6.0 
4.5 


4.9 


3.4 
6.2 
5.3 
3.6 
5.6 
7.9 
4.7 


5.3 


5.8 
6.2 
5.7 
5.6 
9.0 
8.1 
4.6 


6.3 


6.7 

5.3 
7.0 
5.9 
7.9 
2.8 


6.1 


5.8 
6.3 
6.9 


6.2 
9.2 
4.0 


4.7 
4.7 
7.5 

6.3 

10.8 
8.9 
11.7 


7.4 


6.1 
6.9 
4.0 


NFLUKNCE  OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE  ON   NUTRITION   AND  HEALTH.       207 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sxdphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject  Xj.  ]Vt.  Ij.— Continued. 
FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 

Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 

Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creatr 
inine 

nitro- 
gen. 

Hip-     Unde- 
purlc   1     ter- 
acid     [  mined 
nitro-      nitro- 
gen,       gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 

Slli- 

phur. 

Etlie- 
real 
'  sul- 
phur. 

Neu- 
tral 

sul- 
phur. 

September  4 

SeptPinber  5 

84.2 

84.  (i 

4.0 
3.7 

0.3 

.5 
.5 

2.1 
2.0 
1.9 

6.5 
7.1 
6.4 

1 

2.7 

1.9 

;        4.6 

79.5 
79.2 
7.3.4 

4.5 
8.3 

15.9 

19  7 

Septeml>er  6 

82.3  ;        3.9 

6.1  '        20.4 

Average 

82.7  :        4.0 

1 

.3 

2.1 

5.9 

0.6 

;    3.5 

\      3.0 

^    78.8 

6.1 

15.1 

September  7 

Septembers 

September  9 

September  10 

September  11 

September  12 

September  13 

82.7 
84.3 
84.7 
86.8 
83.8 
83.4 
85.1 

3.5 

2.8 
3.6 
2.9 
5.1 
4.1 
4.0 

.3 
.3 
.2 
.3 
.5 
.3 
.3 

2.4 

2.2 
2.0 
1.8 
2.8 
2.3 
2.2 

7.3 

6.5 
6.4 
6.7 
7.0 
6.0 
5.7 

.4 
.3 
.4 
.3 
.4 
.3 
.3 

1      3.1 
1,      3.5 
/      3.2 
\      3.0 
j      2.6 
\      3.0 

\      1.3 

/        -2 
I        -6 
f      3.4 
\      3.8 
(      2.4 
\      2.7 

[    81.6 

\    79.7 
j-    79.4 
\    78.5 
1    8.5.3 
\    85.2 
\    80.6 

6.8 
7.0 
4.5 
8.6 
6.6 
7.1 
0.5 

11.6 
1.3.3 
16.1 
12.9 
8.1 
7.6 
12.9 

Average 

84.4 

3.7 

.3 

2.2 

6.5 

.3 

f      2.6 
t      2.9 

\    81.5 

0.6 

11.9 

September  14 

Septemlier  15 

Septemlier  If) 

September  17 

September  18 

September  19 

September  20 

81.7 
83.7 
84.5 
85.2 
85.3 
84.7 
81.5 

4.0 
4.9 
3.3 
3.7 
2.4 
3.2 
.3.8 

.3 
.3 
.2 
.3 
.3 
.2 
.7 

2.2 
1.8 
2.2 
1.8 
1.9 
1.9 
1.7 

6.2 
5.9 
6.2 
6.2 
5.7 
5.8 
6.5 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
.9 
1.0 
1.1 

(      4.6 
I      5.6 
/      1.9 
\      2.9 
i      2.4 
\      3.4 
/      1.5 
\      2.5 
/      3.1 
I      4.1 
(      3.0 
\      4.0 
f      4.5 
\      5.6 

}■    82.6 
j-    82.1 
^    80.4 
\    79.1 
[    80.4 
}■    81.8 
}•    81.3 

6.8 
6.8 
8.0 
7.3 
6.0 
8.0 
6.4 

10.5 
11.0 
11.6 
13.6 
13.6 
10.2 
12.3 

.\verage 

83.8 

3.6             .3 

1.9 

6.1           1.0 

/      3.0 
\      4.0 

I    81.1 

7.1 

11.8 

FIRST  AFTER  PERIOD. 


September  21 . 
September  22. 
September  23. 
September  24. 
September  25. 
September  26. 
September  27 . 
September  28 . 
September  29 . 
September  30. 


Average. 


80.3 

3.2 

0.4 

1.9 

6.6 

0.3 

/      1.3 
\      1.6 

) 

8.5.4 

6.7 

87.0 

2.6 

.4 

2.1 

6.7 

.2 

/        -7 
1       1.0 

84.2 

7.1 

84.6 

4.3 

.3 

2.0 

6.5 

.3 

/      1.6 
\      2.0 

81.4 

6.8 

84.3 

4.1 

.3 

2.0 

6.3 

.2 

/      2.5 

1      2.8 

81.5 

6.4 

84.4 

3.7 

_  2 

2.0 

6.1 

.2 

/      3.3 
\      3.6 

81.9 

7.4 

83.0 

4.1 

.4 

2.0 

6.2 

.2 

/      4.0 
\      4.3 

77.9 

7.9 

83.7 

4.3 

.6 

1.6 

6.5 

.3 

t      2.7 
\      3.0 

81.6 

7.0 

83.7 

3.0 

.4 

1.8 

6.3 

.3 

(      4.5 

77.5 

7.5 

83.6 

3.3 

.5 

1.7 

6.8 

.3 

/      b.5 
\      3.8 

80.2 

8.8 

80.4 

3.1 

.2 

1.9 

6.3 

.3 

{   11 

80.5 

4.0 

84.7 

3.6 

.4 

1.9 

6.4 

.2 

/      2.6 

\      2.8 

} 

81.3 

6.9 

208 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject  L.  Ml.  Ij.— Continued. 

SECOND  BENZOATE  PERIOD. 


Date. 

Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 

Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

3.5 
4.1 
4.7 
3.9 
3.3 
3.5 
5.2 

Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Hip- 
punc 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 

1 
Inor-     Ethe-      Neu- 
ganic       real         tral 
sul-         sul-         sul- 
phur. .  phur.      piiur. 

1 

October  1             

82.0 
84.3 

0.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 
.6 

2.0 
2.1 
1.9 
1.9 
1.9 
2.1 
2.4 

6.3 
6.0 
6.0 
6.2 
6.1 
6.3 
6.8 

0.7 

.  7 
.7 
.  7 

.7 
.7 

(      4.8 
\      5.6 
1      2.1 
\      2.8 
/      3.5 
1      4.2 
1       1.0 
\      1.7 
/      3.5 
\      4.2 
1      4.4 
\      5.1 
/      1.8 
\      2.6 

[    83.4 
\    82.3 
|-    87.9 
\    85.1 
j-    86.4 
}     82.1 

9.1  1        16.4 

8.8  ■          7.8 

October  3 

October  4 

Octobers 

October  6 

82.6 
85.7 
84.0 
82.4 
82.3 

,.3 
6.2 
6.2 
6.6 
11.9 

10.3 
5.9 
8.7 
7.0 
6.0 

Average 

83.4 

4.1 

.4 

2.0 

6.2             .7 

1      3.0 
\      3.7 

[    83.2 

8.1 

8.8 

Octobers 

October  9 

October  10 

82.6 
81.6 
82.1 

5.5 
4.0 
3.9 
4.3 
4.8 
3.6 
4.8 

.6 
.4 
.2 
.2 
.4 
.1 
.2 

2.5 
2.0 
2.2 
2.1 
2.0 
2.3 
1.9 

6.8           1.1 
7.0           1.1 
7.0  ;        1.0 
7.0           1.0 
6.5           1.0 

j  d 
11 

1      3.3 
\      4.4 
/      3.1 
[      4.2 
/      1.9 
\      2.9 
/      4.4 
\      5.4 
/      3.8 
\      4.7 

[    83.4 
\    84.2 
\    81.3 
j-    83.2 
[    81.8 
\    83.3 
\    83.0 

8.4 
7.7 
7.8 

8.2 
8.1 
10.9 

October  11 

82.2 

1 
6.7  i        10.1 

October  12 

83.3 

82.8 
82.6 

8.2 

9.9 

October  13 

October  14. 

5.7 
5.6 

1.0 
.9 

7.6 

6.0 

9.2 
11.0 

1 

Average 

82.6 

4.4 

.3 

2.1 

6.5 

1.0 

/      2.8 
I      3.9 

[    82.8 

7.4 

9.7 

October  IS 

80.2 
80.7 
82.0 

80.7 
81.1 
82.  3 

84.2 

5.8 
5.3 
4.4 
3.8 
3.9 
3.9 
3.8 

.3 

2.9 

6.2 
6.4 
6.5 
7.4 
6.8 
6.7 

1.7 
1.8 
1.9 
2.0 
1.8 
1.7 

f      3.0 
1      4.7 
/      3.2 
\      5.1 
/      2.5 
\      4.4 
/      2.6 
I      4.7 
/      4.1 
\      5.9 
f      2.4 

\      4-2 
\      3.1 

\    76.6 
\    79.4 
\    79.6 
\    81.2 
\    78.0 
[     77.7 
[    78.8 

6.8 

ae 

8.0 

16.5 

October  IG 

.3 

2.1 

12.0 

October  17 

.3 

2 

2.3 
2.8 

12.4 

October  18 

4.6           14.2 

October  19 

.3           1.9 

6.7           15.2 

October  20 

.4 
.3 

2.3 
2.1 

6.8  1        15.3 

October  21 . 

1 
6.4  1        1.7 

5.0  1        16.1 

1 

Average 

81.7 

4.4 

.3 

2.3 

6.6 

i;8 

/      2.8 
\      4.6 

\    78.7 

6.6 

14.5 

October  22 . 

81.3 
81.3 
80.3 
79.8 
77.4 
78.4 
79.8 

4.5 
5.0 
3.7 
4.8 
4.3 
3.0 
4.8 

.1 
.4 
.4 
.2 
.3 
.3 
.1 

2.0 
1.6 
1.9 
2.1 
2.0 
2.3 
1.9 

6.1 
6.1 
6.1 
6.8 
6.9 
6.9 

3.8 
3.9 
3.8 
4.5 
4.6 
4.2 

f      2.1 
t      5.9 
f      2.3 
\      6.2 
1      3.6 
1      7.5 
/      1.5 
\      6.0 
/      4.2 
\      8.8 
f      4.7 
1      9.0 
/      2.0 
\      6.5 

[    79.6 
\    79.3 
\    82.2 
I    77.9 
\    76.9 
\    73.2 
\    79.0 

7.0 
9.6 
9.0 
5.8 

8.7 
7.0 

7. 5 

13.2 

October  23 

10.6 

October  24 

8.7 

October  25 

16.2 

October  26 

14.4 

October  27 .    .       .     . 

19.8 

October  28 

6. 7           4. 5 

13.4 

Average 

79.6 

4.2 

.2 

2.0 

6. 5          4. 1 

/      2.9 
\      7.1 

^    78.4 

7.9 

13.6 

INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH.       209 

Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject  Ij.  M.  Ij.— Continued 

FINAL  AFTER  PERIOD. 


Dat«. 

TTrea 
nitro- 
gen. 

Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Hlp- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 

ter- 
n\ined 
nitro- 
gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 

Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 

Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 

October  29 

83.4 
85.2 
84.3 
82.4 
87.7 
82.9 
83.8 
85.1 
85.6 
82.0 

4.1 
4.0 
3.1 
4.5 
2.9 
3.3 
4.0 
3.7 
3.4 
3.3 

0.2 

1.8 
2.1 
2.3 
2.1 
2.0 
2.1 
1.8 
1.9 
1.9 
1.9 

6.3 
6.3 
6.2 
6.9 
6.6 
7.2 
5.7 
5.5 
5.6 
5.2 

02.1 

2.1 
1.8 
2.2 
2.0 
2.2 
1.8 
1.7 
1.7 
1.6 

f    1.6 
\    37 
1      .02 
i     2  1 

I    2  1 
1     4  0 
1     1.5 
\    3.7 
1      .0 
\    2.0 
(     1.8 
\    4.0 
/    28 
\     4  6 
/     1.8 
\    3.5 
t    14 
i    3.1 
/    5.3 
\    7.0 

\    75.6 
[    73.4 
[    75.0 
j-    80.8 
1    81.2 
\    79.8 
J-    78.7 
[80.5 
[7,., 

7.9 
8.5 
8.4 
6.3 
8.0 
8.1 
5.6 
7.4 
7.1 
8.3 

15.9 

October  30 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

04 

1 

15.9 

Octol)er  31 

18.2 

18.7 

November  2 

11.1 

Novembers 

November  4 

10.7 
14.5 

November  5 

13.9 

Novemlier  0 

12.4 

November  7 

13.0 

Average 

84.4 

3.6 

1 

2. 0  1        6. 1 

^•«  {  kl 

\    78.0 

7.5 

14.4 

Subject  .7.  W.  T^ 
FORE  PERIOD. 


July  6 

80.4 
79.7 

82.0 

81.1 

81.3 

81.3 
78.0 

7.0 
.'•..6 

4.4 

.5.0 

5.6 

6.9 
6.8 

0.9 
.8 

1.0 

.8 

.4 

.7 
.9 

1.4 
1.6 

1.7 

1.4 

1.5 

1.5 
1.6 

5.8 

6.8 

6.0 
5.1 

5.0 

5.9 

6.5 

0.3 
.06 
.3 
.9 

4.3 

f    5.1 
\    .5.4 
/     .5.0 
\    .5.0 
]    5.8 
\    6.2 
1     5.0 
\    5.9 
3.6 
6.1 

} 

i 

1 

89.4 

4.8 

5.8 

July  7 

Julys 

86.3 
80.1 

82.5 

86.3 
81.8 

8.1 
8.1 

7.2 

7.5 
3.7 

5.5 

July  9 

11.8 

July  10 

10.2 

July  11 

6.2 

July  12 

14.5 

Average 

80.5 

5.9 

.8 

1.5 

5.9 

.4 

f    5.0 
t    4.9 

\ 

84.4 

6.5 

9.0 

July  13 

80.7 
80.7 
82.4 
84.8 
78.7 
79.5 
75.3 

5.6 
5.9 
4.0 
5.1 
5.1 
7.0 
9.1 

.4 
.5 
.3 
.4 

.2 
.7 
.7 

1.9 
1.8 
1.7 
1.6 
1.7 
1.7 
1.5 

6.2  1 

5.9  I 

5.8  1 

6.1  1 

5.8    

7.5    

7.6    

4.9 
5.4 
5.7 
2.0 
7.6 
3.5 
5.7 

84.5 
77.3 
71.3 
71.3 
76.6 
69.4 
69.7 

7.7 
10.0 
8.2 
7.7 
5.9 
8.6 
7.1 

7.8 

July  14 

12.7 

Julv  15 

20.5 

July  16 

21.0 

July  17 

17.5 

Julv  18 

21.9 

Julv  19 

23.2 

Average 

80.4 

5.9 

.4 

1.7 

6.3 

5.0 

74.0 

7.8 

18.2 

FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD. 


July  20 

73.5 
77.8 

75.2 

77.2 

80.9 
84.8 
80.0 

7.6 
6.5 

5.3 

6.8 

6.0 
5.1 
7.2 

0.5 
.3 

.4 

.8 

.3 
.3 

.4 

2.1 
1.5 

2.0 

1.5 

2.1 
1.8 
2.0 

7.8 
6.3 

6.4 

7.9 
8.0 

0.3 
.2 

{ 
{ 

8.4 
7.4 
9.3 
9.5 
5.1 
5.4 
2.6 
1.4 
3.8 

70.6 
70.8 

\    73.6 

\    77.4 

74.3 
76.6 
72.7 

7.8 
8.3 
7.8 

4.4 

6.7 
7.3 

7.8 

21.5 

Julv  21 

20.9 

July  22 

17.9 

July  23 

18.2 

July  24 

18.9 

July  25 

6.5  1 

6.5  ! 

15.5 

July  26 

19.5 

Average 

78.6 

6.3 

■    .4 

1.9 

7.0 

.2 

{ 

7.2 
5.5 

1     73.8 

7.4 

18.8 

Julv  27 

74.8 
80.8 
82.9 

78.4 

6.4 
5.5 
3.9 
7.6 

.6 
.8 
.4 
.8 

2.1 
1.6 
1.8 
1.4 

8.3 
6.9 
6.7 
7.8 

:::::::: 

4.9 
4.2 
4.0 
3.9 

70.1 
68.3 
73.7 
74.4 

7.0 
7.9 
8.1 
6.2 

22.9 

July  28 

23.8 

July  29 

18.5 

July  30 

19.2 

70111— No.  SS— 09- 


-14 


210 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Coutiuued. 

Subject  .T.  W.  L.— Continued. 

FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 


July  31... 
August  1. 
August  2. 


Average . 


Augusts. 
August  4. 
Augusts. 
August  6. 
August  7. 
August  8. 
August  9. 


Average . 


August  10. 


Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 


80.3 
79.4 

80.4 


79.6 


Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 


5.1 
6.2 


76.4 
81.2 
78.6 
77.2 
78.9 
77.1 


78.4 


78.3 

August  11 84.4 

August  12 80.3 

August  13 77.1 

Augustl4 81.2 

August  1.5 81.7 

August  16 79. 3 


Average . 


August  17. 
August  18. 
August  19. 
August  20. 
August  21 . 
August  22. 
August  23. 


Average . 


August  24. 
August  25. 
August  26. 

August  27. 

August  2S. 
August  29. 
August  30. 


80.6 


78.7 
77.4 
79.7 
80.8 
79.7 
80.6 
79.8 


80.0 


79.2 

81.6 
86.1 


80.7 
77.0 
76.0 


Average . 


AugustSl j      75.6 

September  1 '      82.8 


September  2. 

Septembers. 

September  4. 
September  5. 
September  0. 


82.5 

83.4 

80.2 
79.1 
80.8 


Averoge. 


September  7. 
September  8. 
September  9. 


so.c 


81.7 
82.0 


Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 


0.6 
.6 
.6 


Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


1.7 
1.6 
2.0 


5.8 


6.2 


7.9 

.9 

4.0 

1.0 

6.6 

.7 

6.4 

.7 

4.9 

.4 

6.9 

.7 

7.0 

.7 

4.0 

6.0 
6.6 
5.2 
5.4 
7.0 


5.8 


5.4 
5.2 
4.7 
4.3 
4.3 
3.9 
7.4 


.3 

.5 
1.1 


5.9 
4.7 
4.6 


5.0 
5.7 
7.2 


5.4 


6.0 
4.7 
3.8 

4.7 

5.9 
5.9 
6.1 


1.9 
1.6 
1.6 
1.5 
2.1 
1.7 
1.5 


1.7 


1.8 


2.0 
1.9 
2.1 
1.6 
1.5 


1.8 


2.0 
2.4 

2.0 

1.7 
2.0 
1.8 
1.9 


2.0 


2.S 

1.7 
1.6 


2.2 
1.9 
2.1 


Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 


7.7 
6.3 
7.1 


7.4 
6.9 
7.7 
7.8 
6.7 
7.6 
6.5 


llip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


7.2 


Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 


3.1 
6.9 
3.4 


4.8 


5.2 
5.1 
4.8 
6.1 
6.7 
6.0 
3.3 


7.2 


7.8 
8.3 
7.5 
7.0 
6.8 


8.5 
7.6 
6.2 
7.5 
6.6 
6.7 


7.2 
6.2 
5.0 


8.2 
6.9 
7.9 


2.0 
1.6 
1.7 


2.2 
2.1 
1.4 


9.5 
7.4 
6.2 

O.fl 

7.6 

8.9 

-6.1 


0.8 


6.1 
4.6 
6.8 


1.8 
2.3 
1.9 


7.1 

7.5 
8.5 


4.8 
5.6 
2.7 
3.3 
3.8 
5.3 
3.5 
3.7 
4.3 


4.0 
4.0 


6.3 
5.9 
5.3 


5.9 
6.5 
2.9 


Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
pliur. 


72.7 
68.9 
77.4 


72.4 


78.4 
69.7 
71.0 
72.3 
75.  4 
71.5 
75.4 


73.4 


7.5.3 

70.8 

70.5 
70.6 
80.8 
72.7 
64.3 


72.2 


70.6 
73.2 
70.4 
76.5 
84.3 
73.8 
76.3 


{   tl\ 


4.0 
4.3 


5.3 
6.1 
2.1 
2.8 
4.5 
5.1 
2.2 
2.9 
3.7 
3.1 
5.7 


3.5 
4.3 


2.6 
3.1 
2.5 
2.9 
2.9 
3.4 


76.4 


I    79.2 
77.4 


80.8 

76.0 

77.0 
75.6 
75.1 


77.1 


83.4 


Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 


7.6 
8.5 
7.3 


7.5 


8.1 
7.3 
6.7 
7.0 
6.5 
5.8 
6.0 


6.7 

9.1 

7.8 
7.9 
6.4 
7.6 
19.1 


10.4 
7.1 
7.1 
7.1 
7.0 
8.5 
5.2 


7.6 


4.0 
7.1 

4.8 

5.7 

9.2 
10.9 
8.2 


5.1 
7.3 
6.1 

6.2 

S.4 
8.2 

8.7 


6.3 


8.6 


5.8 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  IJKNZOATE  ON   NUTIUTION   AND  JIKALlll, 


211 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine—  Coiitiiiuud. 

Sub.jeot  ,1.  W.  L.— Contlnufd. 
FIRST  nKNZOATE  I'KUIOD— Contimied. 


Date. 

Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 

Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Uric 
aci(i 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 

II  Ip- 
piiric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 

Stll- 

pliiir. 

Etlio- 
rcal 
sul- 

pliur. 

Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 

September  10 

Septc'nber  11 

Septeiuljer  12 

81.0 
81.0 
77. 5 
83.9 

5.7 
6.3 
7.1 
3.9 

0.5 

.3 

1 

■   .4 

1.8 
2.9 
2.4 
2.1 

7.0 
6.8 
6.8 
5.8 

0.4 

"    .4 

.4 

.3 

/      2.6 
\      3.0 
/      1.7 
\      2.1 
r      .5.7 
i      0.1 
/      3.2 
\      3.6 

\    76.8 
[     81.5 
\    83. 0 
}     84.1 

9.0 
7.5 
9.7 
.5.6 

14.2 
10.0 
0.7 
10  3 

Average 

80.8 

5.7 

.3 

2.2 

7.1 

.4 

/      3.0 
\      3.5 

[     81.6 

7.7 

10.4 

September  14..., 

September  15 

September  16 

September  17 

September  18 

September  10 

Senlember  20 . 

82.4 
81.8 
82.5 
80.0 
84.0 
S3. 7 
79. 5 

5.9 
5.9 
4.2 
5.6 
3.5 
4.7 
0.1 

.5 
.5 
.4 
.5 
.4 
.7 
.5 

1.9 
1.6 
1.8 
1.6 
1.8 
1.3 
1.8 

6.8 
6.6 
6.3 
7.5 
5.6 
5.7 
7.2 

1.0 
.9 
.8 

1.0 
.8 
.8 

1.1 

(       1.4 
1       2.4 
/      2.4 
\      3.3 
/      3.8 
\      4.6 

\      4.0 

\      4.3 
1      2.5 
\      3.3 
/      3.8 
\      4.9 

[    82.3 
\    82.7 
\    81.2 
\    81.5 
i    84.2 
}     83.6 
j-    80.3 

6.2 
7.0 
6.2 
0.2 
5.8 
0.9 
4.9 

11.5 
9. 5 
12.6 
12.3 
10.0 
9.5 
14.7 

Average 

82.2 

5.1 

.5 

1.7 

6.5 

.9 

/      3.1 
\      4.0 

\    82.3 

0.3 

11.4 

FIRST  AFTER  PERIOD. 

September  21 

September  22 

September  23 

September  24 

September  25 

September  26 

September  27 

September  28 

September  29 

September  30 

84.2 
84.7 
84. 7 
83.0 
82.4 
79.7 
81.8 
81.6 
81.3 
85  0 

4.2 
3.1 
5.2 

5.1 
5.4 
3.7 
4.9 
5.5 
5.2 
4.5 

0.4 
.7 
.6 
.4 
.2 
.7 
.6 
.6 
.0 
.2 

1.5 
1.5 
1.3 
1.3 
1.7 
1.8 
1.4 
1.4 
1.5 
1.7 

6.3 

6.2 
.5.7 
6.2 
0.4 
8.0 
0.2 
6.5 
6.9 
6.9 

0.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.4 
.3 
.4 
.4 
.4 

I       2.9 
t      3.2 
j      3.4 
\      3.8 
/       1.9 
i       2.2 
/      3.0 
\      3.3 
/      3.3 
\      3.0 
(      5.4 
\      5.8 
/      4.5 
\      4.8 
/       3.8 
\       4.2 
/       4.0 
\      4.4 

{  i:5 

\    79.6 
\    80.2 
\    70.3 
\    80. 6 
[    82.5 
i    8.3.2 
\    82.1 
1    80.7 
\    79.8 
1    S2.2 

5.1 
.5.2 
8.0 
0.7 
7.5 
7.8 
7.2 
7.9 
8.7 
8.7 

15.3 
14.5 
1.5.6 
12.6 
10.0 

9.0 
10.6 
11.3 
11.5 

9  0 

Average 

8?.  0           4. 7 

.5           1.6 

6.5 

.3 

{  ti 

]    80.5 

7.3 

12.2 

SECOND  BENZOATE  PERIOD. 

October  1 

83.4 
82.7 
83. 5 
81.2 
79.7 

5.1 
5.3 
5.1 
5.7 
7.1 

0.4 
.4 
.4 
.5 
.7 

1.6 
1.7 
1.7 
1.7 
1.3 

0.5 
6.5 
6.2 
7.0 
7.1 

0.0 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 

{  i:J 

1       2.4 
\      3.0 
/      2.3 
\      2.9 
/      3.2 
\      .3.8 
f      3.1 
1      3.8 

[    80.3 
i    8i.2 
}     80.0 
\    79.0 
\    83.8 

8.4 
5.1 
8.3 
0.3 
7.6 

11.3 

October  2 

10.6 

Octobers 

11.6 

October  4 

14.1 

Octobers 

8.0 

212 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN, 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject  J.  W.  ii,— Continued. 
SECOND  BENZOATE  PERIOD-Continued. 


Date. 


October  6 

October  7 

Average 

Octobers 

October  9 

October  10 

October  11 

October  12 

October  13 

October  14 

Average. 

October  15 

October  16 

October  17 

October  18 

October  19 

October  20 

October  21 

Average. 

October  22 

October  23 

October  24 

October  25 

October  26 

October  27 

October  28 

Average. 

October  29 

October  30 

October  31 

November  1 . . 


Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 


8.3.5 
83.4 


82.6 


83.7 

81.6 
81.8 
82.7 
84.5 
78.0 
81.2 


82.3 


7a  7 

79.6 
77.3 
81.8 
84.0 
82.7 
81.1 

80.7 


78.3 

78.4 

7a  8 
7a  0 

77.6 
81.3 
76.4 


Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 


3.8 
5.6 


7a  3 


4.9 
5.4 
5.1 
4.9 
5.2 
7.4 
4.6 


Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 


0.4 
.5 


Uric  Creat- 
acid  inine 
nitro-  nitro- 
gen, gen. 


1.6 
1.3 


6.0 
6.2 


Hip- 
puric 
ivcid 
nitro- 
gen. 


0.5 


Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 


4.2 
4.7 
2.3 
2.9 


6.5 


6.1 
4.6 
.5.4 
3.9 
41 
5.2 
4.4 


4.8 


&3 
5.7 
4.7 
4.9 
6.0 
3.3 
6.5 


5.3 


1.6 
1.3 
1.8 
1.7 
1.4 
1.3 
1.9 


6.8 
6.6 
7.2 
7.2 
5.5 
6.5 
6.2 


6.5 


1.9 
1.7 
2.0 
1.7 
1.5 
1.5 
1.9 


1.7 
1.5 
2.1 
1.7 
1.5 
1.7 
1.6 


1.7 


a7 

6.2 

ao 

ft9 
5.3 

6.1 

6.8 


6.5 


6.8 


A 


2.8 
3.4 


2.3 
2.1 
2.8 
2.2 
1.8 
2.1 
2.3 


7.1 

4.1 

6.2 

a8 

a  2 

4.7 

6.7 

42 

7.0 

4  2 

5.9 

3.5 

6.8 

43 

3.9 
6.2 
5.4 
7.6 
3.9 
6.7 
2.8 
5.0 
3.2 
5.0 
2.1 
4  2 
3.1 
5.5 


a5 

5.7 


2.2 

a3 

40 
7.8 
2.5 
7.3 
3.8 

ao 

3.0 
7.2 
3.8 
7.3 
4  0 

as 


{  u 


Inor- 

Ethe- 

ganic 

real 

sul- 

sul- 

phur. 

phur. 

79.5 

12.1 

83.7 

7.9 

81.7 


83.5 
845 


84  7 
85.8 


83.6 
86.4 


81.8 


843 


81.6 
82.6 


83.5 
7a  7 


7a  7 


82.1 


82.6 


81.5 


81.6 


7a  7 


81.3 


FINAL  AFTER  PERIOD. 


80.2 

a  5 

0.5 

1.5 

7.3 

1.9   { 

2.1 
40 

[     79.7 

a2 

79.9 

5.2 

.1 

1.8 

a  7 

1.8   { 

4.1 
.5.9 

|-    7a  0 

5.8 

80.7 

5.7 

.1 

2.0 

7.8 

1.9 

{ 

1.7 
3.6 

I     74  8 

9.2 

81.5 

42 

.3 

1.8 

7.6 

2.0 

{ 

2.4 
44 

j-    79.0 

ae 

INFLUENCE  Oh  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON    NUTKITION   ANli   m^Ai.l'H.       213 

Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Coutinued. 

Svxbjeot  iT.   J*".    Ij.— Continued. 
FINAL  AFTER  PKHIOU— Continued. 


Date. 

Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 

Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Hip- 

puric 
acid 

nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 

Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 

Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 

November  2 

November  3 

November  4 

Novembers 

November  6 

November  7 

80.0 
8Z5 
83.4 
81.2 
83.4 
84.7 

sao 

5.0 
5.1 
4.8 
5.8 
4.2 
3.7 

0.2 
.3 
.  1 
.3 

.  2 

1.8 
1.7 
2.0 
1.7 
1.7 
1.6 

6.5 
6.9 

as 

7.0 
7.0 
5.5 

1.8 
1.7 
1.8 
•  1.8 
1.7 
1.4 

/      4.5 
\      6.3 
/      1.5 
t      3.3 
(        .8 
\      2.6 
1      1.5 

I    as 

(      1.4 

\    ai 

(      2.7 
\      4.3 

i     SI.  1 
^    84.2 
|-    79.0 
\    78.6 
\    81.9 
\    81.6 

8.4 
6.2 
5.8 
10.7 
7.9 
7.8 

10.  5 
9.6 
14.6 
10.7 
10.2 
10.6 

Average 

5.0 

.2 

1.7 

5.8 

1.7 

j      2.3 
\      4.1 

\    79.8 

7.6 

12.4 

Subject  K.   C.   ]Vr. 

FORE    PERIOD. 


July  6.. 
July  7.. 

Julys.. 

July  9.. 

July  10. 

July  11. 
Julv  12. 


.\verage. 


July  13. 
July  14. 
July  15. 
July  16. 
July  17. 
July  18. 
Julv  19. 


.Vverage . 


85.3 

82.8 

82.6 
82.6 

80.7 

83.4 
83.0 


8ZS 


85.7 
80  4 
84.2 
85.0 
80.7 
81.7 
80.9 


82.7 


4.7 
4.2 

3.8 

4.9 


4.2 

4.3 


5.4 

5.9 
3.6 
5.9 
6.0 
4.8 
4.9 


0.3 
.5 


1.5 
1.6 

1.7 

1.7 


1.3 
1.5 


1.6 
2.1 

2.0 
1.5 
2.1 
2.0 
2.0 


4.0 
4.7 

4.5 

4.6 


4.0 

4.8 


5.2 
5.3 
4.8 
4.9 
5.5 
6.6 
6.5 


5.5 


0.2 


3.5 
5.9 
0.1 
6.5 
6.6 
5.1 
5.9 
6.4 
7.2 
6.4 
5.7 


6.0 
5.5 


1.3 
5.7 
5.1 
1.4 
.5.4 
4.1 
5.9 


4.0 


83.6 


86.0 

81.9 
8&0 


83.9 


6.9 
6.6 


7.3 
&1 


ai 


78.5 

7.5 

80.4 

8.6 

78.6 

5.2 

76.6 

7.3 

73.2 

43 

71.3 

7.3 

72.6 

7.7 

7a  1 

&7 

FIRST  BENZOATE   PERIOD. 


Julv  20 

81.3 
82.4 

87.0 

86.3 

81.8 
85.0 
83.7 

a9 

5.1 
4.3 

4.8 

5.0 
4.5 
4.4 

0.3 
.3 

.3 

.3 

.2 

.i" 

2.1 
1.6 

2.0 

1.6 

1.8 
1.8 
1.9 

4.9 
5.3 

5.3 

5.2 

5.5 
4.4 
5.1 

0.1 
.2 


i 
{ 

as 

5.3 
.7 
.8 
1.1 
1.2 
5.4 

75.6 
7a  5 

\    75.2 

}■    7&6 

7a  5 
77.9 
72.4 

5.5 

as 
a  4 

a4 

5.4 
5.6 
7.2 

18.8 

July  21 

19.6 

July  22 

IS.  4 

July  23 

15.0 

July  24 

18  1 

July  25 

laa 

.July  26 

- 

20.4 

.\verage 

84.4 

4.5 

.2 

1.8 

5.1           .1 

{ 

.9 
3.8 

\    7a  2 

5.8 

l&O 

July  27 

79.5 
79.4 
8a  1 
84.2 
84.1 
80.0 
83.5 

5.2 
5.9 
4.1 
4.7 
5.1 

ai 
a2 

.6 
.6 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.2 
.4 

1.6 
1.5 
1.8 
1.8 
2.1 
2.4 
1.6 

a3 

as 

5.8 
2.4 
3.1 
2.6 
4.6 
1.6 

6a8 

72.6 
77.6 
73.9 
75.6 
71.6 
73.8 

10.0 

ae 

7.5 
5.4 
5.4 
5.8 
5.3 

23.2 

July  28 

a5 

5.3 
5.6 
5.6 
5.9 
a  2 



1&5 

Julv  29 

14.8 

July  30 

20.7 

July  31 

19.0 

.\uf;ust  1.. 

22.6 

August  2 

20  8 

Average 

82.6 

5.3 

.4 

1.9 

5.9 

3.8 

7a  0 

as 

20.2 

214 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject  E.   C  M:.— Continued. 

FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 


August  3. 
August  4. 
August  5. 
August  6. 
August  7. 
August  8. 
August  9. 


Average. 


August  10. 

August  11. 
August  12. 
August  13. 
August  14. 
-August  15. 
August  16. 


Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 


82.6 
80.4 
84.2 

sao 

78.8 
82.7 
84.7 


sas 


8&4 


Average. 


August  17. 
August  IS. 
August  19. 
August  20. 
August  21. 
August  22. 
August  23. 


August  24. 
August  25. 
August  26. 

August  27. 

August  28. 
.\ugust  29. 
August  30. 


.\verage. 


August  31 

September  1 . 
September  2. 

September  3. 

Septeml)er  4 . 
September  6. 
September  6. 


Average. 


September  7 . . 
SeptemlxT  8. . 
September  9.. 
Septeml)pr  10. 
September  11. 


84.3 
82.6 
8a  1 
85.1 
84.4 


Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 


6.3 
4.1 
5.6 
5.3 
46 
4.6 
4.4 


5.0 


Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 


Uric 

acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


1.7 
1.9 
1.6 
1.6 
2.2 
2.4 
1.6 


Creat- 
inine 

nitro- 
gen. 


5.1 
5.7 

5.7 

ai 

6.2 
6.3 
5.6 


1.8 


82.1 
82.8 
81.4 
82.3 
82.6 
8a  7 
81.7 


80.7 
82.0 
85.6 

84.6 

8a5 
80.7 
79.3 


sai 

843 

sac 

85.7 

84  0 
82.9 
81.6 


8a  5 


8a4 
85.4 
8.").  8 
8.5.1 

8^5 


45 
46 

a6 
a4 

4  4 


43 

a7 
a  6 
a9 

42 
48 
43 


1.7 


1.7 
1.9 
2.2 
2.3 
2.0 


2.1 
1.9 

2.0 
2.  2 
2^2 
1.9 
1.7 


49 


Hip- 

puric 
acid 

nitro- 
gen. 


0.5 


5.6 
5.9 
5.9 
6.3 
6.1 


6.0 
6.5 
6.3 
5.8 
6.4 
5.9 
5.3 


Average \      82.4  4  2 


5.4 
4  7 

a4 

as 
a4 

46 
5.0 


43 


45 
43 
40 

41 

a9 
41 
a7 


5i4 

ai 

4  5 

ae 

43 


1.9 


2.1 

2.3 
2.3 
1.9 


2.0 
1.9 
2.1 


2.2 
2.3 
1.9 


6.0 


5.7 
6.2 

ai 

5.6 


.5 
.7 
1.0 
.4 


5l9 


Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 


a4 


2.1 

2.4 
7.3 


2.1 
2.6 


a  4 
45 


2.8 
2.6 


2.1 

a  2 


5.3 
43 

as 

5.5 
42 

a2 
ai 


Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 


7a  6 

71.7 
72.8 
72.9 
77.2 
69.3 
74  8 


7a  2 


75.4 


70.4 
71.8 
7a  1 
72.4 
72.1 


7a  0 


Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 


71.6 
68.8 
72.4 
7a  8 
74  8 
75.2 
78.1 


5.0         7a  6 


42 
48 
41 
49 
1.0 
2.2 
2.9 

as 


5.9 
7.2 


•M  in 


as 

ai 

5.7 


5.8 
5.7 
5.7 


2.0 


5.8 


1.9 
2.2 
1.8 
2.1 
2.1 


5.9 

ao 

5.9 

ai 
a2 


ao 
a7 


4  0 
4  7 
1.2 
2.0 
4  0 
4  8 

a7 


{  iU 


2.5 
2.9 
2.7 

ai 

1.2 
1.6 
2.1 
2.5 
.1 
.5 


7a  7 


74  8 
7a  2 

7a  3 

74  6 

7a  2 


74  8 


80.7 
72.6 
77.4 


}- 


77.6 

74  4 

87.7 
78.3 


78.2 


[    81.0 
\    77.7 

7a  7 

80.2 
J-    82.2 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZUATE  ON   NUTKITION   AND  HEALTH.       215 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Contiuued. 

Subject   10.   O.   INI.— Continued. 
FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 

Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 

.\m- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creat- 
inine 

nitro- 
gen. 

Hip-    j  Unde- 
puric   1     ter- 
acid       mined 
nilro-      nitro- 
gen,       gen. 

Inor-       Etbe- 
>,'anic        real 
sul-            Slli- 

phur.      phur. 

Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 

September  12 

September  13 

86.1 
83.6 

3.S 
4.7 

0.1 
.2 

2.1 
1.9 

6.  2 
5.5 

0.3 
.3 

r    1.1 

t      1.5 

1    a4 

\      3.8 

[    81.9 
[    7&5 

8.2 
,5.4 

9.9 

18.0 

Average 

85.0 

4.2 

.2 

2.0 

ao 

■' 

I      1.9 
\      2.4 

}■    75.3 

&1 

14.6 

September  14 

September  15 

September  16 

Septeml>er  17 

September  IS 

September  19 

September  20 

8a4 
85.4 
83.8 
8a5 
84.8 
81.7 
81.6 

5.4 
5.2 
4.0 
4.2 
3.5 
4.4 
4.8 

.1 
.1 
.1 
.3 
.2 
.2 
.3 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.0 
1.9 

5.6 
5.8 

5.7 
6.2 
5.6 

a2 

5.5 

.8 
.8 
.8 
.8 
.8 
.9 
.9 

/      2.2 

\    ai 

(  .:? 

/      2.6 

\    as 

/      2.8 

\    a7 
;    2.6 
\    as 

1      4.6 
1       5.5 
/      4.9 
\      5.8 

^    82.9 
\    81.5 

[    78.2 
\    79.0 
J-    78.7 
\    75.5 
^    8a2 

4.8 
5.7 
6.1 
5.4 
5.3 
7.9 
6.1 

lai 

12.8 

ia7 

15.5 

lao 

1&5 

ia7 

Average 

83.6 

4.6 

.2 

2.1 

5.8 

.8 

/      2.9 

\    a7 

[    79.6 

&0 

14.4 

FIRST  AFTER  PERIOD. 


September  21 . 

September  22. 

September  23. 

Septemlier24. 

September  25. 

Septemljer20. 

September  27. 

September  28. 

September  29. 
Septemljer  30. 


Average. 


84.8 

4.8 

85.3 

a  6 

85.3 

4.0 

83.3 

5.0 

84.2 

4.7 

83.0 

4.6 

83.6 

4.7 

81.7 

5.4 

80.7 

4.5 

85.3 

as 

83.8 

4.5 

0.4 
.5 
.2 
.4 
.1 
.6 
.4 
.2 
.3 


.3 


1.7 

6.2 

1.9 

6.3 

2.0 

5.5 

1.7 

6.2 

2.0 

5.6 

1.7 

6.6 

1.6 

5.8 

1.9 

6.0 

1.8 

6.6 

2.2 

5.7 

1.9 

6.1 

■M 
-:( 

.5 

.6 
.5 


1.4  \ 
1.9  f 
1.6 
2.1 
2.1 
2.0 
2. 

a  2 

2.7 
3.2 
2.8    1 
a  3  ( 
ao  1 
as  / 

4.0    \ 

4.5  ( 
5.3 
5.9 


} 

\ 

,   ..-} 

{  ill 


i\     5:9  f 


.5 


{  u  \ 


78.8 

79.6 

80.7 

81.1 

81.5 

79.5 

81.0 

80.9 

79.4 
81.4 


5.0 

4.6 

4.9 

4.9 

5.2 

5.2 

5.5 

5.5 

7.4 
6.1 


5.5 


SECOND  BENZOATE  PERIOD. 


October  1 . 
October  2 . 
Octobers. 
Octol>er  4 . 
October  5. 
October  6 . 
October  7. 


Average. 


81.9 
82.4 
82.4 
81.2 
82.3 
81.2 
84.3 

82.3 


5.4 
5.9 
5.8 
5.2 
0.6 
4.5 
4.2 


0.2 
.2 
.2 
.1 
.4 
.3 
.1 


1.9 
2.1 
2.1 
2.2 
1.7 
1.9 
2.1 


6.1 
5.9 
6.1 
6.7 
6.5 
6.7 
6.4 

0.3 


0.5 
.5 
.  5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 


a  7 
4.2 
2.8 

a  3 

2.7 

a  2 
as 
44 
2.0 
2.5 
4.9 
5.4 
2.3 
2.8 

a  2 
a  7 


i  in 


78.3 

84.4 

sa  3 

87.0 
88.5 
88.7 
88.4 

85.5 


6.2 
4.7 
6.9 
6.1 
5.8 
5.9 
6.0 

6.0 


216 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentages  of  total  idlrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject   JPj.  C.   ]VI.— Continued. 
SECOND  BENZOATE  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 


Octobers.. 
October  9 . . 
October  10. 
October  11. 
October  12. 
October  13 . 
October  14. 


Average. 


Octoljer  15. 

October  16. 

October  17. 
October  18. 

October  19. 
October  20. 
October  21 . 


Average. 


October  22 . 
October  23 . 

October  24 . 

October  25. 

October  26. 

October  27. 

October  28. 


Average. 


Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 


82.3 
84.0 
83.1 
80.3 
80.3 
81.1 
80.7 


81.7 


Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 


79.0 

81.6 
79.4 


81.3 
81.1 
81.2 


80.6 


79.4 


4.9 
4.6 
5.5 
5.5 
6.3 
4.8 
5.2 


5.2 


4.5 

5.5 
6.6 
4.3 

5.1 
4.2 
4.6 


Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 


0.4 
.1 
.1 
.4 
.2 
.2 
.2 


Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


1.9 
2.0 
2.2 
1.9 
2.1 
1.8 
2.0 


2.5 

1.8 

2.3 
1.9 

2.0 
1.9 
2.3 


Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 


6.5 
5.8 
6.8 
7.0 
7.3 
6.4 
6.2 


Kip-  i  Unde- 
puric  I     ter- 
acid  I  mined 
nitro-  j  nitro- 
gen, gen. 


0.9  { 
.9  { 
.9 

1.0 

'«{ 
■■>{ 


2.9 
3.8 
2.5 
3.4 
1.2 
2.1 
3.7 
47 
2.5 
3.6 
4.7 
5.6 
4.4 
5.3 


6.5 


6.4 

5.9 
7.4 
5.9 
6.0 

5.7 

6.0 


1.6 

1.9 
1.5 

1.5 
1.4 
1.5 


2.1 


78.0 

7.0 

78.3 

6.8 

79.2 

4.5 

80.7 

4.8 

77.1 

5.7 

82.3 

3.1 

79.8 

6.0 

2.1 

1.7 

2.1 
2.0 
2.1 
2.1 
1.6 


2.0 


6.2 


1.6 


3.2 
4.1 


5.8 
7.5 
3.2 
4.8 


3.8 
5.3 
5.5 
6.9 
5.0 
6.5 


4.6 
6.2 


6.4 
5.7 

6.4 

6.5 

0.4 

6.0 

5.9 


3.9 
3.8 

3.7 

4.2 

4.1 

3.7 

3.9 


6.2 


3.9 


3.4 
7.3 
3.6 
7.4 
1.5 
5.7 
4.3 


\) 


{  ID 


3.2 
7.0 


Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 


86.3 


76.9 
81.1 


77.5 


82.1 


85.9 

S2.8 

80.3 
84.2 

78.7 
79.7 
76.3 


79.4 


77.0 
80.8 


80.7 


Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 


6.1 
4.2 
6.4 
6.6 
6.3 
6.5 
6.6 


5.8 


6.0 

4.3 

6.7 
4.7 

5.9 
5.2 
3.1 


5.2 


6.4 
4.0 

9.2 

4.7 

4.1 

5.5 

4.9 


5.6 


FINAL  AFTER  PERIOD. 


October  29. 


October  30.. 

October  31 . . 
November  1 . 

November  2. 


November  3. 
November  4. 
November  5. 

November  6. 

November  7. 


Average. 


82.6 

5.4 

0.4 

1.7 

6.3 

81.4 

4.3 

.07 

2.3 

6.2 

82.3 
86.2 

5.1 
4.7 

2.3 
1.9 

6.2 
7.0 

79.3 

5.7 

.08 

2.2 

6.6 

83.4 

4.6 

.2 

1.9 

6.1 

85.8 

3.8 

2.0 

5.1 

80.6 

6.7 

.3 

1.8 

5.8 

84.6 

5.0 

.06 

2.2 

5.7 

81.6 

4.4 

.1 

2.3 

5.5 

82.8 

4.9 

.1 

2.1 

6.0 

1.6 


1.4 
1.6 

1.7 

1.6 
1.3 
1.5 

1.5 


1.5 


1.7 
3.4 
3.8 
5.5 


4.1 
5.9 
2.1 
3.7 


{  ill 


81.9 

78.8 

74.2 
78.2 

77.9 

82.1 
77.3 
78.3 

79.6 

77.4 


7.6 

5.1 
8.2 
2.1 

7.0 

6.0 
5.7 
6.7 

5.3 

9.2 


6.4 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM   liENZOATE  ON    NUTRITION   AND   IIKAl/ni.       217 

Percentages  of  total  nilrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — (lontiuued. 

Subject   "W.   C.   li. 
FORE   PERIOD. 


Date. 


Urea 
iiitro- 


.Vverage. 


83.3 


Julvl3 82.7 

JiilvU 79.7 

July  15 83.2 

July  16 853 

July  17 80.3 

July  18 85.3 

July  19 79.3 


Average I      82.4 


Am- 
monia 
uitro- 
geu. 


Jiily6 '      80.0  5.4 

Julv7 


July8 !  86.5  4.2 

July  9 1  84.6  '  5.0 

July  10 !  82.2  6.0 

July  11 i  82.6  ,  5.1 

July  12 84.1  4.5 


Purine 

nitro- 
gen. 


7.4 
6.0 
4.2 
4.6 
5.2 
4.4 
5.4 


Uric 
will 
nitro- 
gen. 


0.7  i 


.9 
1.0 


2.1 

1.8 

1.5 

1.1 

1.3 
1.6 
1.1 


Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 


1.5 


4.1 
5.3 

4.1 

4.0 


4.7 
5.0 


4.6 


1.7 
1.7 
1.5 
1.5 
1.9 
1.3 
1.5 


5.4 
4.5 
5.6 
5.6 
5.4 
4.8 
5.9 


Hlp- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


0.2 
.06 

.7 
.9 


Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 


7.4 
3.7 
3.9 
3.7 
3.8 
3.5 
4.2 
3.7 
4.6 
4.9 
4.0 


3.6 
4.7 


1.5 
7.3 
4.7 
2.3 
6.9 
3.4 
6.5 


4.7 


Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 


79.7 


78.6 
80.8 

82.8 

77.7 
79.4 


78.9 


78.8 
85.0 
69.2 
69.8 
78.4 
71.7 
71.7 


74.4 


Ethe- 
real 
.sul- 
phur. 


5.6 


7.8 
5.4 

7.1 

1.5 
6.0 


5.5 


6.6 

9.2 
6.6 
5.6 
3.9 
4.8 
6.2 


6.0 


FIRST   BENZOATE    PERIOD. 


July  20. 
July  21. 
July  22. 

July  23. 

July  24. 
July  25. 
July  26. 


82.5 
82.0 
85.4 

79.6 

81.0 
79.7 
86.6 


Average. 


82.5 


July  27... 
July  28... 
July  29... 
July  30... 
July  31... 
August  1. 
August  2. 


Averagiv 


83.0 
82.3 
84.8 
84.1 
84.4 
85.2 
81.4 


83.6 


August  3. 
August  4. 
August  5. 
August  6. 
August  7. 
Augusts. 
.■Vugust  9. 


Average. 


August  10. 

August  11. 

August  12. 
August  13. 
August  14. 
August- 15. 
August  16. 


Average. 


August  17. 
August  18. 
August  19. 
August  20. 


82.4 
82.6 
83.7 
85.5 
80.8 
81.8 
83.4 


82.8 


84.9 

88.1 

88.1 
84.2 
85.1 
84.0 
80.3 


84.8 


4.5 
5.7 
5.7 


4.7 
6.5 
5.7 


4.2 
6.0 
4.5 
4.4 
3.6 
4.0 
4.6 


3.7 
3.7 
3.7 
4.4 
4.7 
4.4 
4.7 


3.7 

2.6 

3.9 
4.4 
3.1 

4.1 
4.8 


81.2 

4.3 

a3.5 

2.4 

79.4 

4.3 

8;i.4 

3.6 

0.2 
.6 


1.1 

.5 
.4 
.4 


2.1 
1.5 

1.5 


1.8 
1.8 
2.1 


.5 


1.1 

.7 
.8 
.7 
.4 


1.9 
1.6 
2.1 
1.5 
2.2 
2.1 
2.3 


1.4 
2.0 
1.7 
1.3 
2.4 
1.8 
1.9 


2.0 


1.4 
1.6 

1.6 

1.8 
2.4 
1.6 
2.0 


1.8 


2.1 

1.9 
1.7 
l.S 


4.4 
5.0 
5.6 


6.0 
5.1 


5.5 


6.6 
6.5 
6.3 
6.0 
6.3 
6.5 
7.2 


0.2 

.4 


6.5 


5.9 

6.2 

6.0 

6.0  i 

6.1 

6.2 

5.9 


6.0 


5.6 

4.7 

5.5 
6.2 
5.4 
6.7 
6.7 


5.7 


6.7 
7.1 

7.2 
6.3 


6.0 
5.2 


4.3 
4.8 
5.8 
6.5 


5.7 


3.4 

2.8 
1.9 
3.4 
3.0 
1.8 
3.9 


75.3 
71.7 
73.0 

66.8 

67.2 
74.2 
69.6 


71.6 


69.3 
71  7 
66  6 
68.  5 
65.2 
62.3 
67.1 


2.8 


5.5 
4.6 
4.0 
2.1 
5.2 
5.0 
3.2 


2.0 
2.5 


2.3 
3.4 
3.0 
5.5 


3.3 


5.1 
4.5 
6.4 
4.0 


67.1 


.59.2 
63.9 
69.6 
67.3 
69.5 
64.9 
72.4 


66.7 


75.2 

69.5 

67.4 
67.7 
73.4 
71.0 
68.7 


70.5 


66.7 
63.8 
67.9 
67.5 


3.7 
4.6 
6.7 

7.1 

9.7 
8.0 
4.7 


5.0 
6.7 
6.7 
7.1 
6.2 
7.0 
3.1 


5.7 
5.3 
4.6 
7.4 
5.2 
8.2 
5.8 


5.8 

7.2 

5.3 
5.7 
6.2 
9.0 
6.0 


8.0 
8.0 
6.7 
6.7 


218 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    01'    MAN. 


Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject   W.  C.  R.— Continued. 
FIRST  BENZOATE  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date. 

Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 

Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

Purine 

nitro- 
gen. 

Uric      Creat- 
acid       inine 
nitro-     nitro- 
gen,       gen. 

Ilip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
plmr. 

Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 

Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 

August  21 

87.0 
83.8 
85.6 

2.5 
3.3 
3.7 

0.2 
.3 
.9 

2.1 
1.6 
1.6 

5.5 
5.7 
5.7 

2.6 
5.0 
2.3 

79.3  5.6 

70. 4  7. 2 
7a  6          6.9 

15.1 

August  22 

22.4 

August  23 

ia4 

Average 

83.4 

3.5 

.6 

2.0 

6.3 

4.2 

70.3          6.9 

22.7 

August  24 

84.6 
86.3 
87.4 

85.0 

86.1 
86.1 
85.5 

3.6 
3.3 
3.2 

3.4 

2.9 
3.8 
3.9 

.5 
.3 
.1 

.4 

.2 
.5 
.8 

1.6 
1.6 

1.9 

1.8 

1.9 
1.8 
1.6 

5.1 
4  9 
5.4 

0.4 

5.6 
5.7 
6.6 

0.1 
.  5 

1.1 
.7 

/      4.3 
\      4.5 
/      2.8 
\      3.4 
/        .6 
\      1.9 

(    ai 

\      3.8 
3.3 
2.0 
1.5 

1    74.3 
\    7a  0 
}•    73.3 

[    741 

80.3 
72  4 
82.0 

4.5 
5.2 
5.3 
4  4 

as 
as 

2.9 

21.1 

is.  8 

August  26 

21.4 

August  27    

21.4 

August  28 

12.8 

August  29 

20.9 

August  30 

15.0 

Average 

85.7 

3.4 

.4 

1.8 

5.5 

.6 

f      2.7 
\      2.9 

1    75.4 

5.2 

19.4 

August  31 

846 

sao 

2.7 

2.0 
2.3 

ae 
a  6 

4  8 
4  1 

.5 

.2 
.5 
.4 

."5' 

.  7 

2.0 

1.7 

1.6 

1.8 

2.2 
1.8 
1.7 

7.0 

5.9 

a  2 

ao 

ao 
5.9 
a4 

1.1 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

f      1.8 
1      2.9 
1      a  5 

\    a  6 

i      4.2 

\    7&4 
1    72.3 

7a  1 

[   75.0 

7a  4 
77.3 
7a  6 

ia9 

7.7 

4  3 

5.6 

5.7 
7.3 
.5.3 

ia7 

September  1 

September  2  

19.6 
19.6 

September  3 

September  4 

Septembers 

September  6 

sas 

84.2 
84.5 
84.5 

19.4 
2a  4 

2.2 
2.4 

15.4 

l&l 

Average 

846 

as 

.5 

1.8 

a2 

1.0 

f      2.8 

1    ao 

1   75.6 

as 

17.8 

September  7 

Septembers 

September  9 

September  10 

September  11 

September  12 

September  13 

82.3 
86.6 
85.6 
8a  4 
85.6 
84.5 
85.6 

5.0 

a5 
a  7 
a2 

40 

as 
ao 

.5 
.2 
.6 
.3 

.5 
.5 
.2 

2.1 

2.0 
1.6 
2.0 
1.9 
1.6 
).8 

a2 
5.9 
a5 
a  2 
as 
5.8 
5.5 

.7 
.6 
.7 
.6 
.  7 
.6 
.6 

/      2.9 

\    a  6 

1  1:; 

/       1.0 
\      1-7 
/      1-2 
\      1.8 
/      2.5 
1       1.2 

/    a4 

\      40 

(    ao 
1    a6 

I  75.0 

}   7a  5 
\  79.1 

\    72. 3 
\    79.9 
I    75.7 
1    8a2 

8.7 

ae 

47 

ao 

&7 
&9 
49 

15.  S 

ia7 
lai 

21.7 
1L2 
15.3 
14  9 

Average 

8.5.4 

a6 

.4 

1.9 

ai 

.6 

1      1.9 
i      2.5 

}:a. 

as 

ia2 

September  14 

September  15 

September  16 

September  17 

September  18 

September  19 

September  20 

85.1 
84.3 

85.5 
84  2 
87.  3 
85.2 
82.6 

4  5 

46 

ae 
a9 
a5 

4  0 
4  6 

.4 
.6 
.3 

.4 
_  2 
.  7 
.6 

1.9 
1.6 
1.9 
1.7 
1.7 
1.4 
2.0 

5.7 

ai 
5.2 
5.9 
5.1 
5.5 
5.9 

1.1 
1.0 
.9 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.2 

1      1.0 

/      L8 
1      2.8 
(      2.4 

1     as 

/      2.6 

\     a  6 

I      11 

/      1 9 
\      2.9 

1     a  0 

I      4  2 

[    81.4 

1   8a4 
}■  7a  1 

\  sas 
^   sa4 

} ... 

7.0 
5.7 

a2 
ao 
as 
as 
7.3 

1L5 

ia7 

17.7 
17.4 
9.6 
&3 
l&l 

Average 

85.0 

41 

.4 

1.7 

.5.6 

1.0 

(      2.0 

\     ao 

}     80.4 

as 

lai 

INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZUATE  ON   NUTRITION   AND  liEALTW.       219 

Percentages  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subjec-t  AV.  C.  R.— Cbntimied. 

FIRST  AFTKK  I'KKIOD. 


Date. 

Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 

Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 

IMirino 
nitro- 
gen. 

Uric 
ucid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Creat- 
inine 
nitro- 
gen. 

Ilil)- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 

Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 

Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 

Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 

Nf;U- 

Iral 
sul- 
phur. 

September  21 

September  22 

September  23 

September  24 

September  25 

September  26 

September  27 

September  28 

September  29 

September  30 

85.6 
96.8 

80.  8 

8a  7 
8a2 
8a7 
sai 

84.0 
85.9 
84.5 

4.3 
a  2 
4.3 
a  2 

4.9 
4.3 
4.0 

a5 
ao 

5.2 

0.4 
.3 
.6 
.6 
.4 
.6 
.7 
.6 
.1 
.2 

1.9 
1.8 
1.4 
1.6 
1.8 
1.8 
1.3 
1.6 
1.7 
1.7 

&0 
5.7 
5.4 
5.3 
6.2 
6.2 
5.8 
5.4 
6.0 
5.9 

0.5 
.5 
.5 
.  5 
.  5 
.  5 
.5 
.5 

.5 

f      1.1 
\      1.6 
/      1.5 
\      2.0 
/      0.8 
\      1.4 
/      5. 0 
\      5.5 
i        -0 
1        .5 
/      2.6 

\    ai 

/      4.4 
\      4.9 
/      4.2 
\      4.7 
/      2.5 

\    ao 

/      1.3 
\       1.8 

[    81.6 
\    79.5 
[    79.5 
\    80.7 

4.9 
7.5 
4.5 

5.8 

ia5 
lao 

15.0 

ia5 

\    80.8 
1     79.4 
\    81.3 
\    75.3 
\    79.3 

8.0 
4.6 
6.9 
7.0 
5.2 

ILl 
15.0 
1L8 
17.7 
15.5 

Average 

85.1 

4.0            .5 

1 

1.7 

5.8 

.5 

1      2.4 
\      2.9 

^     79.8 

&1 

14.1 

SECOND  BENZOATE  PERIOD. 


October  1 

October  2 

October  3 

October  4 

October  5 

October  6 

October  7 

Average. 

Octobers 

October  9 

October  10 

October  11 

October  12 

October  13 

October  14 

Average. 

October  15 

October  16 

October  17 

October  18 


82.6 
84.3 
85.2 
84.2 
83.8 
87.2 
85.2 


84.6 


85.6 
84.5 
82.5 
82.7 
84.8 
84.3 
83.8 


84.0 


79.0 

78.2 
83.3 
85.2 


4.4 
4.9 
5.0 
4.5 
4.1 
3.4 
4.3 


3.3 
4.3 

4.8 
5.3 
3.8 
3.7 
4.6 


5.4 
5.0 

4.8 
4.8 


0.4 
.5 
.4 

.4 
.4 


1.6 
1.6 
1.7 
1.7 
1.7 
1.5 
1.7 


1.7 
1.6 
1.8 
1.7 
1.6 
1.5 
1.6 


2.2 
1.8 
2.0 
1.7 


6.0 
5.3 
5.1 
5.7 
5.8 
5.4 
6.1 


5.6 


6.0 
5.9 
6.4 
6.2 
5.3 
5.5 
5.6 


5.8 


6.4 
6.7 
6.2 
6.2 


4.6 

4.9 

3.0 

3.3 

2.1 

2.4 

3.0 

3.3 

3 

4 

1.4 

1.7 

1.8 

2.2 


2.8 
3.1 


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3.0 
2.0 
3.0 

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2.6 
3.5 
3.1 
4.0 
3.5 
4.4 
2.9 
3.8 


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76.7 

6.5 

80.1 

3.6 

86.3 

8.1 

76.7 

2.1 

86.2 

5.6 

78.8 

5.8 

78.7 

6.3 

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80.3 


5.3 


83.3 

6.4 

83.4 

3.6 

77.6 

7.7 

82.7 

4.6 

78.4 

8.4 

76.8 

6.1 

79.7 

6.8 

77.0 

5.9 

77.8 

4.8 

78.9 

7.1 

80.6 

220 


SOI^IUM    BENZOATK    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentac/en  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 

Subject  "W.  C.  R.— Continued . 

SECOND  BENZOATE  PERIOD— Continued. 


Date- 


October  19. 
October  20. 
October  21. 


Average. 


October  22. 

October  23. 
October  24. 
October  25. 
October  26. 
October  27 . 
October  28. 


Urea 
nitro- 
gen. 


80.7 
82.7 
82.8 


82.0 


81.1 

82.3 
80.9 
81.1 

81.2 

84.8 
80.1 


81.6 


Am- 
monia 
nitro- 
gen. 


4.2 
3.8 
4.0 


5.4 

4.2 
3.1 
4.5 

4.4 

3.3 

5.3 


Purine 
nitro- 
gen. 


0.4 
.3 


Uric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


1.7 
1.7 
1.9 


1.9 


1.4 
1.7 
1.6 

1.8 

1.7 

1.3 


1.7 


Creat- 
inine 

nitro- 
gen. 


6.2 
6.7 
5.2 


5.1 
5.6 
5.8 

5.8 

5.3 

5.3 


Hip- 
puric 
acid 
nitro- 
gen. 


2.2 
2.3 
1.9 


2.2 


3.9 
4.2 
4.3 

4.0 

4.1 

4.2 


Unde- 
ter- 
mined 
nitro- 
gen. 


4.3 
6.6 
2.2 

4.5 
3.7 


2.9 
5.1 


2.0 
6.2 
2.5 
6.4 


2.1 
6.5 
2.6 
6.7 
.1 
4.2 
3.0 
7.2 


2.1 
6.2 


Inor- 
ganic 
sul- 
phur. 


76.3 
79.3 
77.1 


78.1 


81.1 

83.0 
78.3 
83.4 


76.0 
77.2 


Ethe- 
real 
sul- 
phur. 


6.1 
5.4 
2.9 


5.3 


6.9 

4.4 
8.2 
2.7 

4.4 

4.9 

3.6 


5.0 


Neu- 
tral 
sul- 
phur. 


17.6 
15.3 
20.0 


17.3 


11.9 

12.6 
13.4 
13.8 

16.6 

19.1 

19.1 


15.2 


FINAL  AFTER  PERIOD. 


October  29.. 

October  30.. 

October  31 . . 

November  1. 

November  2. 

November  3. 
November  4. 
November  5. 

Noveml>er  6. 

November  7. 


Average. 


83.4 

84.4 

83.6 

82.1 

83.6 

81.7 
86.1 
82.3 

85.4 

82.7 

83.6 


4.7 
3.8 
4.1 
4.9 
3.7 

4.2 

4.1 
5.4 

4.2 

3.5 


0.2 
.1 
.1 
.3 
.1 
.06 


.2 

.06 

.3 


1.5 

1.8 

1.8 

1.8 

1.9 

2.0 
1.9 
1.7 

1.9 

1.8 


5.5 
5.4 

5.8 

5.7 

5.9 

5.5 
6.0 
5.1 

5.5 

5.3 

5.5 


1.5 
1.4 
1.3 
1.6 
1.5 
1.4 
1.3 
1.3 

1.4 
1.2 

1.4 


{   II  \ 


3.8 
5.1 
1.6 
3.0 
5.0 
6.2 

3.2 
4.6 


78.2 

78.2 

78.8 

75.2 

80.2 

75.6 
80.7 
76.7 

77.1 

76.6 

77.8 


14.9 

18.4 

12.3 

14.4 

15.0 

18.0 
14.9 
15.6 

15.4 

15.6 

15.4 


INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BKN/OAIKON    NUTHITTON   AND   HEALTH.       221 


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No.  88— 09 15 


226 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


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INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   NUTlilTlON  AND  HEALTH.      277 


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SODIUM    BP:NZ0ATE    and    the    IIEALTII    OF    MAN. 


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INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND   HEALTH.      279 


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280 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


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INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH.       285 


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INFLUENCE  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  NUTRITION  AND  HEALTH.       289 


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SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


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INVESTIGATIONS  ON  THE  EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM 
BENZOATE  ON  THE  HEALTH  AND  GEN- 
ERAL METABOLISM  OF  MAN. 


By  JOHN  H.  LONG. 


,293 


INVESTIGATIONS  ON  THE  EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM  BEN- 
ZOATE  ON  THE  HEALTH  AND  GENERAL  METABOLISM 
OF  MAN. 


By  John  II.  Long. 


INTRODUCTION. 

I  have  attempted  the  sohition  of  the  problem  presented  to  me 
through  a  series  of  hiboratory  and  cUnical  o'bservations  carried  out 
on  six  men  consuming  a  controlled  diet.  The  laboratory  observations 
were  mainly  chemical  and  bacteriological,  and  were  intended  to  dis- 
close any  change  in  the  general  metabolism,  or  character  of  the  excre- 
tion of  the  men  under  study.  The  clinical  observations  were  of  the 
usual  routine  nature,  but  were  noted  with  more  than  the  ordinary  care. 
I  consider  these  observations  as  having,  for  the  present  inquiry, 
and  under  the  conditions  which  obtain,  no  less  value  than  the  other 
set,  and  hence  I  am  presenting  them  in  all  detail,  as  made  from  day 
to  day.  The  somewhat  monotonous  bacteriological  examination  of 
the  feces  is  given  in  the  same  detail,  since  the  object  of  the  report  is 
to  present  all  the  observed  facts  which  may  have  any  bearing  on  the 
questions  of  the  diet,  general  health  and  character  of  the  metabolism 
and  excretions  of  the  subjects  of  the  experiments. 

The  squad  under  observation  in  my  laboratories  consisted  of  six 
men  who  were  all  students  of  medicine,  but  who,  during  the  progress 
of  the  tests,  had  other  employment.  At  the  beginning  of  the  experi- 
ments the  men  were  in  normal  health,  but  not  in  unusually  good  phys- 
ical condition,  since  the  work  was  begun  at  the  end  of  the  school  year, 
following  rather  heavy  courses  of  study. 

For  general  convenience  the  men  were  furnished  wdth  rooms  in  the 
same  house,  and  the  meals  were  prepared  and  served  in  a  large 
vacated  room  in  the  college  building  adjoining  the  laboratory  in 
which  most  of  the  analyses  were  made.  The  kitchen  was  screened 
off  from  one  end  of  this  room,  and  the  meals  were  prepared  by  a 
professional  cook  who  had  had  previous  experience  \nth  metabohsm 
work.  This  simphfied  many  of  our  natural  difficulties  very  greatly, 
and  made  it  possible  to  maintain  an  accurate  control  over  the  daily 
dietaries  in  such  a  way  as  to  permit  a  fairly  close  calculation  of  the 
caloric  value  of  the  food  as  weighed  out  and  served. 

295 


296  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

Dr.  S.  R.  Benedict,  now  professor  of  physiological  chemistry  in 
Syracuse  Universitj'',  had  general  charge  of  the  dietaries  and  the 
chemical  work  connected  with  the  investigation.  The  bacteri- 
ological work  necessary  and  the  medical  oversight  of  the  men  were 
in  the  hands  of  Dr.  W.  H.  Buhhg,  professor  of  clinical  pathology  in 
Northwestern  ^University.  These  gentlemen  were  in  constant 
attendance  at  the  laboratories,  and  the  success  of  the  investigations 
must  be  credited  largely  to  their  careful  control  of  all  conditions 
involved.  Since  the  conclusion  of  the  actual  tests  Mr.  Frank  Gep- 
hart,  who  took  part  in  the  analytical  work,  has  rendered  valuable 
aid  in  the  nimierous  necessary  calculations  and  the  tabulation  of 
results. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  observations  the  men  on  the  squad  were 
subjected  to  careful  examination,  and  the  facts  given  below  with 
regard  to  previous  medical  history  and  condition  were  secured. 


EFFECTS   OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,   OF    MAN.       297 


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EFFECTS    OF    SODIU.M    liEKZOATE    t)N    UEALTU,    ETC.,   OF    MA^^       li'JU 

Dltration  of  tests. — Tlio  first  moals  were  served  to  the  scjuad 
on  June  29,  and  tlie  last  on  October  30.  The  interval  was  divided 
into  sixteen  periods,  the  averaj^e  length  of  which  was  about  seven 
days,  as  the  tables  below  Anil  show.  The  actual  administration  of 
benzoate  began  on  July  24,  following  three  preparatory  fore  periods 
in  which  the  diet  habits  of  the  men  were  closely  studied. 

Diet. — In  this  time  and  throughout  the  whole  test  the  men  were 
allowed  a  very  ample  diet,  following  their  own  tastes  and  desires  as 
far  as  possible.  The  food  was  well  prepared,  and  as  served  would 
be  considered  a  good  example  of  home  cooking;  the  only  modifica- 
tions made  were  such  as  were  rendered  necessary  to  facilitate  accurate 
sampling  and  analysis.  Meats,  for  example,  were  always  served  in 
the  minced  condition,  since  uniform  samples  for  analysis  could  not 
be  secured  in  any  other  way.  Gravy  was  served  separately  and 
was  mixed  in  by  the  men  at  the  table.  Care  was  taken  to  serve 
the  minced  meat  hot  and  in  such  manner  as  to  relieve  the  monotony 
of  the  diet  as  far  as  possible.  Jellies,  custards,  puddings,  cakes, 
and  other  articles  were  always  made  in  such  a  manner  as  to  facili- 
tate the  subsequent  work  of  the  anal3^sts.  The  location  of  the 
kitchen  with  respect  to  the  laboratories  and  the  office  of  the  director 
added  greatly  in  simplifying  proper  control  here. 

Dosage. — From  July  24  to  September  21,  sixty  days,  each  man 
received  a  dose  of  300  milUgrams  daily  of  Merck's  sodium  benzoate, 
calculated  as  anhydrous,  divided  into  three  portions  of  100  milli- 
grams each.  That  is,  the  benzoate  was  given  at  each  meal,  and 
was  measured  out  from"  an  accurately  prepared  solution  into  some 
article  of  food  wliicli  the  men  ate  with  a  relish.  At  no  time  during 
the  test  did  the  men  have  any  idea  of  the  part  of  the  food  wliich 
contained  the  benzoate,  nor  did  thej^  loiow  when  the  administra- 
tion began  or  ended.  No  especial  curiosity  on  the  subject  was  mani- 
fest and  the  men  did  not  act  as  if  the  food  was  in  any  way  a  devia- 
tion from  the  normal. 

On  September  22,  after  the  completion  of  eight  preservative 
periods,  the  dose  of  benzoate  was  increased  to  600  milligrams  daily, 
divided  through  the  tliree  meals.  This  dosage  was  continued  through 
two  periods  of  seven  days  each.  Between  the  higher  and  lower 
preservative  periods  the  feces  of  the  men  were  marked  off  by  the 
usual  method  of  lampblack  administration  in  capsules,  which  was 
the  case  follo\nng  the  next  period,  also. 

On  October  6,  the  fourteenth  period,  or  the  eleventh  preservative 
period,  began.  On  this  date  the  dose  was  increased  to  1  gram  of 
benzoate  daily,  which  was  continued  through  eighteen  days,  that  is, 
from  October  6  to  23,  inclusive.  It  was  found  easily  possible  to  dis- 
tribute tliis  amount  of  benzoate  throusrh  the  three  meals  mthout 


300 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


in  any  way  attracting  the  attention  of  the  men  consuming  the  food. 
The  eighteen  days  were  divided  into  two  periods. 

The  total  amounts  of  benzoate  administered  were,  then,  as  follows: 


\ 


Periods.                                                              Dur^ 

Dailj' 
dose. 

Total. 

Fourth  to  eleventh,  inckisive 

Twelfth  to  thirteenth,  inclusive 

Fourteenth  to  fiftoenth,  inclusive 

Days. 
60 
14 
18 

Gram. 
0.300 
.600 
1.000 

Orams. 
18.0 
8.4 
18.0 

Total 

44  4 

The  men  were  kept  under  routine  observation  through  an  after 
period,  No.  16,  of  seven  daj^s,  and  have  been  under  general  observa- 
tion up  to  the  time  of  the  completion  of  tliis  report,  January  10,  1909. 
Following  the  official  conclusion  of  the  tests  on  October  31  two  of 
the  men  on  the  squad,  A.  M.  N.  and  C.  H.  S.,  continued  the  same 
general  diet  with  a  greatly  increased  dose  of  the  benzoate.  This 
was  carried  to  10  grams  daily.  In  this  they  were  joined  by  Mr. 
Frank  Gephart,  who  had  assisted  in  the  weighing  of  the  foods 
throughout  the  whole  time,  had  worked  in  the  laboratory,  consumed 
the  regular  diet  with  the  squad,  and  had  Hved  under  the  same 
general  conditions.  On  November  1  he  began  with  relatively 
large  doses.  The  effects  of  these  large  doses  on  the  men  will  be 
referred  to  below. 

Methods  of  analysis. — It  is  not  necessary  to  go  into  details 
here;  most  of  the  results  for  the  urine  were  obtained  by  aid  of  the 
well-knowm  processes  of  Fohn.  For  total  sulphur,  however,  a  method 
was  worked  out  by  Doctor  Benedict  which,  when  applied,  gave 
very  satisfactory  results.  This  consisted,  essentially,  in  oxidation 
of  the  urine  through  boihng  down  with  copper  nitrate  and  potassium 
chlorate,  and  subsequent  fusion,  as  preUminary  to  precipitation. 

In  the  determination  of  urea  nitrogen  a  marked  improvement  and 
economy  of  time  was  effected  by  heating  the  urine  in  an  autoclave 
with  dilute  hydrochloric  acid.  The  process  has  been  described  by 
Benedict  and  Gephart  in  the  November,  1908,  number  of  the  Jour- 
nal of  the  American  Chemical  Society. 

Collection  of  the  urine  and  feces. — The  urine  and  feces  were 
collected  in  24-hour  periods,  and  of  the  urine  daily  analyses  were 
made,  excepting  of  the  Saturday  collection,  which  came  into  the 
laboratory  Sunday  morning.  This  was  saved  and  mixed  vnth  the 
sample  from  Sunday;  an  analysis  of  the  composite  was  then  made. 
The  urine  was  collected  in  bottles  containing  always  a  Uttle  toluene, 
and  as  a  further  precaution  the  bottles  Avere  kept  in  a  large  ice  box 
in  the  intervals.  When  brought  to  the  laboratory  in  the  morning 
the  reaction  and  specific  gravity  were  taken,  after  which  each  urine 


KFFECTS    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,    OF    MAN.       301 

was  clilutod  to  a  constant  volunio,  2,000  c.  c,  and  aliquots  taken  for 
the  several  tests.  This  dihition  to  a  standard  vohinie  greatly  facili- 
tates subsequent  calculations. 

The  feces  were  collected  and  weighed  for  each  twenty-four  hours. 
Aliqout  })ortions  were  weighed  out,  after  thorougli  mixing,  and  put 
in  a  separate  container  for  analysis  at  the  end  of  the  period,  which 
was  generally  seven  days,  as  explained  above.  The  bacterial  tests, 
however,  were  made  on  the  fresh  samples. 

For  the  separate  collection  of  urine  and  feces  a  very  convenient 
form  of  closet  was  employed  which  was  suggested  to  me  by  Profes- 
sors Grindley  and  Hawk,  of  the  University  of  Illinois.  One  of  these 
closets  was  kept  at  the  laboratory  and  one  at  the  rooming  house. 

Exercise — hours  for  meals. — The  quarters  rented  for  the 
men  were  in  a  comfortable  house,  about  half  a  mile  from  the  labora- 
tory and  diet  kitchen.  The  six  men  occupied  three  rooms,  the 
division  being  made  according  to  the  wishes  of  the  men  themselves. 
In  addition  to  the  walk  between  the  two  places  the  men  had  plenty 
of  other  exercise.  Two  of  them  carried  papers  early  in  the  morning 
and  had  other  work  throughout  the  day.  Three  gave  help  in  the 
analytical  laboratory,  and  two,  in  addition  to  other  work,  had  some 
janitor  duties  about  the  college.  AH  were  encouraged  to  play  hand- 
ball for  a  short  time  after  dinner  each  day,  and  this  exercise  was 
generally  taken. 

Breakfast  was  served  at  7:30,  lunch  at  12,  and  dinner  at  6.  The 
men  were  put  upon  their  honor  as  far  as  general  conduct  and  con- 
sumption of  other  foods  was  concerned,  and  it  is  confidently  beheved 
that  there  were  no  violations  of  the  advice  of  the  director  here. 
There  w^as  no  restriction  on  the  consumption  of  water.  The  summer 
was  unusuall}'  warm  and  any  attempt  to  limit  the  amount  of  water 
drunk,  or  even  to  control  it,  would  have  worked  a  hardship.  In 
every  respect  the  men  were  supposed  to  lead  lives  as  nearly  normal 
as  possible,  and  only  such  restrictions  were  made  as  were  really 
necessary  for  the  proper  prosecution  of  the  work. 

With  this  brief  introduction,  which  is  doubtless  sufficiently  full 
for  the  purpose,  we  pass  to  the  consideration  of  the  data  secured  in 
the  various  examinations  niade.  The  general  urine  tests  will  be 
taken  up  first. 


302 


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SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN, 


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EFFECTS   OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE  ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,   OF   MAN.       355 


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EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON    HEALTH,  ETC.,  OF   MAN.       307 


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EFFECTS    OF    SODIUM    UKNZOATl';    ON     11I;A1;I11,    I:L'1'.,    of    iMAiN.        381 


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•jtiqdjns  OjtreSioui 


•jnqdins  iB^oj, 


■uaSojjin  BUinijBaJO 


■naSoj^in  ptoB  oufi 


aaSoj^iu  anuritj 


•naSoj'nu  Ejj^ 


■naSoJiiu  ■BWfi 


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•naSoijin  i^jox 


•jijiABjS  oyiDadg 


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■I3«N  SB  anuomo 


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■mqdins  oiaB3joni 


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•naSoigiu  animjBaio 


•naSoj^in  piOB  ou/i 


•U33oj:jiu  anunj 


■uaSojim  Ejj^ 


■naSojjiu  B8Jii 


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■Jtiqdins  iBajaqia 


•jnqdins  oiubSjoui 


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ooOOOSOSiOT-t^cOp 


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■jnqdins  jBi^najsj 


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SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN, 


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EFFECTS   OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE  ON   HEALTH,   KTC,  OF   MAN.      397 


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398  SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

DAILY  FOOD  CHARTS. 

The  following  tables  present  the  recordetl  numerical  data  con- 
cerning the  daily  ])ill  of  fare  of  the  diet  squad,  and  it  will  be  recognized, 
as  explained  in  the  opening  statement,  that  the  diet  is  an  ample  one. 
The  additions  at  the  foot  of  each  page  show  the  total  weight  of  food 
consumed  dail3^  exclusive  of  tea  and  cofl^'ee,  but  including  milk,  the 
total  nitrogen  and  fat  consumption,  and,  in  some  cases,  the  estimated 
fuel  A^alue  of  the  food.  The  total  food  weights  have  only  relative 
value,  because  of  the  very  variable  nature  of  the  items  in  the  menu, 
but  are  suggestive  and  are  therefore  included. 

The  records  in  the  fourth  column  under  each  subject  are  close 
approximations  only.  Enough  additions  are  made  for  each  period  to 
show^  with  a  fair  degree  of  closeness  tlie  extent  of  food  consumption, 
measured  in  this  way.  The  footings  have  naturally  a  much  greater 
relative  than  absolute  value. 

It  will  ])e  noticed  that  the  men  exliibit  very  different  tastes;  in  one 
case,  for  example,  the  consumption  of  butter  is  abnormally  high, 
while  in  another  the  milk  consumption  is  very  high.  All  the  men 
were  found  to  be  very  fond  of  sugar,  wliich  was  used  lil)erally  directly 
and  weighed  as  such,  and  also  in  the  form  of  puddings,  custards,  and 
certain  sauces,  which  were  made  sweeter  than  most  people  woidd 
desire.  The  fuel  value  of  the  various  foods  was  calculated  in  part 
from  the  daily  analyses  and  in  part  from  the  records  of  the  cook,  who 
worked  under  the  observation  of  one  of  the  laboratory  assistants,  and 
was  able  to  state  closely  the  amount  of  carbohydrate  employed  in 
various  items.  For  some  of  the  fruits  and  a  few  other  things  the 
values  have  been  taken  from  the  Atwater  tables,  published  by  the 
Department  of  Agriculture.  In  any  event,  the  comparative  values 
hold  good,  and  this  is  the  main  object  of  the  computations. 

The  nitrogen  and  fat  adcUtions  have  been  used  in  computing  the 
Imlances  of  the  preceding  tables,  and  the  fuel  values  found  have  been 
summarized  as  shown  below.  A  number  of  days  from  each  principal 
period  w^ere  taken  at  random,  and  the  values  for  these  days  computed 
and  added.  From  these  additions  the  means  were  taken,  and  these 
are  the  figures  given  below  for  the  fore  period,  the  low  preservative 
period,  the  first  high  preservative  period,  the  second  high  preservative 
period,  and  the  after  period.  It  wall  l)e  noticed  that  there  is  no 
characteristic  change  in  the  daily  caloric  values  through  the  whole 
season;  while  for  some  of  the  men  there  is  an  increase  in  the  calo- 
ries used,  for  others  there  is  the  reverse  change.  In  general  the 
values  remain  high  and  show^  no  relation  to  the  administration  of 
preservative. 


EFFECTS   OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON    iiEALTll,   ETC.,   OF    MAN. 
Mean  ralories  consumed. 


399 


Fore  period 

Low  preservative  period 

Firsl  nith  preservative  jxTiod.. 
Seeoiid  nigh  preservative  jx>rlod 
After  period 


2,948 
2,744 
3,412 
3,287 
3,542 


Number  of  the  subject. 


3,459 
3,  .■178 
3, 377 
3, 123 
3, 753 


III  IV 


3,494 
3,839 
3,827 
3,677 
3,741 


2,903 
.3,114 
3,112 
3,230 
3,802 


3,167 
3,061 
3,191 
3,071 
3,005 


3,545 
3,572 
3,974 
3,938 
3. 543 


400 


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404 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND    THE    1 1  HALT  II    OF    MAN. 


^       -dine A  [diij 
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v.  ^C3  c3  t^    ■     •  o     ■ 


410 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AXD    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


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M3>^  —  M  W  "5 


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2  :g 


rt  OC  ^  r-. 


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poiBuii^sg 


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.B  <M  -O  CC  re  ^1 


o  CO  d5  CI  ro  ro  to 


-xa    Jaq)a 


o    ■ 


>     I     •naSoiJix        R   • 


•poo; 
JO  ijimouiv 


o  oooo 
:s  ■*  --d  o  c> 


S  aj  tc  "O  >«  ^ 


ooooooooo 

oioir--«c»nC'icooc 

-  --;  3;  CO  1^  •-'  »o 

O*  — <  —  C<  CI 


occo^re3;rci^--'»o 


•aniBA  janj 
pa^Buiifsa 


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O     o) 


•naSoni^  /  ^  Z; 


•pooj 
JO  ^anoury 


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2  00  »^  ci  o  c   o 
S  ;0  CO  CI  O  —   — 


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'r  -^  CO  CO  ^ 


■^  O  CO  CO  IC 

■»  CO  c  --co 


coooo 
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Cl  —  rt 


•aniBA  janj 
pa'IBniijsa 


•^OCliOi-H         iOCOI^f-HCCCi-^ 

^r^cocococi      '^co<Ncococ^«o 

e»OCCCOCOCI        COCS^"-"  »-l 


•TiaSoxHN 


O'     00 


■.I  t~  C^  CM  N  O  ■« 


-pooj 
JO  iimouiv 


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S -^  t:- '-■  d>  c 

g  coooo  — 


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ci  CO  ^  1^  *o  u-^  d 

—  CO  O  CO  to  cw^ 


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pa^Bttnjsa 


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-xa    jaqia 


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i^-roirocoN< 


o  —      —  -^ 


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Ico- 


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JO  iimotuv 


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d  d  -'  do 


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c-i  — docdd-rdd 
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CM  —  d  r^  CM  M  *-0 


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t^  00  cji  r;  1^  CO  CO 


42;ccoor»d      ooooooi 
e»o-*rcooci      CM  — 


-xa    jaqia 


0=0  0 


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oco 
lod 


■^         — OtCf-HCOCOCM 
O-^         l^iCOCCOW  — CO 


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JO  lunoiuy 


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55  CM  S- 


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y^OOCMiOOCDiO 
CM  —  -<  — CM 


cooc 


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5|dii|3||i£g| 


KFFKCTS    OF    SODIUM    UKNZOATE   ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,   t)F    MAN.       411 


OOO      |COOCOCOOOOO 


2 


C^<  OD     • .-« »r3  ;s  cs 


M    •    '  m  ■<p  -i  in  oe 

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gr 


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3  ■*  p  -^  —  T  i~  — '  i~  --  1-  —  ^3  "1  ''■ 


^  :D  -10*0;^ 


o  o  c:  o  c;  o 
-o  o>  — ■'  o  o  cs 


o-  ;o  .  a3  lO  lO  ■* 


coio^ooooo:o»r2ro'^ 

"ONOO-^l--OOIMO'^'*-^— " 


M  ^5  •  es  « ■^i  o 

■*  o  •  •.:'  c  d  cJ 


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do6dQdd'^(Ndt^o6»oc>ioi'i« 


O  Xi      I  N  M  N  — I 

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1  o  o  o  o  o     ooocoooooo 


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o  o'  o  o  o'o      OOOGOOOOOOO 
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l^~-oSi=iOO         O  —  -^C^— 'C->T'»'^1N'*S 


'mo    •  in  in  "^ 

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00      •        '-'- 


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.in'«j'in     ■<j<coincoc^'HcoM<Mo 


I  JjS-CJ 


:|e 


412 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF   MAN. 


o 


pajBuijjsa 


I  ~  ?■  r^      «  3  S 


"  ^(N  lO  —  -^  to 


-xa    jama 
•uaSojjiNj 


•pooj 
JO  ^nnoTny 


•aniBA  lanj 
pajBxutjsg 


J:  t^CM       ■»TcowoooONro»-«t^oo 


:  lO-^r  ::3  ^c^ 


OrtCSrt  ^-H  -H.-H 


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g  2  ^  p  s  =■ 

5-    -«- 


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DC  t-^  ci  **  X  — -  00  d  »^  ^  d  c 

o:  Ci  -M  r?  c;  n  re  X  cc  o  r^  — 


^  c;  »o  -o  o  00 


-X9  jam  a 


:  ^  00     -to  ^ 


o  o 
d  -i 


•  — 'M      «  -^ 


•naSoj^TNj 


oo  o  oo 


X!      I  "pOOJ 

=       JO  junouiv 


oo  oo 
— ■  o  ooo 


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pa^BTHiisa 


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HFFECTS   OF   SOPIUM   BENZOATE  ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,   OF    MAN.      413 


•  oc^Ciroooot'-'^coi-H^H 


CO      •      '^ 


'  o  o  o  o  o"o  O  O  O  O  O  O  O  O  O  C    1  o 

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cC-^Xroo^O-^^^-^-^C^C:- 


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•     '*CO^'i-H*^''* 


■Oct-      . 
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— ITT 


rt  t^  o:  » -o  1^      to  CO 

COCMO^'^'-^O'M^ 


IS 


OOOOO OOOOOO 

CO  r>^  t>^  d  to  1^  d  d  C'i  d  d 
t^^^oot^■«^^~ocoor^o 


CM  ^H  >00         lO  t-^ 

to  CM  O  1-1  ■*  .-H 


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to  ctj  o  -^  »c  to 


lO      r^      to -"I*  CO  i£^  CM 

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—  ~   '.2   ■  V  z.!^  o 


414 


-olJlU.M     JiK^'ZOA'lK    AM)     IHK     llllALTll     OF    MAX. 


X  t*  — '  ^  *»  ?^  X  Q  —  ^  -^  — "f5  O  »^ 

=  rj  T  c-i  «  K  ST.  S  —  -J  1-0  c".  —  CO  'C 


;  t>-  »i5  "i  —  c^i  ^  -^ 


tr> 


lO  »o  ^^  w     .  c^ 

C5  «  00  C         — 

■2  ^r  .-^  f^r^.c  »  c:  -o  cj  c;  ■M  —  -r 

t-i'c^CC 


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pdlBUIIJSa 


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l~  — ■  rt  -^  O  C-I 

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;  oi  t^  -^  -^ 


oo  ooc  o 


— ■  —  5  -J  -^  00 


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EFFECTS    OF   SODIUM    BENZUATE   0^'    HEALTH,    ETC.,   OF    MAN,      415 


i2;!?g  :2 


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480  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF   MAN. 

DISCUSSION    OF   RESULTS. 

The  figures  in  the  above  tables  speak  for  themselves,  but  the  most 
salient  points  for  each  subject  may  be  best  brought  together  by  a  pre 
sentation  of  certain  of  the  results  in  the  form  of  averages  and  ratios.j 
Along  with  the  data  for  the  urine,  the  nitrogen  and  fat  contents  of  the 
feces  are  given  so  as  to  facilitate  the  calculation  of  nitrogen  and  fat 
balances  at  the  end  of  each  period.  The  data  concerning  the  nitrogen 
and  fat  intake  are  found  in  full  in  the  complete  food  tables. 

Two  kinds  of  averages  may  be  presented  with  advantage;  in  the  one 
case  the  variations  in  the  total  nitrogen,  urea,  ammonia,  purine,  and 
other  forms  of  nitrogen  combination  may  be  given,  while  in  the  other 
the  chxta  cover  the  percentage  distribution  of  these  forms.  The  short 
tables  given  below  embrace  condensations  of  this  sort,  as  will  be 
explained.  Each  subject  will  be  followed  through  separately,  and 
for  each  three  tables  will  be  presented.  In  the  first  we  have  the 
average  daily  output  of  certain  forms  of  nitrogen  in  the  five  general 
periods  into  which  the  investigation  may  be  divided — that  is,  in  the 
fore  period,  the  low  preservative  period  (300  mg.  daily),  the  first 
high  preservative  period  (600  mg.  daily),  the  second  high  preserva- 
tive period  (1  gm.  daily),  and  finally  the  after  period,  with  no 
preservative. 

In  the  same  table  some  data  for  sulphur  and  phosphorus  will 
be  given,  and  also  figures  for  nitrogen  and  fat  in  the  feces.  The  urine 
averages  are  secured  by  taking  the  means  of  the  daily  means,  as  given 
in  the  footings  of  the  columns  of  the  above  main  tables. 

In  the  two  tables  to  follow  we  have  the  average  daily  composition 
of  the  feces,  obtained  by  dividing  the  period  results  by  the  number 
of  days  in  the  period,  and  finally  the  very  important  percentage  dis- 
tribution of  the  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  the  urine.  The  value  for 
each  constituent  is  expressed  in  terms  of  the  total  nitrogen  and  total 
sulphur  excreted  in  each  period.  The  total  sulphur  for  the  fore 
periods  is  omitted  because  of  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  correctness 
of  part  of  the  determinations. 

In  the  tables  following  the  term  pei^od  is  employed  in  a  wider  sense 
than  in  the  charts.  Here  we  have  condensed  the  16  periods,  of  about 
one  week  each,  into  five  main  periods,  distinguished  by  the  amount 
of  benzoate  added  to  the  food. 

SUBJECT    I  (H.  N.  B.). 

As  the  food  tables  will  show,  tliis  man  enjoyed  a  good  appetite 
tliroughout  the  tests,  %dth  the  exception  of  one  or  two  occasions, 
and  we  find  in  the  analytical  results  nothing  to  indicate  any  devia- 
tion from  the  normal  metabohsm.  It  is  true  that  there  are  rather 
wide  variations  in  the  output  of  the  several  urinary  constituents,  but 


EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE  ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,  OF   MAN.      465 


70111— No.  88—09- 


-30 


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478 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


EFFECTS   OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,   OF    MAN.      479 


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480  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF   MAN. 

DISCUSSION   OF   RESULTS. 

The  figures  in  the  above  tables  speak  for  themselves,  but  the  most 
salient  points  for  each  subject  may  be  best  brought  together  by  a  pre- 
sentation of  certain  of  the  results  in  the  form  of  averages  and  ratios. 
Along  with  the  data  for  the  urine,  the  nitrogen  and  fat  contents  of  the 
feces  are  given  so  as  to  facilitate  the  calculation  of  nitrogen  and  fat 
balances  at  the  end  of  each  period.  The  data  concerning  the  nitrogen 
and  fat  intake  are  found  in  full  in  the  complete  food  tables. 

Two  kinds  of  averages  may  be  presented  with  advantage;  in  the  one 
case  the  variations  in  the  total  nitrogen,  urea,  ammonia,  purine,  and 
other  forms  of  nitrogen  combination  may  be  given,  while  in  the  other 
the  data  cover  the  percentage  distribution  of  these  forms.  The  short 
tables  given  below  embrace  condensations  of  this  sort,  as  will  be 
explained.  Each  subject  will  be  followed  through  separately,  and 
for  each  three  tables  will  be  presented.  In  the  first  we  have  the 
average  daih^  output  of  certain  forms  of  nitrogen  in  the  five  general 
periods  into  which  the  investigation  may  be  divided — that  is,  in  the 
fore  period,  the  low  preservative  period  (300  mg.  daily),  the  first 
high  preservative  period  (600  mg.  daily),  the  second  high  preserva- 
tive period  (1  gm.  daily),  and  finally  the  after  period,  with  no 
preservative. 

In  the  same  table  some  data  for  sulphur  and  phosphorus  will 
be  given,  and  also  figures  for  nitrogen  and  fat  in  the  feces.  The  urine 
averages  are  secured  by  taking  the  means  of  the  daily  means,  as  given 
in  the  footings  of  the  columns  of  the  above  main  tables. 

In  the  two  tables  to  follow  we  have  the  average  daily  composition 
of  the  feces,  obtained  b}^  dividing  the  period  results  by  the  number 
of  days  in  the  period,  and  finally  the  very  important  percentage  dis- 
tribution of  the  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  the  urine.  The  value  for 
each  constituent  is  expressed  in  terms  of  the  total  nitrogen  and  total 
sulphur  excreted  in  each  period.  The  total  sulphur  for  the  fore 
periods  is  omitted  because  of  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  correctness 
of  part  of  the  determinations. 

In  the  tables  following  the  term  period  is  employed  in  a  wider  sense 
than  in  the  charts.  Here  we  have  condensed  the  16  periods,  of  about 
one  week  each,  into  five  main  periods,  distinguished  by  the  amount 
of  benzoate  added  to  the  food. 

SUBJECT    I  (H.  N.  B.). 

As  the  food  tables  will  show,  tliis  man  enjoyed  a  good  appetite 
throughout  the  tests,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two  occasions, 
and  we  find  in  the  analytical  results  nothing  to  indicate  any  devia- 
tion from  the  normal  metabolism.  It  is  true  that  there  are  rather 
wide  variations  in  the  output  of  the  several  urinary  constituents,  but 


1 


EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE  ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,  OF   MAN.      481 

tliosc  arc  iiTCj:;uliir  and  fail  to  disclose  any  relation  to  the  benzoato 
<;iven  with  the  food  in  the  later  periods.  The  uric  acid  and  creatinine 
are  particularly  constant,  while  for  the  ammonia,  the  suli)hur,  and 
the  })hosphorus  the  chan<:;es  are  not  marked  and  are  not  systematic. 
It  will  be  noted  that,  the  nitro<.(en  and  the  fat  in  the  feces  show 
marked  chauixcs  in  the  after  period;  for  the  first  an  increase  and  for 
the  secoiul  a  decrease.  As  this  behavior  is  found  in  all  the  subjects, 
it  will  be  commented  on  later. 

Dnihj  means,  Subject  I. 


Deleriuination. 


Total  nitrogen 

Urea  nitrogen 

IJric  acid  nitrogen 

Ammonia  nitrogen 

Creatinine  nitrogen 

Purine  nitrogen 

Total  sulphur 

Total  phosphorus 

Indican,  Fehling=100 

Total  ether  extract  in  feces grams. 

Ether  extract  as  fraction  of  ingested  fat per  cent. 

Fraction  of  excreted  nitrogen  in  feces do... 


Fore 
period. 

Low  pre- 
servative. 

First 
high  pre- 
servative. 

Second 
high  pre- 
servative. 

After 
period. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

Grams. 

10.05 

10. 66 

11.50 

11.72 

10.31 

8.08 

8.92 

9. 54 

9.82 

8.54 

.18 

.18 

.19 

.18 

.17 

.47 

.46 

..52 

.46 

.41 

.59 

.57 

..57 

.58 

.55 

.072 

.058 

.099 

.085 

.093 

.75 
.96 

.88 
.93 

.84 
.86 

.79 

.91 

.88 

22.00 

31.00 

37.00 

30.00 

31.00 

.'y.sa 

5.17 

3.71 

3.56 

3.73 

5.21 

4.49 

3.18 

2.93 

2.86 

21.7 

19.3 

15.3 

14.4 

24.0 

Average  daily  composition  of  feces. 
SUBJECT  I  (II.  N.  B.). 


Period. 

Moist 
weight. 

Dry 

weight. 

Water. 

Nitrogen. 

Ether 
extract. 

Total 
nitrogen. 

Total 

ether 

extract. 

No  preservative: 
1 

Grams. 
243 
180 
199 

177 
224 
186 
167 
171 
149 
1.52 
141 

172 
157 
149 
154 

233 

Grams. 
30.90 
32.94 
35.59 

33.39 
48.76 
36.97 
32.16 
30.28 
29.31 
32.04 
28.20 

34.27 
23. 32 
29.88 
30.43 

47.60 

Per  cent. 

87.27 
81. 66 
82.13 

81. 15 
78.19 
80.11 
80.76 
82.28 
80.27 
78.88 
79.97 

80.11 
a5. 16 
79. 95 
80.18 

79.59 

Per  cent. 
1.4 
1.36 
1.3 

1.7 
1.6 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.5 
1.4 
1.7 

1.5 
1.0 
1.3 
1.3 

1.4 

Per  cent. 
3.2 
1.7 
3.4 

2.5 
3.1 
2.9 
3.3 
2.8 
3.2 
3.9 
2.4 

2.1 
2.5 
2.0 
2.7 

1.6 

Grams. 
3.40 
2.46 
2.59 

3.01 
3.  .58 
2.42 
2.17 
2.22 
2.23 
2.12 
2.39 

2.58 
1.57 
1.94 
2.00 

3.27 

Grams. 
7.77 

o 

3.05 

3 

6.77 

Low  preservative: 

4 

4.43 

5 

6.93 

6 

5.39 

7 

5.52 

8 

4.78 

9 

4.75 

10 

5.92 

11 

3.38 

High  preservative: 
12 

3.62 

13 

3.80 

14 

2.98 

15 

4.15 

No  preservative: 

16 

3.73 

Mean  for  16  periods 

178 

33.50 

83.42 

1.4 

2.7 

2.49 

4.81 

70111— No.  S8— 09 

31 

482 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentage  dislribution  of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine:  Average  value  for  each  period  in 
fractions  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur. 

SUBJECT  I  (H.  N.  B.). 


Period. 

Urea 
nitrogen. 

NHa 
nitrogen. 

Purine 
nitrogen. 

Uric  acid 
nitrogen. 

Creatinine 
nitrogen. 

Inorganic 
sulphur. 

Ethereal 
sulphur. 

Neutral 
sulphur. 

No  preservative: 
1 

5.48 
4.38 
4.33 

4.82 
4.  .57 
4.16 
3.87 
4.26 
4.20 
4.  .36 
4. 66 

4.  .55 
4.60 
3.95 
4.02 

3.99 

0.67 
.86 
.65 

..59 
.48 
.65 
.44 
.55 
.34 
.70 
.76 

.90 
.80 
.67 
.78 

.90 

1.92 
1.78 
1.75 

1.90 
1.75 
1.76 
1.63 
1.71 
1.70 
1.62 
1.61 

1.62 
1.75 
1.46 
1.62 

1.63 

5.96 
5. 95 
5.73 

6.88 
5.91 
5.21 
4.78 
4.88 
4.93 
.5.04 
5.  .54 

5.20 
4.86 
4.65 
5.28 

5.32 

2 

79.16 
82.11 

8,3.39 
82.11 
84.99 
84. 58 
83.50 
84.31 
84.90 
83.10 

82.71 
83.92 
85.09 
82.24 

82.84 

3 

Low  preservative: 
4 

5 

73.53 
76.32 
74.78 
74.84 
73. 57 
74.35 
63.  73 

71.33 
72.79 
71.55 
70.00 

70.82 

10.29 
11.04 
8.47 
8.39 
9.61 
8.36 
13.33 

9.23 
9.50 
8.48 
10.38 

9.51 

16  18 

6 

12  64 

7. 

16  75 

8 

16  77 

9 

16  82 

10. 

17  29 

11 

2^  94 

High  preservative: 
12  .. 

19  44 

13 

17  71 

14 

15.. 

19.97 
19  6"' 

No  preservative: 

16 

19  66 

SUBJECT  II  (W.  W.  C). 

Much  the  same  condition  may  be  noted  here  as  with  Subject  I. 
The  total  output  of  nitrogen  is  larger  and  there  are  marked  changes 
in  it  of  an  irregular  character.  Attention  is  called  to  the  increased 
elimination  of  nitrogen  and  decreased  ether  extract  in  the  feces  of  the 
after  period,  but  aside  from  this  there  is  nothing  in  the  figures  of  the 
three  tables  to  i)oint  to  any  possible  connection  between  dosage  and 
metabolism.  If  there  appears  to  be  a  slight  increase  of  purine  nitro- 
gen, we  find  that  this  does  not  hold  for  the  other  subjects.  The  varia- 
tions in  the  uric  acid  and  creatinine  nitrogen  follow  just  the  reverse 
order  noted  in  Subject  I,  and  therefore  are  not  sufficient  to  point 
to  any  systematic  relationship.  An  apparently  marked  change  is 
shown  in  the  distribution  of  the  total  sulphur,  as  it  seems  to  increase 
toward  the  end  of  the  investigation.  But  this  condition  is  continued 
into  the  after  period,  and  besides  does  not  hold  for  the  other  subjects 
throughout.  Considering  all  points  it  is  clearly  evident  that  the 
variations  found  in  the  urines  of  these  periods  are  not  outside  the 
normal  limits  which  should  be  expected  in  work  covering  four  months 
in  time. 


EFFECTS   OF   SUDIURl    BENZOATE   ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,   OF    MAN.       483 


» 


Daily  means,  Subject  II. 


Dctcriiiinutldii. 


loial  nitrogrn 

I  rca  nilrogi'ii , 

I  rii'  acid  nitrogen 

Anunonia  nilrogen 

Crealiiiiric  nitrogen 

Purine  nitrou't'ti 

Total  .sulphur 

Total  iihosplinrus 

Ituliiaii,  lehliiig=100. 


il  ether  extract  in  feces,  grams 

iiT  extract  as  fraction  of  ingested  fat,  i)er  cent — 
ution  of  excreted  nitrogen  in  feces,  per  cent 


Foro 
period. 


Orams. 
13.39 
11.05 
.21 
.47 
.66 
.07 


.95 
5.7 


5.68 
4.74 
15.7 


Low  pre- 
servative. 


5.49 
4.69 
17.9 


First  high]   Second 

prescrv-    high  pnv 

alive.     s<;rvatlve. 


Orams. 

11.94 

10.  :V) 

.20 

.47 

.05 

.096 

.94 

.87 

12.00 


Orams. 

10.64 
8.80 
.20 
.39 
.63 
.082 
.81 
.67 

11.00 


5.45 
5.32 
18.0 


4.59 
3.59 
14.3 


After 
period. 


Oramt. 

9.88 

8.14 

.18 

.30 

.fJO 

.08 

.79 

.78 

10.00 


3.83 
2.88 
20.0 


Average  daily  composition  of  feces. 
SUBJECT  II  (W.  W.  C). 


Period. 

Moist 
weight. 

Dry 

weight. 

Water. 

Nitrogen. 

Ether 
extract. 

Total 
nitrogen. 

Total 

ether 
extract. 

No  preservative: 

Grams. 

177 
112 
175 

165 
159 
163 
141 
153 
109 
99 
74 

128 
207 
134 
83 

124 

Grams. 

42.18 
32.28 
38.47 

41.89 
42.85 
52.50 
39.67 
39.00 
36.56 
32.12 
27.09 

33.87 
44.13 
31.67 
26.59 

36.18 

Per  cent. 
76.11 
7L11 
78.07 

74.68 
73.10 
67.82 
7L84 
74.47 
66.33 
67.51 
63.32 

73.48 
78.71 
76.37 
68.00 

70.72 

Per  cent. 
1.5 
2.0 
1.5 

1.7 
1.7 
1.5 
1.7 
1.8 
2.2 
2.1 
2.1 

2.0 
1.3 
1.5 
1.9 

2.0 

Per  cent. 
4.5 
2.8 
3.4 

4.3 
2.8 
4.3 
4.5 
3.3 
5.2 
4.4 
5.4 

3.5 
3.1 
4.5 
3.8 

3.1 

Grams. 
2.65 
2.23 
2.63 

2.81 
2.71 
2.45 
2.39 
2.75 
2.39 
2.08 
1.57 

2.55 
2.69 
2.01 
1.58 

2.47 

Grams. 
7.95 

2    .     ...              .     . 

3.13 

3 

5.96 

Low  preservative: 

4 

7.11 

5        .        . 

4.46 

6 

7.02 

7 

8 

6.34 
5.04 

9 

5.65 

10 

4  35 

11 

3.99 

High  preservative: 

12 

4.47 

13 

14  . 

6.43 
6.03 

15.             

3  16 

No  preserv^ative: 

16 

3.83 

Mean  for  16  periods 

140 

37.32 

71.98 

1.78 

3.93 

2.37 

5.31 

I'crccntayc  distribution  of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine:  Average  value  for  each  period 
infractions  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur. 

SUBJECT  11  (W.  W.  C). 


Period. 

Urea 
nitrogen. 

NH3 
nitrogen. 

Purine 
nitrogen. 

Uric  acid 
nitrogen. 

Creati- 
nine 
nitrogen. 

Inorganic 
sulphur. 

Ethereal 
sulphur. 

Neutral 
sulphur. 

No  preservative: 
1 

3.45 
3.79 
3.40 

3.85 
4.21 
3.41 
3.55 
3.85 
3.23 
2.98 
3.11 

3.76 
4.22 
4.13 
3.14 

3.05 

0.49 

.63 
.45 

.58 
.45 
.65 
.49 
.44 
.34 
.55 
.71 

.76 
.86 
.  77 
.76 

.81 

1.43 
1.67 
1.54 

1.71 
1.81 
L81 
1.63 
1.82 
1.65 
L45 
1.59 

1.59 
1.83 
1.94 
L78 

L85 

4.44 
5.20 
5.06 

5.93 
5.76 
5.70 
5.50 
5.64 
5.54 
5.54 
5.22 

5.41 
5.44 
5.67 
6.18 

6.03 

2 

86.44 
84.53 

84.28 
84.14 
86.20 
83.35 
84.44 
85.10 
85.11 
85.82 

84.91 
84.38 
83.55 
82.87 

82.42 

3 

Ixiw  preservative: 
4 

5 

6 

78.40 
76.26 
79.07 
75.85 
77.46 
70.05 

74.34 
75.68 
09.  84 
71.82 

09.78 

9.22 
10.79 
8.07 
9.52 
9.06 
9.49 

9.48 
8.43 
10.31 
9.77 

9.53 

12.37 

7 

12.95 

8 

12.86 

9 

14.63 

10 

13.48 

11 

14.46 

High  preservative: 
12 

16.18 

13 

15.89 

14 

19.84 

15 

18.42 

No  preservative: 

16 

20.68 

484 


aUDlUM    BENZUATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


SUBJECT  III  (A.  G.). 

Tliis  man  performed  a  regular  part  of  the  analytical  work  of  the 
investigation  and  was  throughout  perfectly  normal  in  his  diet  and 
habits.  The  diet  was  comparative!}^  hearty,  as  sliown  by  the  food 
charts  and  the  output  of  nitrogen.  In  considering  the  condensed 
data  of  the  following  tables  there  is  nothing  very  striking  in  the 
nitrogen  metabolism  to  be  specially  noted.  The  total  nitrogen 
excretion  is  highest  in  the  fore  period  and  lowest  in  the  after  period, 
as  was  tlie  case  with  Subject  II,  but  as  this  relation  does  not 
hold  for  all  the  men  it  is  evidently  without  significance.  The  uric 
acid,  ammonia,  creatinine,  and  purine  excretions  are  very  regular, 
both  in  amount  and  distribution,  and  here,  as  in  the  other  cases, 
there  is  a  very  good  correspondence  between  the  nitrogen  and  the 
total  sulphur  of  the  urine.  There  appears  to  be  a  tendency  toward 
the  increase  of  neutral  sulphur  in  the  after  period,  but  the  ethereal 
sulphates  remain  nearly  constant  tlu^oughout.  Wliile  the  neutral 
sulphur  is  liigh  with  the  absence  of  preservative,  it  is  also  high  in 
some  of  the  periods  where  the  preservative  was  high.  In  the  case 
of  Subject  VI  it  will  be  seen  that  tlie  highest  neutral  sulphur 
falls  in  a  low  preservative  periotl.  It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  we 
can  not  draw  any  definite  conclusions  from  this  fact.  The  peculiari- 
ties in  the  nitrogen  and  fat  ratios  in  the  feces  are  in  evidence  here. 
The  condition  of  metabolism  shown  by  the  tables  is  strictly  normal. 

Daily  means,  Subject  III. 


Detemiination. 


Total  nitrogen 

Urea  nitrogen 

Uric  acid  nitrogen 

Ammonia  nitrogen 

Creatinine  nitrogen 

Purine  nitrogen 

Total  sulphur 

Total  phosphorus 

Indican,  Fehling=100. 


Total  ether  extract  in  feces,  grams 

Ether  extract  as  fraction  of  ingested  fat,  per  cent. 
Fraction  of  excreted  nitrogen  in  feces,  per  cent. . . 


Fore 
period. 


Grams. 
13.62 
10.63 
.20 
.78 
.72 
.044 


1.07 
41.00 


5.64 
3.53 
15.1 


Low  pre- 
servative. 


Grams. 

11.  99 

10.04 

.20 

.65 

.68 

.041 

.87 

.99 

41.00 


5.64 
3.58 
19.3 


First        Second 
high  pre- 1  high  pre- 
servative, servative. 


Grams. 

12.27 

10.17 

.20 

.m 

.69 
.05 


42.00 


4.02 
2.33 
17.6 


Grams. 

12.68 

10.38 

.20 

.71 

.72 

.05 

.98 

.93 

38.00 


6.57 
3.76 
15.4 


After 
X>eriod. 


Grams. 

11.28 

9.19 

.18 

.67 

.65 

.0<5 

.87 

.70 

41.00 


4.26 
2.44 
19.5 


EFFECTS   OF  SODIUM   RENZO.VTE   ON    IIEALTIF,   ETC.,   OF    MAN.      485 

Avenuji'  daihj  con ipo.fi lion  »f feces. 
SUHJECT  III  (A.  (.;.). 


Teriod. 

Moi.st 
weight. 

Dry 

wclglil. 

Water. 

Nitrogen. 

Ether 

extract. 

Total 
nitrogen. 

Total 

ether 

extract. 

No  preservative: 

1 

Grams. 
203 
213 
309 

217 
239 
215 
198 
208 
215 
248 
259 

200 
2.59 
211 
271 

284 

Grams. 
30.20 
32.  20 
79. 05 

35.  20 
50.07 
54.  32 
35.  51 
30.  20 
40.89 
39.20 
42.  05 

32.  70 
40.  70 
37.  fxS 
32.08 

37.  30 

Per  cent 

85.  19 
84.  45 
74.43 

83.70 
79. 05 
75. 35 
82. 09 

82.  02 
81.20 
84.17 

83.  50 

83.  05 
84.27 
82.10 
84.94 

80.80 

Per  cent. 
1.1 
.99 
.90 

1.1 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.3 
1.1 
2.1 

1.2 
1.1 
1.1 
.9 

.90 

Per  cent. 

2.2 
1.5 

2.8 

3.1 
2.5 
2.4 
2.4 
3.2 
2.3 
2.1 
2.2 

1.8 
1.7 
2.5 
2.9 

1.5 

Grams. 
2.23 
2. 12 
2.97 

2.39 
2.87 
2.57 
2.38 
2.50 
2.80 
2.84 
5.45 

2.40 
2.85 
2.32 
2.44 

2.73 

Grams. 
4  40 

3  20 

3                  

l,t)\v  pi-eservative: 

0  73 

5  98 

6 

5  15 

7 

4  70 

8 

0  07 

9 

4  95 

10 

5.21 

n 

5  71 

1 1  igh  preservative: 

12 

3  00 

13            

4  43 

14 

5  27 

15 

7  87 

No  perservative: 

16. .                   

4  20 

Mean  for  10  periods 

234 

40.93 

82.30 

1.17 

2.32 

2.74 

5.43 

Percentage  distribution  of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  wine:  Average  value  for  each  period  in 
fractions  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur. 

SUBJECT  in  (A.  (}.). 


Period. 

Urea 
nitrogen. 

Nils 
nitrogen. 

Purine 
nitrogen. 

Uric  acid 
nitrogen. 

Creati- 
nine ni- 
trogen. 

Inorganic 
sulphur. 

Ethereal 
sulphur. 

Neutral 
sulphur. 

No  preservative: 
1 

5.81 
5. 05 
5.04 

G.37 
0.20 
5.55 
5.35 
5.34 
4.81 
4.09 
5.17 

5.05 
5.40 
5.17 
0.05 

5.94 

0.32 
.34 
.34 

.40 
.23 
.44 
.20 
.23 
.24 
.48 
.35 

.42 
.41 
.44 
.40 

.39 

1.49 
1.54 
1.54 

1.87 
1.71 
1.04 
1.08 
1.03 
1.70 
1.70 
1.59 

1.04 
1.01 
1.55 
1.07 

1.57 

4.98 
5.15 
5.84 

0.02 
5.78 
5.70 
5.08 
5.53 
5.48 
5.72 
5.83 

5.73 
5.50 
5.81 
5.(« 

5.79 

2 

78.89 
81.42 

81.03 
82.85 
83.47 
82.59 
84.31 
83.25 
83.  98 
82.89 

82.15 
83.75 
82.35 
81.31 

81.54 

3 

Low  preservative: 

5 

79.27 
76.92 
77.29 
70.  08 
70.  54 
74.17 
74.47 

75.18 
70.87 
74.57 
75.02 

73.53 

7.32 
8.33 
8.82 
9.23 
8.40 
8.01 
10.18 

8.90 
7.70 
8.13 
7.09 

&33 

13  41 

e 

14  70 

7 

13.89 

8 

14  08 

9 

15  00 

10 

17.22 

11 

15.  35 

High  preservative: 
12 

15.80 

13 

15  37 

14 

17.30 

15 

10.08 

No  preservative: 

10 

18.14 

SUBJECT  IV  (O.  F.  L.). 

In  this  man  the  pecuUarities  of  diet  were  extremely  marked,  and 
corresponding;  peculiarities  of  metabolism  might  naturally  be  looked 
for.  Reference  to  the  food  tables  will  disclose  the  kind  and  amount 
of  food  preferred,  of  which  milk  was  always  a  prominent  item.  A 
perfectly  sullicient  diet  was  consumed,  however,  throughout,  with 
the  exception  of  a  short  time  in  two  periods,  when  the  illness  of  a 
member  of  his  family  called  him  away  over  night.  The  urine  and 
feces  were  saved,  but  for  the  time  the  food  (carried  with  him)  was 


486 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   TITE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


not  abundant.  Thi-s  will  account  for  the  apparent  negative  bal- 
ance. Aside  from  this  the  metabolism  is  remarkably  normal  and  a 
good  utilization  of  the  food  is  evident.  This  is  shown  by  the  data 
for  the  nitrogen  and  the  fat  in  the  feces,  as  presented  in  the  first  of 
the  following  tables,  and  for  the  nitrogen  elimination  of  all  the  periods, 
as  shown  in  the  second  table  following.  It  is  not  possible  to  dis- 
cover any  abnormal  effect  of  the  diet  at  any  point  of  the  whole  four 
months  of  observation.  If  anything  of  this  kind  should  obtain  we 
should  expect  to  find  it  in  the  distribution  of  the  nitrogen  of  the 
urine,  but  here  we  discover  a  very  uniform  relation  running  from 
the  beginning  to  the  end,  with  no  break  at  any  point  corresponding 
to  the  benzoate  periods.  The  high  neutral  sulphur  of  one  of  the 
benzoate  periods  is  matched  by  the  same  condition  in  the  after 
period,  and  as  a  general  conclusion  we  must  look  upon  all  the  urines 
as  normal  and  within  natural  limits. 

Daily  means,  Subject  IV. 


Determination. 


Total  nitrogen 

Urea  nitrogen 

Uric  acid  nitrogen 

Ammonia  nitrogen. . . 

Creatinine  nitrogen 

Purine  nitrogen 

Total  sulphur 

Total  phosphorus 

Indican,  Fehling=100. 


Total  ether  extract  in  feces,  grams 

Ether  extract  as  fraction  of  ingested  fat,  per  cent. 
Fraction  of  excreted  nitrogen  in  feces,  per  cent. . 


Fore       Lowpr^'    J^^t     '   f*^""!'     After 
period.     servat^ive.j^^f^P-  i^/^P-     period. 


Grams. 
11.67 
10.47 
.13 
.49 
.60 
.06 


.93 
5.7 


Grams. 

11.65 

9.96 

.15 

.53 

.63 

.035 

.79 

1.00 

11.00 


Grams. 

Grams. 

12.00 

10.26 

10.39 

8.53 

.15 

.13 

.54 

.51 

.02 

.64 

.038 

.044 

.86 

.76 

.98 

.81 

7.9 

9.2 

2.31 

3.16 

1.88 

1.79 

7.9 

9.2 

Grams. 

9.93 

a30 

.14 

.47 

.60 

.04 

.75 

.88 

12.7 


3.15 

1.81 

12.7 


Average  daily  composition  of  feces. 

SUBJECT  IV  (O.  F.  L.) 


Period. 

Moist 
weight. 

Dry 
weight. 

Water. 

Nitrogen. 

Ether 
extract. 

Total 
nitrogen. 

Total 

ether 

extract. 

No  preservative: 

1                         

Grams. 
loa. 
145 
109 

96 
142 
156 
118 
102 
131 
80 
74 

70 
98 
109 
99 

143 

Grams. 

22.08 
27.34 
21.41 

26.62 
42.32 
36.84 
27.42 
22.59 
29.17 
17.71 
19.08 

16.26 
21.62 
22.11 
23.55 

33.01 

Per  cent. 

79.77 
81.16 
80.33 

72.  24 
70.29 
76.32 
76.68 
77.93 
77.71 
77.74 
74.59 

76.86 
77.97 
79.76 
76.28 

76. 96 

Per  cent. 
1.2 
1.4 
1.1 

1.2 
1.1 
1.1 
1.4 
1.2 
1.3 
1.3 
1.4 

1.4 
1.1 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 

Per  cerU. 
2.8 
1.6 
3.1 

2.3 
3.5 
3.1 
4.3 
4.2 
3.4 
3.8 
2.7 

2.8 
2.7 
2.6 
3.5 

2.  2 

Grams. 
1.31 
2.03 
1.20 

1.15 
1.57 
1.71 
1.65 
1.23 
1.70 
1.03 
1.03 

.98 
1.08 
1.09 

.99 

1.43 

Grams. 
3.06 

2  

2.32 

3 

3.37 

Low  preservative: 

2.20 

4.99 

6 

4.82 

7 

6.06 

8 

4.30 

9 

4.45 

10 

3.02 

11 

1.99 

High  preservative: 

12 

1.97 

13  

2.65 

14 

2.84 

15 

3.48 

No  preservative: 

16 

3.15 

Mean  for  16  periods 

112 

25.57 

77.04 

1.2 

3.04 

1.32 

3.35 

EFFECTS   OF  SOr)UT^r   BEN550ATE   ON    llEAI.Tll,    ETC.,   OF   MAN.      487 

Percentage  distribution  of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  i)i  urine:  Average  value  for  each  period 
i)i  fractions  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulj)hur. 

SUBJECT  IV  (O.  V.  L.). 


IVriod. 

Urea 
iiitroKen. 

NH3 
nitrogen. 

Purine 
nitroKon. 

Uric  acid 
nitrogen. 

Creati- 
nine ni- 
trogen. 

Inorganic 
siilpliur. 

Etliereal 
siilptnir. 

Neutral 
siiiplnir. 

No  preservative: 

4.72 

3.  99 
4.02 

4.41 
5.  07 
4.63 
4.64 

4.  (a 
4.44 
4.53 
4.32 

4.54 
4.32 
4.  SO 
5.14 

4.69 

0.02 
.56 
.43 

.  32 

.  25 
.48 
.58 
.27 
.21 
.54 
.28 

.30 
.31 
.55 
.42 

.39 

1.18 
1.06 
1.12 

1.23 
1.10 
1.22 
1.22 
1.18 
1.28 
1.25 
1.34 

1.17 
1.30 
1.18 
1.37 

1.40 

5.00 
5.04 
5.25 

6.  18 
5.  50 
5.  (15 
5.22 
5. 09 
5.33 
5.  54 
5.61 

5.00 
5.  25 
5.85 
6.50 

6.06 

2 

85.59 
83.17 

85.32 
84.81 
86.  56 
85.  45 
84.34 
85.80 
85.76 
86.38 

■    80.89 
86.01 
83.63 
82.45 

83.55 

3     

Low  preservative: 
4 

5..              ... 

6 

82.  63 
80.  (15 
80.  33 
80.  25 
SO.  57 

79.  32 

80.  13 
77.04 
72.42 
73.72 

72.  35 

6.  31 
(1.  25 
(1.11 

5.  39 
6.04 
(1.  20 

6.  51 
8.67 
(1.  34 

7.  55 

0.03 

11  05 

7 

13  10 

8 

13  56 

9 

14  36 

10 

13  39 

11 

14  48 

High  preservative: 
12 

13  36 

13 

14  29 

14 

21  24 

15 

18.73 

No  preservative: 

16 

21  0'' 

SUBJECT  V  (A.  M.  N.). 

This  man  carried  a  part  of  the  analytical  work  on  the  urine  and 
was  kept  busy  through  the  day.  His  exercise  was  secured  in  playing 
handball  and  in  walking,  in  which  liis  habits  were  very  regular. 
The  diet  sheet  is  not  in  any  way  unusual.  A  consideration  of  the 
analyses  shows  the  same  general  trend  disclosed  in  the  other  men, 
with  the  urine  nitrogen  lowest  in  the  after  period,  however.  Corre- 
sponding to  this  we  have  a  rather  liigh  percentage  of  nitrogen  in 
the  feces.  The  excretion  of  creatinine,  ammonia,  uric  acid,  and 
sulphur  and  phosphorus  are  regular.  The  indican  figures  are  rela- 
tively high,  but  not  the  highest.  There  is  at  present  no  explanation 
for  the  marked  variations  in  this  factor  between  different  individuals, 
but  no  special  significance  can  be  attaclied  to  it,  as  similar  results  are 
found  in  the  routine  analyses  of  urines  in  general.  The  neutral 
sulphur  in  tliis  and  the  last  case  does  not  appear  to  be  markedly 
increased  in  the  after  period,  as  was  evident  in  the  other  men.  All 
the  results  here  appear  to  be  normal,  with  iiothing  to  suggest  a 
dependence  on  the  ingested  benzoate.  The  variations  noted  are 
not  systematic  enough  to  lead  to  any  conclusion  in  this  direction, 
except,  perhaps,  with  reference  to  the  fat  and  nitrogen  of  the  feces 
in  the  after  period,  of  which  something  will  be  said  below. 


488  SODIUM   BfiNZOATE  AND   THE   HEALTH   OP   MAN. 

Daily  means,  Subject  V. 


Determination. 


Total  nitrogen 

Urea  nitrogen 

Uric  acid  nitrogen 

Ammonia  nitrogen 

Creatinine  nitrogen 

Purine  nitrogen 

Total  sulphur 

Total  phosphorus 

Indican,  Fehling=100. 


Total  ether  extract  in  feces,  grams 

Ether  extract  as  fraction  of  ingested  fat,  per  cent. 
Fraction  of  excreted  nitrogen  in  feces  per  cent,. . . 


Fore 
period. 


Grams. 
11.28 
8.61 
.22 
.54 
.68 
.063 


.81 
28.00 


Low 
preserv- 
ative. 


First  high    Second 
preserv-    high  pre- 
ativc.     servative. 


Grams. 

10.33 
8.43 
.21 
.49 
.67 
.059 
.72 
.78 

32.00 


Grams. 

12.14 

10.05 

.22 

.54 

.68 

.085 

.93 

.90 

34.00 


Grams. 

11.20 
9.12 
.21 
.  55 
.70 
.070 
.84 
.81 

35.00 


4.08 

4.02 

4.02 

3.59 

3.53 

3.43 

7.3 

18.3 

14.1 

3.63 
2.94 
16.2 


After 
period. 


Grams. 

9.48 

7.65 

.18 

.43 

.65 

.087 

.75 

.80 

34.00 


2.68 
2.48 
18.0 


Average  daily  composition  of  feces. 
SUBJECT  V  (A.  M.  N.). 


Period. 

Moi.st 
weight. 

Dry 

weight. 

Water. 

Nitrogen. 

Ether 
extract. 

Total 
nitrogen. 

Total 

ether 

extract. 

No  preservative: 

1 

Grams. 
236 
200 
260 

153 
205 
225 
253 
123 
218 
165 
165 

147 
216 
223 
215 

149 

Grams. 
33.49 
28.36 
34.16 

27.72 
34.15 
42.26 
34.49 
24.23 
34.79 
27.99 
31.70 

24. 22 
38.40 
36.71 
28.18 

33.27 

Per  cent. 
85.81 
85.81 
86.86 

81.89 
83.33 
81.22 
86.39 
80.34 
84.04 
83.05 
80.78 

83.51 
82.20 
83.54 
86.90 

77.65 

Per  cent. 
1.0 
1.15 
.93 

1.3 
1.2 
1.2 
1.1 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 
1.3 

1.1 
1.1 
1.2 

.8 

1.4 

Per  cent. 
1.6 
1.5 
2.1 

1.9 
2.1 
2.2 
2.0 
2.3 
2.0 
2.4 
2.3 

1.4 
2.7 
1.8 
1.5 

1.8 

Grams. 
2.36 
2.30 
2.42 

1.99 
2.46 
2.56 
2.79 
1.85 
2.83 
1.98 
2.14 

1.62 
2.37 
2.68 
1.72 

2.08 

Grams. 
3  78 

2 

3.00 

3 

5.46 

Low  preservative: 

4 

2.91 

4.30 

6 .            

4  95 

7 

5.07 

8 

2.84 

9 

4.36 

10 

11     .. 

3.96 
3.78 

High  preservative: 

12 

2.20 

13 

5.83 

14 

4.03 

15 

3.23 

No  preservative: 

16 

2.68 

Mean  for  16  periods 

197 

32.14 

83.33 

1.17 

1.98 

2.26 

3.89 

Percentage  distribution  of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine:  Average  value  for  each  period 
infractions  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur. 

SUBJECT  V  (A.  M.  N.). 


Period. 

Urea 
nitrogen. 

NH3 
nitrogen. 

Purine 
nitrogen. 

Uric  acid 
nitrogen. 

Creati- 
nine 
nitrogen. 

Inorganic 
sulphur. 

Ethereal 
sulphur. 

Neutral 
sulphur. 

No  preservative: 

4.59 
4.60 
5.29 

4.38 
5.55 
4.86 
5.26 
4.82 
4.71 
4.14 
4.12 

4.29 
4.50 
4.68 
5.01 

4.58 

0.50 
.72 

.47 

.60 
.56 
.74 
.39 
.51 
.33 
.83 
.64 

.80 
.61 
.69 
.55 

.89 

1.82 
1.89 
2.07 

2.13 
2.13 
1.93 
2.05 
2.06 
2.05 
1.96 
1.76 

1.88 
1.67 
1.66 
2.00 

1.94 

5.41 
5.94 
6.70 

6.72 
7.10 
6.51 
6.35 
6.34 
6.55 
6.46 
5.92 

5.87 
5.38 
5.84 
6.70 

6.84 

<) 

80.54 
79.75 

82.33 
79.23 
83.16 
80.85 
80.89 
81.21 
81.60 
83.04 

81.96 
83.68 
82.19 
80.69 

80.75 

3 

Low  preservative: 

5 

67.65 
77.78 
72.92 
70.71 
70.54 
74.43 
73.36 

71.09 
74.56 
71.90 
70.74 

66.28 

8.82 
7.97 
10.08 
8.58 
8.26 
10.93 
10.88 

9.58 
7.54 
8.42 
9.33 

9.39 

23.52 

6 

14.25 

7 

17.00 

8 

20  71 

9 

21.20 

10 

14  ^,4 

11 

15.76 

High  preservative: 
12 

19  33 

13 

17  90 

14 

19.68 

15 ...   . 

19  92 

No  preservative: 
16 

''4  33 

EFFECTS   OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,  OF   MAN.      489 
SUBJECT  VI  (C.  H.  S.)- 

This  subject  is  blessed  with  a  remarkably  flexible  appetite,  and 
was  always  ready  for  any  kind  or  variation  in  the  diet.  lie  had  a 
newspaper  route  for  the  early  and  late  hours,  and  during  part  of  the 
time  pei-formed  some  janitor  work  in  the  college  buildings.  A  study 
of  the  following  sheets  shows  an  interesting  regularity  in  the  course 
of  the  urinary  and  fecal  excretion,  willi  no  variations  of  any  note  to 
point  to  an  effect  of  the  benzoate  The  excretion  of  the  neutral  sul- 
phur is  here  much  more  regular  than  with  the  other  men,  while  for 
the  ammonia,  the  uric  acid,  and  the  creatinine  we  have  almost  constant 
values  throughout.  The  importance  of  such  facts  must  not  be  over- 
looked, since  any  disturbances  in  the  general  metabolism  would 
undoubtetlly  show  in  some  of  these  constituents  of  the  urine  or  feces. 
The  total  nitrogen  and  the  urea  outputs  are  apparently  more  regular 
through  the  whole  season  for  this  man  than  for  the  others,  and  it  will 
be  noticed  that  like  Subject  I  he  shows  a  little  increase  here  from 
the  fore  period  to  the  fii-st  preservative  period,  while  for  some  of  the 
others  there  is  a  decrease.  As  far  as  can  be  determined  by  the 
analyses  of  the  excreta,  it  is  evident  that  this  man  has  remained  in 
normal  condition  through  the  tests,  and  his  metabolism  has  not 
been  altered  as  an  effect  of  the  added  preservative. 

Daily  means,  Subject  VI. 


Detennination. 


Fore 
period. 


Total  nitrogen 

Urea  nitrogen 

Uric  acid  nitrogen 

Ammonia  nitrogen 

Creatinine  nitrogen 

Purine  nitrogen 

Total  sulphur 

Total  phosphorus 

Indican,  Fehling=  100 

Total  ether  extract  in  feces,  grams 

Ether  extract  as  fraction  of  ingested  fat.  per  cent. 
Fraction  of  excreted  nitrogen  in  feces,  per  cent . . . 


Grams. 
12.04 
9.63 
.21 
.55 
.62 
.063 


.83 
17.00 


5.08 
4.06 
15.6 


Low 
preserv- 
ative. 


Grams. 

12.33 

10.50 

.21 

.52 

.62 

.06 

.90 

.92 

17.00 


5.21 
3.80 
14.6 


First  high     Second 
preserv- 
ative. 


Grams. 

13.75 

11.72 

.23 

.55 

.64 

.073 

1.07 

1.00 

15.00 


After 


high  pre-,   p^^VJ^ 

iSPi-vativp       P«iiou 


servative 


Grams. 

13.00 

10.85 

.21 

.54 

.65 

.07 

.97 

.91 

13.00 


4.65 
3.28 
13.3 


4.92 
3.31 
11.5 


Grams. 

12.35 

10.24 

.20 

.51 

.61 

.071 

.94 

.90 

13.00 


4.73 
3.53 
16.0 


490 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

Average  daily  composition  of  feces. 
SUBJECT  VI  (C.  11.  S.). 


Period. 

Moist 
weight. 

Dry 

weight. 

Water. 

Nitrogen. 

Ether 
extract. 

Total 
nitrogen. 

Total 

ether 

extract. 

No  preservative: 

Grams. 

175 
163 
163 

1.58 
172 
189 
162 
137 
168 
124 
130 

158 
166 
134 
1.38 

1S2 

Grams. 
32.71 
29.45 
45. 14 

31.45 
32.  39 
37. 53 
40.39 
29.83 
38. 96 
27.77 
27.00 

31.06 
38.  ,53 
26.34 
30.76 

41.17 

Per  cent. 
81.34 
81.99 
72.26 

80.05 
81.12 
80.10 
75.00 
78.21 
76.77 
77.55 
79.30 

80.34 
76.83 
80.36 
77.73 

77.36 

Per  cent. 
1.3 

1.38 
1.4 

1.4 
1.2 
1.1 
1.3 
1.5 
1.5 
1.6 
1.4 

1.4 
1.2 
1.3 
1.2 

1.3 

Per  cent. 
3.3 
2.5 
3.3 

3.0 
2.8 
2.8 
2.3 
5.3 
4.1 
3.5 
3.6 

2.2 
3.5 
2.9 
4.3 

2.6 

Grams. 
2.28 
2.39 
2.28 

2.21 
2.06 
2.07 
2.10 
2.05 
2.52 
1.98 
1.83 

2.21 
2.00 
1.74 
1.66 

2.36 

Grams. 

5.78 

2 

4.09 

3 

5. 37 

Low  preservative: 

4 

4.73 

4.80 

6 

5.28 

7 

3.72 

8 

7.26 

9 

6.88 

10 

4.33 

11 

4.70 

High  preservative: 

12 

3.49 

13 

5.82 

14    . 

3.89 

15 .  .              

5. 94 

No  preservative: 

16 

4.73 

Mean  for  16  periods 

1.57 

33.77 

78.52 

1.34 

3.25 

2.11 

5.05 

Percentage  distribution  of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine:  Average  value  for  each  period 
infractions  of  total  nitrogen  and  total  sulphur. 

SUBJECT  VI  (C.  H.  S.). 


Period. 

Urea 
nitrogen. 

NH3 
nitrogen. 

Purine 
nitrogen. 

Uric  acid 
nitrogen. 

Creati- 
nine 
nitrogen. 

Inorganic 
sulphur. 

Ethereal 
sulphur. 

Neutral 
sulphur. 

No  preservative: 

4.80 
4.92 
3.99 

4.49 
4.84 
4.52 
4.16 
4.60 
3.70 
3.65 
4.07 

3.99 
4.03 
4.28 
3.94 

4.14 

0.60 
.61 
.35 

.61 
.26 
.61 
.44 
.40 
.34 
.63 
.54 

.58 
.47 
.63 
.45 

.58 

1.67 
1.87 
1.69 

1.81 
1.78 
1.66 
1.77 
1.79 
1.66 
1.63 
1.66 

1.69 
1.65 
1.54 
1.^ 

L59 

4.59 
5.53 
5.34 

5.59 
5.25 
5.16 
4.23 
4.87 
4.62 
4.76 
4.94 

4.59 
4.63 
5.10 
4.90 

4.90 

9 

82.07 
82.58 

83.89 
83.99 
86.12 
84.45 
84.45 
84.14 
85.71 
85.68 

85.25 
85.26 
83.77 
83.32 

82.89 

3 

Low  preservative: 

5 

74.16 
79.83 
77.70 
77.78 
77.45 
76.84 
77.57 

78.00 
78.15 
74.70 
74.85 

74.62 

5.62 
6.67 
6.27 
6.98 
7.86 
6.59 
5.53 

5.47 
5.56 
6.89 
6.39 

6.84 

20.22 

6 

13.50 

7 

16.03 

8 

15.24 

9 

14.69 

10 

11 

16.57 
16.90 

High  preservative: 
12 

16.53 

13 

16.29 

14              .... 

18.41 

15 

No  preservative: 

16 

18.76 
18.54 

MEANS  OF  FECES  ANALYSES. 


It  may  be  a  matter  of  some  interest  to  have  a  summation  of  all 
the  results  from  the  feces  tests  for  comparison,  and  such  summation 
is  given  in  tabular  form.  From  this  it  may  be  easily  seen  just  how 
far  the  period  results  depart  from  the  general  mean. 


EFFECTS   OF  SODIUM   BKNZOATE   ON   HEALTH,  ETC.,  OF    MAN.      491 
Average  composition  of  feces  of  six  men  during  120  days. 


Subject. 

Moist 
weight. 

Dry 
weight. 

Water. 

Nitrogen. 

Ether 
extract. 

Total 
nitrogen. 

Total 

ether 

extract. 

1   

Orams, 

178 
140 
234 
112 
197 
157 

Orams. 
33. 50 
37.32 
40. 93 
25. 57 
32.14 
33.  77 

Per  cent. 
83.42 
71.98 
82.  3(1 
77.04 
83.33 
78. 52 

Per  cent. 
1.40 
1.78 
1.17 
1.20 
1.17 
1.34 

Per  cent. 
2.70 
3.93 
2.32 
3.04 
1.98 
3.25 

Orams. 
2.49 
2.37 
2.74 
1.32 
2.20 
2.11 

Orams. 
4.81 

11 

5.31 

Ill 

5.43 

IV 

3.35 

\' 

3.89 

M 

5.05 

Mean 

168 

33.87 

79.44 

1.34 

2.87 

2.22 

4.64 

HIPPURIC  ACID. 

Because  of  the  laborious  character  of  the  work  no  effort  was  made 
to  carry  tlirough  complete  series  of  determinations  of  hippuric  acid. 
But  from  time  to  time  analyses  of  composites  were  made  with  the 
object  of  observing  the  increased  output  of  this  acid  with  the  increase 
in  the  benzoate  administered,  and  to  find,  further,  whether  the  ben- 
zoic acid  is  eliminated  as  such,  or  as  liippuric  acid  wholly.  With  the 
second  object  in  mind  more  attention  was  given  to  the  purity  of  the 
final  extracts  than  to  their  absolute  amount.  In  the  last  weeks  of 
the  preservative  administration  the  weights  of  liippuric  acid  recovered 
in  pure  form  amounted  to  1.5  grams,  and  in  some  few  cases  to 
nearly  2  grams  daily.  In  the  treatment  with  petroleum  ether  for 
the  separation  of  benzoic  acid  essentially  negative  results  were 
alwaj^s  obtained,  from  which  it  was  evident  that  the  whole  of  this 
acid  had  passed  over  into  the  combined  form.  That  this  is  the 
normal  condition  is  now  generally  admitted,  and  calls  for  no  further 
discussion  here. 

NITROGEN  AND  FAT  BALANCES. 

Appended  to  the  general  urine  and  feces  charts  given  in  detail  there 
are  data  concerning  the  nitrogen  and  fat  balances  for  each  period. 
The  food  charts,  as  given  above,  must  be  consulted  to  find  the  original 
figures  from  which  the  nitrogen  and  fat  intake  has  been  calculated. 
For  purpose  of  ready  comparison,  however,  it  will  be  convenient  to 
have  all  these  figures  in  condensed  tabular  form.  The  next  table 
presents  such  a  condensation,  the  balances  being  calculated  for  the 
day  instead  of  for  the  period,  as  above.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  nitrogen 
balances  are  in  most  cases  characteristically  positive;  the  exceptions 
are  so  few  as  to  have  no  special  significance.  The  most  marked 
negative  balance  is  found  in  Subject  No.  IV,  on  account  of  the  irregu- 
larities in  a  few  meals,  as  referred  to  at  the  outset.  For  Subject 
No.  VI  we  have  a  slight  negative  balance  in  the  last  period  only, 
and  for  the  others  at  earlier  dates.     Subjects  Nos.  IV  and  V  have 


492 


SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND  THE   HEALTH   OP   MAN. 


small  negative  balances  in  the  after  period ,  but  of  trifling  value.  In 
Subject  No.  II  a  negative  balance  shows  in  the  first  fore  period,  the 
reason  for  wliich  is  not  apparent. 

The  fat  balances  merely  serve  to  show  the  abundant  fat  of  the  diet. 

Nitrogen  and  fat  balances. 


Period. 


No  preservative: 

1  /N-- 
^ \Fat. 

2  /N... 

3  i^-- 
"^ \Fat. 

Low  preservative: 

" {?i.: 

^ {?«: 

« {?it: 

' \Fat. 

« fc: 

« fe: 

^0 fc 

11 fc 

High  preservative: 

- fc 

1^ fc 

1^ \Fat. 

i» &: 

No  preser\'ative; 

- fc 


Subject  I  Subject 


+    0.22 
+101.7 


+    1.71 
+108.1 


+     2.29 
102.8 


+     1.73 
+  97.8 


+     2.77 
+  106.6 


+     3.36 
+  112.9 


+     2.12 
+  112.3 


.54 
■104  9 


+     2.52 


+     1.83 
+  110.8 


+     2.23 
+  125.6 


+      .16 
+  112.6 


+     2.78 
+  116.9 


+  111.9 


+     1.34 
+  126.8 


+      .84 
+  12&6 


-     1.84 
+  110.6 


+     1.17 
+  117.6 


+      .91 

106.7 


+     1.64 
+  107.2 


+     1.05 
+  124.7 


+     2.07 
+  113.7 


+     1.64 
113.5 


+     2.58 


+     1.56 
+  109.8 


+     1.15 

+  118.1 


+     1.36 
+  111.5 


-     1.25 
+  82.1 


+      .38 
+  97.5 


+     2.57 
+  138.4 


+      .85 
+  128.9 


Subject 


iubi« 
III 


-     0.13 
-149.9 


+      .48 
+143.6 


+    1.53 
143.1 


+     1.17 
+  146.5 


+     1.77 
+  152.9 


+     l.Sl 
+  153.5 


+     1.99 
+  160.1 


+  166.6 
+     2.95 


+     1.53 
+  156.3 


-      .53 

+  157.8 


+     2.81 
+  165.9 


+     1.98 
+  164.5 


+     2.05 
+  174.8 


+     1.72 
+  169.5 


.01 
-170.4 


Sul)ject 
IV. 


-     4.46 
-150.9 


-     3.21 
+  91.2 


-       .58 
+  93.7 


+     1.69 
+  110.2 


+     1.82 
+  135.2 


+     1.82 
+  142.4 


+     1.24 
+  153.6 


+     1.65 
+  165.7 


+     1.78 


+       .! 

+12&; 


+     1.66 
+  129.3 


+     2.13 
+  1142 


+     1.69 
+  127.2 


+     1.41 
+  174  5 


-     3.03 
-182.4 


-      ..33 
+  170.3 


Subject 


T 


+     0.83 
+  122.8 


+      .02 

+  9&5 


+  1041 


-      .1 
+  85.0 


+     2.51 
+  107.2 


+      .65 
+  105.4 


+     1.37 
+  111.5 


+     2.3 
+  107.7 


+     2.06 


+     1.66 
+  165.8 


+     1.39 
+  11&5 


+     1.15 
+  98.7 


+     1.96 
+  126.9 


-      .32 
+  1149 


+     1.46 
+  120.7 


-      .09 
+  111.1 


Subject 


biect 


+     1.84 
+  141.9 


+     1.04 
+  108.9 


+      .78 
+  107. 1 


+     1.17 
+  106.1 


+     2.12 
+  119.9 


+     1.5 
+  118.9 


+     2.07 
+  134  9 


+     2.64 
+  130.5 


+     1.39 


+     1.68 
+  136.2 


+     1.65 
+  1448 


+     2.36 
+  131.2 


+     1.95 
+  143.2 


+     1.85 
+  151.8 


+     1.87 
+  143.0 


-      .33 

+  129.2 


In  connection  with  the  figures  in  the  tables  showing  the  consump- 
tion of  food  and  the  excretion  of  nitrogen  two  tilings  further  must 
be  noted .  The  nitrogen  ehmination  is  naturally  variable,  but  a  com- 
parison with  the  food  charts  given  above  will  show  that  in  general  tliis 
output  varies  closely  with  the  nitrogen  consumption.  The  few  excep- 
tions to  this  rule  do  not  fall  in  any  one  period  of  the  investigation; 
it  is  therefore  not  possible  to  connect  it  with  the  presence  of  the  ben- 
zoate  in  the  food .  The  most  marked  of  these  exceptions  occurs,  in 
the  case  of  Subject  No.  I,  in  the  last  preservative  periods.  The  cause 
of  this  will  be  discussed  under  medical  conditions. 


EFFECTS   OF  SODIUM    BKNZOATK   ON    IIKAI/L'll,    ETC.,   OF    MAN.      493 
UTILIZATION  or  NITROGEN  AND  FAT. 

A  study  of  the  utilization  of  nitrogen  and  fat  is  instructive.  The 
figures  given  above,  the  tables  of  daily  means,  show  that  the  per- 
centage amounts  of  fat,  or  crude  ether  extract,  properly,  found 
in  the  feces  are  variable  to  a  liigh  degree,  but  can  not  be  connected 
with  the  benzoate  addition,  since  the  maximum  values  occur  for  the 
dilTerent  individuals  in  difTerent  periods.  For  Subject  No.  I  the  best 
utilization  is  in  the  after  period  and  the  worst  in  the  fore  period, 
wliile  for  the  high-preservative  periods  the  utilization  is  nearly  the 
same  as  for  the  after  period.  For  Subject  No.  II  the  best  utilizations 
are  found  in  the  last  high-preservative  and  the  after  period,  and 
distinctly  better  than  in  the  fore  period  and  the  other  preservative 
periods.  For  Subject  No.  Ill  the  utilization  is  good  throughout,  but 
slightly  more  favorable  in  the  first  high-preservative  period.  In  the 
case  of  Subject  No.  IV  the  results  for  the  liigh-preservative  periods 
and  the  after  period  are  essentially  the  same  and  very  favorable.  A 
somewhat  poorer  utilization  is  found  in  the  fore  period  and  the  low- 
preservative  period,  wliich  show  about  the  same  result.  In  Subject 
No.  V  the  poorest  utilization  is  in  the  fore  period  and  the  best  in  the 
after  period,  with  that  for  the  second  high-preservative  period  essen- 
tially the  same  as  for  the  latter.  For  Subject  No.  VI  the  two  liigh- 
preservative  periods  show  the  most  favorable  results,  wliile  the  least 
favorable  are  for  the  fore-period  average.  In  general,  there  is  a 
tendency  toward  good  utilization  extending  over  into  the  after  period, 
which  is  fairly  distinct  in  most  cases. 

For  the  utilization  of  nitrogen  we  have  two  considerations;  we  may 
take  the  relation  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  feces  to  the  nitrogen  of  the 
food ,  or  the  relation  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  feces  to  the  total  excreted 
nitrogen.  In  either  case  we  fail  to  find  any  systematic  connection 
between  tlie  benzoate  and  the  feces  nitrogen.  This  is  true,  however, 
that  the  percentage  of  the  total  nitrogen  excreted  in  the  feces  is 
always  greater  in  the  after  period  than  in  the  last  high-preservative 
period.  In  most  cases  this  last  high-preservative  period  shows  the 
best  results  in  tliis  regard,  but  not  always.  The  full  meaning  of  these 
relations  can  be  seen  only  by  comparing  the  food  tables  at  the  same 
time,  but  it  appears  evident  that  no  definite  relation  with  the  ben- 
zoate exists  tliroughout ;  the  utilization  of  nitrogen  is  not  lessened 
by  the  addition  of  the  preservatives. 

QUALITATIVE  URINE  TESTS. 

In  addition  to  the  quantitative  results  for  the  urine,  recited  in 
the  preceding  pages,  a  number  of  special  qualitative  tests  were  regu- 
larly made.  The  tests  for  sugar,  albumin,  acetone,  and  glucoronic 
acid  were  throughout  negative,  and  will  not  be  tabulated.     Tests 


494  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF   MAN. 

for  aromatic  oxyacids  and  for  indolacetic  acid  were  made  twice  a 
week  for  each  subject,  by  the  addition  of  ^Millon's  reagent  in  the  one 
case  and  of  hydrocliloric  acid  and  potassium  nitrite  in  the  other 
to  the  ether  extract  of  the  urine,  prepared  in  the  usual  way.  From 
the  depth  of  color  obtained  in  each  case  the  results  are  reported  as 
"slight,"  "moderate,"  or  "strong."  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  data 
as  tabulated  in  tables  following  vary  in  an  irregidar  manner,  and 
seem  to  show  no  sharp  change  with  the  increase  of  benzoate  in  the 
diet.  One  point  only  need  be  speciall)''  mentioned.  In  the  earher 
weeks  of  the  investigation  the  indolacetic  acid  test  was  frequently 
negative  in  some  of  the  men,  to  turn  later  to  positive  without  the 
addition  of  nitrite.  In  all  the  later  tests  the  addition  of  nitrite  was 
required  to  complete  the  test.  But  the  behavior  is  not  general,  and 
we  have  no  corresponding  change  in  the  after  period.  It  would  be 
difficult,  therefore,  to  connect  the  phenomena  in  any  satisfactory 
way  with  the  preservative. 

SEDIMENTS    FROM    THE    URINES. 

Weekly  examinations  of  the  sediments  from  the  urines,  obtained 
by  use  of  the  centrifuge,  were  made  for  each  man.  The  results  are 
given  in  tabular  form.  No  characteristic  variations  are  apparent, 
and  in  general  the  crystals  and  organized  forms  found  in  the  fore 
periods  continue  throughout  the  whole  series  of  tests.  This  is  par- 
ticularly true  of  the  hyalin  casts,  wliich  are  frequently  found  in  the 
urine  of  two  of  the  men,  in  small  numbers.  At  one  time  such  casts 
were  usually  described  as  pathological,  but  it  is  now  known  that  their 
occurrence  in  normal  urine  is  by  no  means  rare.  In  the  numbers 
found  in  these  centrifuged  urines  there  is  notliing  pathological,  and 
in  any  event  the  frequency  with  wliich  the}"  occur  is  not  increased  as 
the  administration  of  benzoate  begins  and  continues.  The  pus  cells 
found  rather  commonly  tliroughout  in  two  of  the  cases  are  doubtless 
due  to  chronic  gonorrhea,  contracted  before  going  on  the  squad. 
They  have  no  bearing  on  the  results. 


EFFECTS    OF   SODIUM    HENZOATK    ON    llKAI/rH,    ETC.,   OF    MAN.       495 


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EFFECTS   OF  SODIUM    HENZOATE   ON    HEALTH,    ETC.,   OF    MAN.      499 
EXAMINATION  OF  THE  FECES. 

Tho  above  tables  })reseiit  all  of  the  routine  examinations  oatricfl 
out  on  the  urine.  We  have  next  to  eonsider  work  on  the  feces,  which 
may  have  a  bearing  on  the  question  of  the  possible  efTects  of  sodium 
Ix'uzoate  on  the  metabolism.  This  work  is  presented  in  two  sets  of 
ial)les.  The  first  set  to  follow  give  the  results  of  general  tests  and 
observations,  covering  questions  of  color,  reaction,  consistence,  odor, 
specific  gravity  as  shown  by  rising  or  sinking  in  water,  the  presence 
of  mucus,  the  presence  of  indol,  the  presence  of  biliary  derivatives 
reacting  with  mercuric  chloride,  and  finally  the  amount  of  gas  liber- 
ated by  bacteria  present  from  glucose  tubes  and  from  bouillon  tubes. 
These  data  are  all  presented  in  very  brief  form,  and,  in  general,  it 
will  be  noticed  that  no  definite  changes  of  any  kind  occur  which  may 
be  associated  with  the  benzoate  added  to  the  food.  The  general 
character  of  the  feces  seems  independent  of  any  such  influence. 

Following  these  general  tables  we  have  a  more  extensive  series 
showing  the  results  of  the  Gram-stain  tests  on  the  feces  direct,  on 
the  sediment  from  the  glucose  tubes,  and  on  the  sediment  from  the 
bouillon  tubes.  As  the  results  of  these  tests  are  rather  fully  given 
they  speak  for  themselves,  and  need  no  additional  explanation  at  tliis 
point.  The  general  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  them  is  that  the 
administration  of  benzoate  in  the  large  and  small  doses  given  in  our 
tests  has  no  discernible  effect  on  the  bacterial  flora.  While  great 
variations  in  the  pictures  may  be  noticed,  they  occur  apparently  at 
random  in  the  feces  of  the  different  individuals,  and  any  sufficient 
evidence  to  connect  them  with  the  dosage  appears  to  be  quite  lacking. 


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506 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces. 
SUBJECT  I  (H.  N.  B.). 


Date. 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Gram  stain  of  Rlucose 
tube  sediment. 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


1908. 
July     2 


July     6 


July     9 


July    13 


July   16 


Julv   20 


July   23 


July   27 


Gram  negative  predominate.  These  are 
colon  type  and  some  rather  long 
tlireads."  Positive:  (lood  many  rae- 
dium-sizcii  dipiococci,  some  large 
coccal  bodies;  some  large  bacilli  of 
bacillus  aerogenes  capsulatiis  type, 
but  shorter,  some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; some  short  thick  bacilli  with 
central  spores  (suMUis?);  liere  and 
there  slender  curved  bacilli  with 
pointed  ends. 

Gram  negative  predominate.  Tiiese  are 
of  colon  type  and  some  bacilli  much 
longer.  Positive:  Many  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology;  good  many  thick 
bacilli  of  medium  lengtli  and  of  aero- 
genes  length  or  longer;  few  bacilli 
slightly  longer  than  colon  bacUlus, 
slightlj'  bent  and  pointed  at  ends; 
good  many  large  coccal  and  diploccal 
bodies;  few  mediuin-sized  diplococc;. 

Gram  positive  and  negative  about  equal. 
Positive:  Good  many  large  coccal  and 
diploccal  bodies;  many  medium-sized 
dipiococci;  some  colon-like  bacilli; 
good  many  slender,  ratlier  long  bacilli; 
here  and  there  a  l)acillus  of  subtUis 
tj'pe  with  central  spore. 


Gram  negative  predominate.  These  are 
of  colon  type,  some  longer,  some  spiro- 
chete-like  bodies,  and  some  long,  slen- 
der threads.  Positive:  Good  many 
large  coccal  liodies;  many  medium- 
sized  dipiococci;  here  and  there  some 
bacilli  of  about  aerogcnes  capsulatus 
type;  many  bacilli  of  colon  morpliol- 
ogy ,  and  some  longer  and  more  slender 
than  these. 

Gram  negative:  Spirilla  in  small  num- 
bers and  some  of  colon  morphology. 
Positive:  Many  large  coccal  bodies; 
many  medium-sized  dipiococci;  many 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology  and  some 
longer  than  these  and  curved;  some 
bacilli  approximating  aerogenes  in 
morphology;  here  and  there  bacilli 
with  central  spores. 

Gram  pcsitive  predoniinating.  Nega- 
tives are  slender  spiral  and  some  ba- 
cilli of  colon  mo -phology.  Positive: 
Many  large  coccal  bodies;  many  me- 
dium-sized dipiococci;  some  bacilli 
of  about  aero;enes  morjihology,  but 
mostly  shorter  or  longer  than  typical; 
many  bacilli  of  colon  morphology,  and 
some  longer  than  these  and  slightly 
curved;  here  and  there  bacilli  with 
central  spores. 

Gram  positive  predominating.  Nega- 
tives are  spiral  organisms  and  bacilli 
of  colon  type.  Positive:  Many  large 
coccal  bodies;  many  clumps  of  and 
scattered  dipiococci;  some  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology,  and  soiic  longer, 
slightly  curved,  "a  few  with  pointed 
ends;  some  of  about  aerogenes  type, 
but  shorter  or  longer. 

Grau  positive  and  negative  about 
equal.  Negatives  are  spiral  organ- 
isms, some  of  colon  type  and  a  few 
long  threads.  Positive:  Some  large 
coccal  bodies;  many  medium-sized 
dipiococci;  some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology and  some  longer  than  these; 
nere  and  there  tjacillus  of  about  aero- 
genes type,  but  shorter  or  longer. 


Very  few  Oram  negative. 
Tliese  of  colon  type. 
Positive:  Majority  are 
dipiococci,  some  of 
which  are  in  short 
chains;  some  bacilli  of 
colon  m  o  r  p  h  o  1  ogy ; 
some  very  long  slen- 
der bacilli  in  chains. 


Practically  gram  posi- 
tive fiel'l.  Majority 
are  dipiococci  in 
chains  and  singly;  few 
bacilli  of  colon"  mor- 
phology. 


Practically  Gram  posi- 
tive field:  Many  dipio- 
cocci in  chains  and  sin- 
gly; man.v  bacilli  of 
about  aerogenes  cap- 
sulatus type,  and 
some  much  shorter 
and  some  longer  than 
these. 

Gram  positive  almost 
c-xclusively :  Abu  n- 
dant  dipiococci,  many 
La  chains;  few  short 
bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology. 


Gram  positive  field: 
.Vbundant  dipiococci, 
some  in  chains;  many 
bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; some  bacilli 
approximating  Bacil- 
lus aerogenes  capsnla- 1 
tus  type,  but  shorter. 


Gram  positive  exclu- 
sively: Medium-sized 
dipiococci,  some  in 
chains  predominate, 
some  bacilli  of  about 
colon  mori)holot;y; 
some  bacilli  of  about 
aerogenes  morphology 
but  longer  or  shorter 
than  typical  aero- 
genes. 

Po.sitiye  field:  Dipio- 
cocci in  great  nutn- 
bers,  some  in  chains, 
some  bacilli  of  colon 
lengtli,  but  stouter; 
some  bacilli  of  about 
aerogenes  type,  but 
shorter. 

Very  few  Gram  negative. 
These  are  long  slender 
organisms.  Positive: 
Few  dipiococci  of  me- 
dium size;  many  ba- 
cilli of  colon  length  but 
stouter  than  colon; 
hereandtherestoutl)a- 
cilli  of  about  aeroiicnes 
type,  but  longer  or 
shorter  than  tj-pical. 


Very  few  Gram  negat: 
Positive:  Very  many  o. 
Bacillus  sub  tills  typo 
with  central  spores; 
many  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy, and  some  of  same 
shape  but  longer;  some 
very  long  slender  bacilli; 
here  and  there  some  free 
spores. 

Almost  pure  culture  of 
gram  positive  bacilli  of 
the  morphologj'  of  colon, 
excei)t  longer.  A  few 
short  stout  bacilli.  A  few 
l>acilli  of  subtilis  type, 
with  central  spores. 
Here  and  there  some 
free  spores. 

Almost  exclusively  gram 
positive:  Almost  pure 
culture  of  dipiococci  in 
chains  and*  scattered; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology and  some  longer 
than  colon,  but  of  same 
thickness. 

Gram  positive  field;  Many 
dipiococci  of  medium 
size;  many  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology,  and 
some  longer  than  these; 
few  free  spores;  liere  and 
there  a  slender  t)acillus 
with  oval  terminal  spore. 


Practically  Gram  positive 
field:  Many  cocci  in  pairs 
and  in  chains;  manv  ba- 
cilli of  colon  morphology; 
many  bacilli  slightly 
longer  than  the  colon, 
slender  and  slightly 
curved;  some  bacilli  of 
about  aerogenes  morph- 
ology, but  shorter. 

Positive  field:  .Vbundant 
medium-sized  dipiococci; 
many  bacilli  of  colon 
inorpholog3',  and  some 
longer  than  colon  and 
slightly  curved;  some 
liacilli  slightly  shorter 
than  aerogenes. 


Positivefleld:  Manybacill- 
of  about  colon  morpholi 
ogy  and  many  of  same 
thickness,  but  longer; 
some  bacilli  of  aerogepes 
capsulatus  tj'pe;  some 
medium-sized  dipiococci. 


Positive:  Many  dipiococci 
of  medium  size;  many 
bacilU  of  about  colon 
morphology,  but  longer; 
some  very  long  threads; 
some  bacilli  of  colon 
tj-pe;  a  few  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  type. 


EFFECTS   OF  SODIUAI   BENZOATE   ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,   OF   MAX.        507 


Jiesulls  of  Gmin-slain  tests  on  feres — CoiUiiiuod. 
SUBJliCT  I  (U.  N.  B.)— Contiuuod. 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Grain  stain  o(  plucoso 
tubo  sodinicnl. 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tul>e  sediment. 


Mastly  Grain  posi<ivt>.  NpRativc:  A  few 
colon  typo,  a  few  .s])iriUs,  and  soiiio 
lonK  tliiTiids.  rosilivi':  yoiiip  lar>;o 
coccal  bodies;  many  modiuiii-sizcd 
diiiloi'ocri;  some  bacilli  of  colon  moi- 
pholo^iy  and  sonic  lonu'cr  liian  these; 
some  bacilli  of  aeroncucs  lliickiiess, 
but  not  proper  Icnfilh;  here  aiul  there 
thick  bacilli  with  central  spore. 

Gram  i)osilive  predominating.  Nega- 
tives are  of  colon  type,  a  fcwspiral  or- 
ganisms and  somc'loiii,'  threads.  Posi- 
tive: Some  large  coccal  bodies  and  dip- 
loeoceal  bodies;  many  medium-sized 
diplococci;  good  many  of  ci)lon  type 
and  longer,  some  of  w  liich  are  slightly 
curved  and  have  pointed  ends;  some 
bacilli  ai'proacliing  morphology  of 
aerogeiu'scapsulatus  type;  a  few  long 
thick  bacilli  w  itli  central  spore. 

Gram  positive  predondiiatiiig.  Nega- 
tives are  of  colon  type  anda  fcwspirals. 
Positive:  Some  large  coccal  bodies; 
good  many  medium-sized  di|>lococci; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  type  and  some 
longer  tlian  these;  somebacilli  of  colon 
length, but  stouter  than  colon;  a  few 
bacilli  of  acrogeiies  capsiilatus  type, 
and  some  of  similar  morphology,  but 
longer. 

Gram  positive  predominating.  Gram 
negatives  are  of  colon  type,  some  spi- 
rals and  some  long  slender  bacilli. 
Positive:  Some  large  coccal  and  diplo- 
coccal  bodies;  many  incflium-sized 
diplococci;  some  bacilli  of  colon  type; 
some  longer  than  colon  and  slender;  a 
few  bacilli  of  aerogenes  capsulatus 
type,  but  of  varying  length. 


Mostly  Gram  positive.  Negatives  are  of 
colon  type,  a  few  spiral  organisms  and 
some  long  threads.  Positive:  Some 
large  coccal  and  diplocoecal  botlies; 
majority  are  medium-sized  diplococci; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  morphology; 
good  many  bacilli  longer  than  colon 
and  slender;  a  few  of  aerogenes  capsu- 
latus type;  a  few  of  subtilis  (?)  type. 


Majority  Gram  positive.  Negatives  are 
of  colon  morphology  and  some  long 
slender  bacilli.  Positive:  Good  many 
large  coccal  bodies;  good  many  me- 
dium-sized diplococci;  some  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology;  good  many  bacilli 
of  medium  length  or  long  andslender; 
a  few  of  these  have  bulbed  extrciiiity; 
a  few  bacilli  of  aerogenes  capsulatus 
t\-pe;  a  few  of  subtilis  (?)  type. 


Gram  positive  predominating.  Nega- 
tives arc  bacilli  of  colon  length  and 
longer,  and  a  fev/spirochete-like.  Posi- 
tive: A  few  large  coccal  bodies;  many 
medium-sized  diplococci:  majority  are 
t)acilli  of  medium  length  and  thick- 
ness, some  longer;so77ie  l)acil!i  of  colon 
morphologv;  a  few  of  suldilis  morphol- 
ogj-,  one  with  central  spore;  here  and 
there  a  bacillus  of  aerogenes  capsula- 
tus type. 


Positive  field:  Many  mo- 
dium-sized  diidococci; 
many  bacilli  of  colon 
length  but  stouter; 
some  bacilli  approach- 
ing aerogenes  in  mor- 
phology. 


Positive  field:  Profusion 
of  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; many  t)acilli 
of  colon  length,  but 
stouter;  some  bacilli  of 
about  aerogenes  type 
but  shorter  than  typ- 
ical. 


Positive  field:  Very 
many  medium-sized 
diplococci:  some  ba- 
cilli of  colon  type  and 
somcslightly  longer;  a 
few  very  loiig,  slender 
bacilU. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  diplococci,  some  in 
chains;  a  few  bacilli 
of  colon  morphology; 
most  of  tlie  bacilli  are 
of  aerogenescapsulatus 
type,  but  of  varying 
length. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci, a  few  in  short 
chains;  remainder  are 
thick  bacilli  varying 
from  colon  length  to 
morphology  of  aero- 
genes. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dij)- 
lococci;  remainder  are 
thick  bacilli,  some  of 
colon  length,  others 
about  morphology  of 
the  aerogenes. 


Positive  field:  Almost 
exclusively  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  a  few 
bacilli  that  are  stout 
and  as  long  as  or 
slightlj-  longer  than 
colon. 


Positive  field:  Many  largo 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology, but  of  varying 
length;  many  bacilli  of 
Colon  morphologv;  good 
many  bacilli  in  chains  of 
subtilis  typo  w  ith  central 
spore. 

Positive  field:  Some  bacilli 
of  colon  type;  a  few 
medium-sizetl  diplococci; 
some  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
type;  many  bacilli  in 
chains  of  sul)tilis  type 
with  central  spore.  (Con- 
tamination?); a  few  free 
spores. 


Practically  gram  positive 
field:  Many  bacilli  of 
colon  type  and  many 
longer  than  these;  some 
medium-sized  diplococci; 
a  few  very  long  threads;  a 
few  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
capsulatus  t3-pe;  a  few 
bacilli  of  about  subtilis 
morjihology,  some  with 
central  sjiores. 

Majority  Gram  positive. 
Negatives  are  of  colon 
type.  Positive:  Majority 
are  slender  medium- 
Icngth  bacilli;  a  few  of 
colon  morphology;  a  few 
of  the  slender  medium- 
length  hacilii  have  head- 
let  extremity;  a  good 
many  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
capsulatus  type;  a  few  of 
bacilli  subtilis  t.\7)e;  here 
and  there  free  spores. 

Mixed  positive  and  nega- 
tive. Negatives  are  of 
colon  type  and  some  ba- 
cilli that  are  rather  long 
and  slender.  Positive: 
Majority  arc  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  capsulatus 
type;  many  of  medium 
length  and  "slender;  a  few 
of  colon  morphology;  a 
few  medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci. 

Gram  positive  field:  Pre- 
dominant organism  is  of 
colon  morphology,  but 
more  slender  and  with 
somewhat  pointed  ends; 
a  few  of  these  are  "punc- 
tate:" good  many  bacilli 
of  colon  morphology;  oc- 
casional mediU'ii  -  sized 
diplococci;  a  few  spore- 
bearing  bacilli  in  chains 
of  subtilis  tj-pe;  here  and 
there  a  long  slender 
thread. 

Positive  field:  Mixed  field 
of  bacilli  of  subtilis  type 
and  bacilli-like  aerogenes; 
many  bacilli  with  termi- 
nal oval  spore;  a  few  free 
spores;  a  few  n^edium.- 
sized  diplococci;  here  and 
there  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; some  very  long 
threads. 


508 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


liesults  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 

SUBJECT  I  (11.  N.  B.)— Continued. 


1908. 
Aug.  24 


Aug.  27 


Sept.    3 


Sept.    S 


Sept.  11 


Sept.  15 


Sept.  18 


About  equally  Gram  positive  and  nega- 
tive. Negiilives  areof  colon  type, some 
longer,  and  some  spirals.  Positive:  A 
few  large  coccal  bodies;  many  me- 
dium-sized diplococ'ci;  bacilli  of  me- 
dium length  and  thickness  predoiai- 
naie;  some  bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; here  and  there  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
type. 

Gram  positive  predominate.  Negatives 
are  of  colon  tj-pe,  some  spirochete-like 
organisms  and  some  rather  long  slen- 
der bacilli.  Positive:  Some  rather 
large  coccal  bodies;  some  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology;  some  shghtly  longer;  a 
few  rather  stout,  short,  and  medium 
length  bacilli;  here  and  there  a  bacil- 
lus approaching  morphology  of  aero- 
genes. 


Gram  positive  and  negative  about  equal. 
Negative  are  of  colon  moi-phology  or 
longer  and  a  few  spirals.  Positive: 
A  few  large  coccal  bodies;  some  me- 
dium-sized diplococci;  some  bacilli  of 
colon  morpliology,  and  some  slightly 
louger;  some  rather  stout  bacilli  vary- 
ing from  length  of  colon  to  about 
aerogenes  morphology. 


Gram  positive  predominate.  Negative 
are  of  colon  type  or  slightly  longer. 
Positive:  A  few  large  coccal  bodies; 
many  medium-sized  diplococci;  many 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology  and  niany 
longer  than  these;  very  few  of  aeroge- 
nes type;  here  and  there  a  few  spores. 

Gram  positive  in  predominance.  Nega- 
tive are  of  colon  type  or  longer.  Posi- 
tive: A  few  large  coccal  bodies;  many 
medium-sized  diplococci:  many  l)acilii 
of  colon  morphology;  many  bacilli 
longer  and  perhaps  niore  slender  than 
colon ;  a  few  of  aerogenes  type;  here 
and  there  a  free  spore. 


Positive  predominate.  Negative  of  colon 
type.  Positive:  Some  large  coccal 
bodies:  good  many  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; majority  are  of  colon  morphol- 
ogj-;  few  of  aerogenes  tj-pe. 


Negative  predominate.  These  of  colon 
type.  Positive:  Some  large  coccal 
bodies;  good  many  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; a  good  many  l)acilli  6f  colon 
morphology  or  moreslender;  a  few  of 
aerogenes  morphology;  here  and  there 
bacilli  resembling  subtilis  in  morphol- 
ogy. 

Like  last  description,  except  that  posi- 
tive and  negative  bacilli  are  about 
equal.  A  few  spores  also  were  seen 
here. 


Positive  field:  Medium- 
sized  diplococci  pro- 
dominate;  a  few  very 
long  threads;  a  few  ba- 
cilli that  arc  stout  and 
vary  from  colon  length 
to  morphology  of  aero- 
genes. 

Positive  field:  Majority 
are  mcdiiun-sized  dip- 
lococci; good  many 
thick  bacilli  varying 
from  colon  length  to 
morphology  of  aero- 
genes or  longer;  a  few 
long  tliick  threads. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  meditun-sized  dip- 
lococci; good  many 
thick  baciUi  varying 
from  the  length  of  the 
colon  to  about  aero- 
genes morphology. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; remainder  are 
thick  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes type  or  of  me- 
dium length;  some 
long  threads. 

Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
cocci;  the  r  est  are 
stout  bacilli  of  aeroge- 
nes morphology;  some 
long  threads. 


Like  last  examination. . . 


.do. 


Positive  field:  Majority  an 
medium-sized  diplococci; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; many  bacilli  of 
medium  length  or  longer 
and  slender. 


Positive  field:  A  few  me- 
dium -  sized  diplococci; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; many  long  thin 
bacilli  or  threads,  a  few 
of  which  are  partially  de- 
colorized; the  predomi- 
nant bacterium  is  a  long 
slender  bacillus,  which  in 
places  seems  to  be  par- 
tially decolorized;  a  few 
of  these  positive  bacilli 
have  swellings  on  the 
end. 

Very  few  negative  bacilli 
of  colon  type.  Positive 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy in  predominance.  A 
few  medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci. A  good  many 
rather  thick  single  bacilli 
of  about  medium  length 
or  of  aerogenes  mori)hol- 
ogy,  some  with  central 
spores.  Many  free  spores. 

Positive  field:  Majorityare 
biicilli  of  colon  type  or 
slightly  longer;  good 
many  bacilli  in  chains  of 
subtihs  type;  a  few  rather 
thick  bacilli  of  about 
aerogenes  morphology  or 
shorter. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  colon  morjihol- 
ogy  or  longer  than  colon; 
good  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some 
very  long  \ery  slender 
bacilli  or  threads:  good 
many  rather  thick  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  inorphology 
or  shorter,  with  central 
ova  spore;  a  few  f re  e 
spores. 

Good  manynegative  bacilli 
of  colon  morphology. 
Positive:  Many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some  of 
colon  type;  majority  are 
rather  thick  bacilli  of 
about  aerogenes  mor- 
phology or  sliorter. 

Negative  Inuilli  of  colon 
type  predominate.  Posi- 
tive: B;M'teria  ar^  ex- 
clusively large  thick  bac- 
illi of  "about  aerogenes 
morphology,  except  that 
some  of  them  have  ter- 
minal spores. 

Positive  predominate. 
Negative  of  colon  type. 
Positive  are  thick  bacilli 
of  medium  length  or 
short ,  a  few  like  aerogenes 
in  morphology.  Here 
and  there  a  free  spore. 


EFFECTS   OF   SODIUM   BE2sZOATE   ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,   OF    AlAN. 

Ixtsulls  of  Grain-stain  tests  on  feces — Continueil. 
SUBJECT  I  (II.  N.  B.) -Continued. 


509 


Gram  shiin  direct. 


Like  last  examination. 


(iram  positivo  and  negative  aliontequal. 
KeKiit  1  vo  are  of  colon  tyjie  and  a  few 
spiral  ori;;iiiisnis.  I'ositive.:  Few  large 
coccal  bodies;  some  metliiuu-sized 
diplococri;  majority  of  Imcilli  are  of 
colon  lytic  or  a  little  lou(,'er,  Imt  some 
are  slender  and  slightly  curved;  tew 
of  aorogenes  morphology;  few  large 
bacilli  with  central  spore. 

Gram  positi\-o  predominate.  Negative 
are  of  colon  type  and  .siiiral  organisms. 
Positive:  Majority  are  mediiun-sized 
diplococci;  a  few  large  coccal  or  dip- 
lococcal  liodies;  majority  of  the  bac- 
illi are  of  colon  type  or  somewhat 
longer  and  curved;  very  few  stout 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  morphologj'. 


Positive  and  negative  aliout  equal. 
Negative  are  of  colon  type  and  a  good 
many  rather  long  slender  liacilli.  Posi- 
tive: Few  large  coccal  l>odies;  good 
many  mediimi-sized  diplococci;  ma- 
joritj'  of  bacilli  arc  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy, some  slightly  more  slender  and 
curved;  very  few  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology. 

Few  negative.  These  are  of  colon  type, 
and  here  and  there  a  long  slender 
bacillus.  Positive:  Some  large  cocci 
and  diplococci;  good  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  majority  of  bacilli 
are  of  colon  type  or  more  slender  and 
slightly  curved;  very  few  of  aerogenes 
tj-pe. 

Few  Gramnegative.  These  are  of  colon 
tj-pe,  or  slightly  longer,  and  a  few 
spirochetc-hke.  Positive:  Good;nany 
medium-sized  diplococci:  good  many 
of  colon  morphology;  good  jiiany  more 
slender  than  colon,  some  slightly 
curved;  some  of  aerogenes  type^  but 
more  slender;  a  few  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology; afew large  thick  liacilli,  some 
with  spores  (?);  here  and  there  free 
spores. 


Good  many  negative.  These  of  colon 
type  arc  slightly  longer,  and  some 
very  long  slender  bacilli,  some  of 
which  have  t woof  three  liends.  Posi- 
tive: Few  large  coccal  iiodies;  many 
mediiun-sizeddiplococcal;  good  many 
of  colon  type  and  slightly  longer;  few 
of  aerogenes  type;  a  few  much  larger 
than  aerogenes;  a  few  free  spores. 


Few  negative  of  colon  type.  Positive: 
Some  large  coccal  bodies;  good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci;  good  many 
of  colon  morphology;  some  of  colon 
morphology,  but  curved;  good  many 
slightly  longer  and  more  slender  than 
colon;  very  few  of  aerogenes  type;  few 
stouter  anil  shorter  than  icrogenes;  few 
free  spores;  occasional  clostridium- 
like  organisms. 


(iram  stain  of  glucose  Oram  slain  of  bouillon 

tul>c  sediment.  tuUi  sediment. 


Positive:  Practically  all 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; few  stout  bac- 
illi of  varial)le  lengths, 
some  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology. 


Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  few 
stout  baciUi,  some  of 
aerogenes  type,  but 
others  of  variable 
length. 


Positive  field:  Prac- 
tically all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  few 
thick  bacilli  of  vary- 
ing lengths. 


Positive  field:  Prac- 
tically all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  a  few 
.stout  l)ac!lli  of  aero- 
genes morphology,  but 
varj-ing  in  length  from 
medium  to  long;  here 
and  there  a  long  slen- 
der thread. 


Like  last  description.. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  mediiun-sized  dip- 
lococci; some  bacilli  of 
almost  aerogenes  mor- 
phology and  some 
shorter;  some  l)acilli 
more  slender  than  aero- 
genes and  of  varying 
lengths,  short  to  long. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are 
medium  sized  tllploiotci; 
good  many  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes luurijhology,  ex- 
cept that  tliey  "are  of 
medium  lengtli  or  short. 

Positive  field;  Field  filled 
with  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; a  few  chains  of 
subtilis  type  with  central 
spore;  some  stout  bacilli 
varying  in  length  from 
short  to  aerogenes  mor- 
phology, or  longer;  a  few 
free  spore.s. 

Few  negaiivo  bacilli  of 
colon  type.  Positive: 
Good  many  rather  large 
bacilli,  some  appro.xi- 
mating  aerogenes  in  mor- 
phology, and  some  with 
terminal  spore;  few  bac- 
illi of  colon  morphology; 
some  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  alioutcolon'mor- 
phology  or  slightly  longer 
and  some  curved;  some 
very  long  slender  threads: 
very  few  medium-sized 
diplococci. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are 
rather  stout  long  bacilli 
some  with  terminal  spore; 
few  liaciUi  of  colon  type. 
Some  medium-sized  dij)- 
lococci. 


Mostl.v  Gram  positive. 
Negative  are  mediiun 
length  bacilli  of  medium 
thickne.ss,  some  of  which 
are  not  decolorized  in 
spots.  Positive;  Major- 
ity are  bacilli  of  medium 
length  and  thickness: 
good  many  of  colon  mor- 
phology; good  many  me- 
diiun-si  zed  diplococci; 
few  bacilli  of  about  aero- 
genes type. 

Positive  field:  Few  me- 
dium -  sized  diplococci; 
few  of  colon  type;  good 
many  slightly  longer  and 
more  slender  than  colon; 
many  long  slender  bacilli, 
some  of  which  have  ter- 
minal enlargements  like 
headlets,  but  in  places 
the  enlargements  are 
more  pronounced  and 
show  as  spores. 

Positive  field;  Majority  are 
large  bacilli  of  a-rogenes 
diameter,  some  of  aero- 
genes length,  others 
shorter  and  longer;  few 
medium-sized  diplococci; 
some  l)acilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; few  bacilli  more 
slender  and  slightly 
longer  than  colon. 


510 


SODIUM    BENZOATE  AND   THE    HEALTH    OF   MAN. 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  I  (II.  N.  B.)— Continued. 


Date. 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tulie  sediment. 


1908. 
Oct.    20 


Oct.    23 


Oct.    27 


Oct.   30 


Good  many  negative.  These  of  colon 
morpliologj'-,  slightly  longer  than 
colon  and  soint'  slender  bacilli  of  colon 
and  thrice  colon  length.  Positive: 
Like  last  description  except  here  are 
a  few  bacilli  more  s!eiidi;r  than  aero- 
genes,  but  of  aerogenes  and  of  me- 
dium length;  a  few  bacilli  with  cen- 
tral spores;    no  Clostridia  seen. 

Excepting  the  addition  of  a  few  slender 
spiral  Gram  negative  organisms  this 
smear  give  picture  like  last  one. 


Gram  positive  and  negative  about 
equal.  Negative  are  mostly  very 
slender  and  as  long  as  colon  or  very 
long.  Some  of  colon  morphologj'. 
Positive:   Organisms  ILko  last  smear. 


Like  last  smear,  except  here  some  of  the 
long  slender  negative  organisms  are 
spiral  in  shape. 


Like  last  description  ex- 
cf.'pt  cocci  practically 
ill  pure  culture;  few  of 
large  baeilii;  some  of 
aerogenes  morphol- 
ogy, others  more 
slender. 


Like  last  sediment. 


Like  last  description  of 
Oct.  20. 


Like  last  sediment. 


Few    negative    of    colon 
morphology.      Positiv  ■  : 
Good  many  large  spur.  - 
bearing  bacilli  like  si,:- 
tllis;  few  irw  spores,  i:: 
jority    are    bacilli    nn  ■ 
slender    than    aorogci. 
and  of  medium  length  oi 
short     Good   many   ba- 
cilli of  colon  morphology. 

Positive  field:  Practically 
all  are  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; few  bacilli  more 
slender  than  aerogenes 
and  of  medium  length. 

Good  many  partly  negative 
"punctate"  bacilli  of  co- 
lon morphology,  but 
slightly  longer  Few  neg- 
ative of  colon  morphol- 
ogy. Positive:  Majority 
are  of  colon  morphology 
and  slightly  longer;  some 
of  colon  mbrpiiology  but 
mor(>  sleudcr  than  colon; 
good  many  l^acilli  of  aero- 
genes morphologj-;  here 
and  there  an  organism 
with  central  spore  of  sub- 
tilis  typo. 

Good  niany  negative  of  co- 
lon type  and  some  slight- 
ly nioro  slender.  Posi- 
tive: Many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some 
bacilli  01  colon  morph- 
ology; some  similar  but 
witli  pointed  ends;  some 
like  colon,  except  more 
slender  and  slightly 
longer. 


SUBJECT  II  (W.  W.  C). 


1908. 
July     2 


July     7 


July     9 


Gram  negative  predominate.  These 
are  of  colon  type,  some  longer,  and 
some  long  threads.  Positive:  A  few 
large  coceal  bodies;  some  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some  bacilli  of  colon 
moriihology,  and  many  longer  than 
these;  gooil  many  l.>ae'il!i  of  a  mor- 
phology approaching  that  of  aerogenes. 


Gram  positive  and  negative  equal.  Neg- 
ative are  of  colon  type,  some  longer 
than  usual  colon  morpliology,  and 
some  long  threads.  Positive:  Some 
large  coceal  bodies;  some  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  many  bacilli  of  colon 
tjTje;  many  bacilli  longer  than  colon, 
but  same  thickness;  a  few  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  capsulatus  \,y\w\  a  few  ba- 
ciUi  of  subtilis  t^TJC.  Here  and  there 
a  frw  spore. 

Few  gram  negative.  These  are  of  colon 
type  and  long  threads.  Positive:  Some 
large  coceal  bodies:  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some  of  colon  type 
and  some  longer  than  tvpical  colon; 
some  bacilli  of  aerogenes  Ciipsulatus 
type,  but  not  typical;  a  few  very  long 
thick  organisnLS. 


Positive  field:  A  few 
medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci; some,  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology, and 
sosne  longer  than  this; 
many  ba^'illi  of  aero- 
gene.s  type;  a  few  of 
subtilis  morphology;  a 
few  free  spores  (con- 
tamination?). 

Positive  field :  A  few  dip- 
lococci; so;ne  bacilli 
of  colon  morphology, 
many  of  bacillus  aero- 
genes ciipsulatus  i.\T>e, 
butof  varying  length; 
here  and  "there  bacilli 
of  subtilis  type. 


Few  negative.  These  in 
morphology  like  the 
predominant  g  r  a  m 
positive,  except  short- 
er. Positive:  Bacilli- 
like  aerogenes,  but  of 
varying  length  in  pre- 
dominance; a  few  me- 
dium-sized dl])lococci; 
a  few  of  colon  t>'pe. 


Positive  field:  Field  full  of 
bacillus,  subtilis  and  free 
spores  (contamination?). 


Gram  positive  predomi- 
nat<\  .Negative  are  of 
colon  type  or  slightly 
longer.  Positive:  Few 
medium-sized  diplococci, 
some  bacilli  of  colon  type 
or  longer  than  typical; 
many  IkxcIUI  of  aerogenes 
capsulatus  tj-pc,  but  of 
varying  morphology. 

Gram  positive  predomi- 
nate; many  bacilli-like 
aerogenes,  but  narrower; 
some  of  colon  type  and 
some  slightly  longer  than 
these;  a  few  bacilli  of 
subtilis  type;  here  and 
there  a  few  large  bacilli 
with  central  spore;  some 
very  long  threads. 


EFFECTS   OF   SODIUM   BE^'ZOATE   ON    llEALTll,    EIC,   OF    MAM.         511 


Results  of  Gram-slain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  II  (\V.  W.  C.)-Conthiued. 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Positive  prodomlnato.  Nopativo  nro  of 
colon  type,  sonm  longer  and  a  few 
spirals.'  Hosilivo:  A  few  lart;o.  coccal 
bodies;  sonio  medinni-sizcd  diplo- 
cowi;  .sonic  bacilli  of  colon  nioriiliolo- 
py;  many  of  acrogoncs  type,  but  nior«' 
slender  "  than  typical.  Some  Ion;; 
tlin-ads;  a  few  stont  bacilli  witli  cen- 
tral si)ore. 


Positive  predominate.  Positive:  A  few 
large  coccal  bodies ;  good  many 
medium-sized  dii)lococci;  some  bacilli 
of  colon  morphology;  some  bacilli 
longiM'  and  thiimer  than  colon;  a  few 
long  threads;  a  few  bacilli  resembling 
subtilis. 


Positive  predominate.  Positive:  A  fev.- 
large  coccal  bodies;  some  niediiiiu- 
si/.ed  diplococci;  some  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology  and  some,  stouter  than 
these;  some  bacilli  more  slender  and 
longer  than  the  colon;  a  few  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  capsulatus  type. 


Gram  positive  and  negative  about  equal. 
Positive:  .V  few  large  coccal  bodies; 
some  tnedium-sizeil  diplococci;  some 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology  and  a  few 
phunjier  than  these;  some  approach- 
ing aerogenes  in  niorphology;  here 
and  there  a  thick  baciUus  with  central 
spore;  predominant  organism  is  one 
more  slender  and  longer  than  colon. 

Positive:  A  few  large  coccal  bodies; 
some  medium-sized  diplococci;  a  good 
many  biu'illi  of  colon  morphology  and 
longi>r;  some  of  the  latter  in  chains  of 
two  or  three;  here  and  there  a  thick 
bacillus  with  icentral  spore;  a  few  free 
spores;  some  bacilli  of  aerogenes  cap- 
sulatus type,  but  of  varying  length. 


Positive  field:  Many  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; some  bacilli  of  colon  type, 
some  longer  than  typical,  some  longer 
and  more  slender,  "and  some  plumper 
than  colon;  soriu!  of  Xiw,  latter  in 
pairs;  a  few  free  sjiores;  a  few  bacilli 
of  sicrogenes  capsulatus  tji^e;  a  few 
bacilli  with  occasional  central  spore 
resembling  subtilis. 

Positive  ])redominate.  Positive:  A  few 
large  coccal  bodies;  some  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  majority  of  bacteria 
are  bacilli  of  about  colon  length  or 
longer,  but  more  slender  than  colon; 
some  plumper  than  colon,  Isut  of  colon 
length;  some  of  colon  morphology: 
a  few  approaching  morphology  of 
aerogenes. 

Positive  predominate.  I'ositive:  Some 
large  coccal  bodies;  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some  slender  bacilli 
of  medium  length;  a  few  rather  long 
and  slender:  many  bacilli  of  colon 
length  or  longer,  but  thicker  than 
colon;  a  few  bacilli  like  aerogenes. 


Gram  stain  of  plucoso 
tube  sediment. 


Positive  field:  A  few 
diplococci  of  medium 
size;  some  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology,  a 
few  in  dii)lohacillus 
form;  many  of  aero- 
genes tyjie,  but  more 
sli'iider;  a  few  long 
threads. 


Positive  field:  Many 
medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci; some  bacilli  of 
colon  niorphology,  a 
few  rather  ])liimp 
bacilli  ill  short  chains; 
a  few  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes capsulatus  type; 
hero  and  there  a  long 
tlu'cad. 

Positive  field:  Many 
medium -sized  diplo- 
cocci; many  bacilli  like 
colon  in  morphology 
but  plumper;  some 
larg(>  coccal  bodies; 
some  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes capsulatus  tyjie, 
but  of  varying  length. 

Positive  field:  Many 
medium -sized  diplo- 
cocci; some  short  ba- 
cilli of  colon  mor- 
phology, but  thicker; 
a  few  bacilli  like  aero- 
genes; a  few  medium- 
length  slender  bacilli. 

Positive  field:  Many  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
many  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology,  but 
slightly  thicker;  some 
of  colon  morphology; 
some  medium  -  sized 
slender  bacilli;  a  few 
bacilli  approaching 
aerogenes  in  mor- 
phology. 

Positive  field:  Many 
medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci; remainder  arc 
bacilli  of  colon  length 
or  a  little  longer,  but 
thicker  tlian  colon. 


Positive  field:  Someme- 
diimi-sized  diplococci; 
a  few  large  coccal  bod- 
ies; majority  are  bacilli 
slightly  longer  and 
thicker  than  colon;  a 
good  many  of  colon 
morphology;  some  like 
aerogenes,  but  of  vary- 
ing length. 

I'ositive  field:  Good 
many  medium-sized 
diplococci;  majority 
are  bacilli  of  colon  or 
medium  length,  but 
thicker  than  colon; 
very  few  slender  medi- 
um" length  bacilli:  few 
of  aerogenes  morphol- 
ogy, but  of  varying 
length. 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


Positive  field:  A  few  diplo- 
cocci of  medium  size; 
good  many  of  colon  mor- 
phology; many  longer 
tliaii  tli(>sc;  some  rather 
slender  bacilli  with  liead- 
l.t.  A  few  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes capsulatus  type;  a 
fi'w  bacilli  with  central 
spore;  here  and  there  a 
free  spore. 

Positive,  field:  A  few  mc^ 
diuiu-sized  diplococci; 
some  bacilli  oi^  colon 
morphology;  I'najority 
arc  bacilli-like  colon,  but 
stouter;  some  bacilli  ap- 
proaching morphology  of 
aerogenes. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are 
slender  bacilli  of  medium 
length;  some  of  the  longer 
ones  lik<'  these  have  head- 
lets;  some  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology;  some  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
here  and  there  a  bacillus 
of  aerogenes  capsulatus 
type;  a  few  long  threads. 

Positive  field:  Majority  arc 
medium  length,  slender 
bacilli,  some  slightly 
carved,  a  few  lieadlets; 
many  diplococci;  some 
bacilli  of  colon  type;  a 
few  bacilli  approaching 
morphology  of  aerogenes, 
but  of  varying  length. 

Positive  field:  Many  slen- 
der bacilli,  some  slightly 
curved,  of  colon  length  or 
longer;  some  of  colon 
typo  and  some  slightly- 
thicker;  a  few  bacilli 
with  headlet;  a  few  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
here  and  there  a  long 
thread;  very  few  ap- 
proaching bacillus  aero- 
genes in  morphology. 

Positive  field:  Manybacilli 
of  subtilis  type  in  chains 
(contamination?) ;  many 
slender  bacilli  of  colon 
length,  but  plumper;  a 
few  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
capsulatus  type. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are 
slender  bacilli  of  medi-, 
um  length  or  longer; 
some  of  colon  type;  a  few 
medium-sized  diplococci; 
some  bacilli  of  subtilis 
tji^e;  a  few  free  spores;  a 
few  plumper  than  colon; 
a  few  like  aerogenes,  but 
of  varying  length. 

Positive  field:  Some  medi- 
um-sized diplococci:  ma- 
jority are  medium  length 
slender  bacilli;  many  of 
colon  morphology,  and 
many  slightly  thicker; 
some  free  spores;  very 
few  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology. 


512 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


r>at<" 


1908. 
Aug.  11 


Aug.  13 


Aug.  14 


Aug.  24 


Results  of  Gram-slain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  II  (W.  W.  C.)— Continued. 


Gram  stain  diroct. 


Aug. 


Aug.  .31 


Sept.    3 


Gram  positive  predominate.    Positive: 
A  few  large  coccal  bodies;  good  many 
medium-sized    diplocoeci;    some   ba-  | 
cilli  of  colon  morphology:  some  longer;  ' 
some  of  colon  length  but  stouter,  a  few 
of  which  aie  in  pairs;  a  few  of  aero-  [ 
genes  tj-pe,  but  of  varying  length  and 
thickness. 
Positive   field:  Good    many   medium- 
sized  diplocoeci;  some  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology;  many  of  colon  length, 
but  stouter;  some  Ijacilii  of  medium 
lengthand  slender;  some  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes  capsulatus  tjqje;  a  few  thicker 
and  stouter  than  aerogenes;  a  few  long 
threads. 


Few  negative  of  colon  type.  Positive: 
Some  medium-sized  diplocoeci;  good 
many  bacilli  of  medium  diameter  and 
of  colon  length  and  longer;  some  of 
colon  morphology;  some  of  colon 
length  and  slightly  stouter;  some 
approximating  aerogenes  in  mor- 
phology; here  and  there  large  stout 
bacilli  of  unknown  morphology. 


Like  last  description. 


Few  negative  of  colon  type  and  a  few 
spiral  organisms.  Positive:  Many  me- 
dium -  sized  diplocoeci;  a  few  large 
coccal  and  diplococcal  Vjodies;  some 
bacilli  of  colon  type;  some  liacilli 
slightly  stouter,  but  of  colon  length, 
and  some  of  same  stout  moiphology, 
but  longer  than  colon;  good  many 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  capsulatus  type, 
and  some  longer  than  tjrpical. 


Like  last  description,  plus  some  bacilli 
about  aerogenes  diameter  but  shorter, 
resembling  subtilis. 


Positive  field:  A  few  large  coccal  bodies; 
good  many  medium-sized  diplocoeci; 
some  bacilli  about  aerogenes  cap- 
sulatus morphology:  some  rather 
long  threads;  majority  are  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology  or  alittle  longer. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
locoeci; a  good  many 
bacilli  of  colon  length 
but  thicker;  a  few  ba- 
cilli of  aerogenes  capsu- 
latus tj-pe,  ijut  of  vary- 
ing lengths. 

Like  last  de.'^fription 


..do. 


.do. 


.do. 


Positive  field:  Almost 
exclusively  medium- 
sized  diplocoeci;  re- 
mainder are  rather 
thick  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes and  medium 
length,  l)Ut  slightly 
more  slender  than 
aerogenes. 


Gram  stain  of  l^ouillon 
tube  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are 
slender  bacilli  of  medium 
length;  some  bacilli  of 
colon  morijhology,  and 
some  longer;  some  of 
colon  length  Ijut  stouter; 
a  few  of  subtilis  type;  a 
few  of  aerogenes  tyije. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
medium  length  slender 
bacilli;  a  few  of  the  longer 
ones  have  headlet;  some 
bacilli  of  colon  morjjhol- 
ogy;  a  few  plumper  than 
colon;  some  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  tj-pe;  a  few 
medium-sized  diplocoeci; 
a  few  bacilli  of  sul)t.ilis 
type;  a  few  free  spores; 
a  few  long  threads. 

Few  negative  of  colon  type. 
Positive:  Majority  are 
slender  barilli  of  colon 
length  and  slightly  long- 
er; some  of  colon  mor- 
phology; some  l)acilli  of 
subtilis  morphology; 
some  bacilli  of  colon 
length,  but  slight ly 
thicker. 

Positive  field:  A  few  me- 
dium-sized diplocoeci; 
some  Itacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology* good  many  ba- 
cilli of  "nuKlium  length  or 
longer  and  of  colon  thick- 
ness; good  many  short 
bacilli  thicker  than  colon, 
a  few  of  which  are  in 
chains  of  two;  here  and 
there  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
capsulatus  tj'pe. 

Positive  field:  Some  me- 
dium -  sized  diplocoeci; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phologj';  many  long  thin 
threads,  some  of  which 
are  partially  decolorized; 
good  many  slender  me- 
dium length  or  long  ba- 
cilli; a  few  of  aerogenes 
capsulatus  type;  some  ba- 
cilli resemliliiig  subtilis. 
with  occasional  central 
spore;  a  few  long  slen- 
der bacilli  with  terminal 
spore. 

Like  l;ist  description,  ex- 
cept no  long  thin  threads; 
many  long  slender  ba- 
cilli with  terminal  round 
spore  rpsembling  tetanus. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; some  rather  long 
slender  bacilli,  some  of 
which  have  terminal  en- 
largements (  s  p  o  r  es  ?  ); 
good  many  very  long 
slender  threads;  a  few 
mediiun  -  sized  diplo- 
coeci. 


EFFECTS  OF   SODIUM   liENZOATE   ON    llEALTil,   ETC.,   OF    MA^,         5113 

Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  onfeees — Continued. 
SUBJECT  II  (W.  W.  C.)— ContimiiMl. 


(iniiii  si'.iiii  iliri'Ct. 


Few  negative  of  colon  typo,  anil  a  f«>\v 
ratluT  loiin  thick  haeilii  partially  dc- 
coloriZ(><i.  I'ositivi-;  Some l;irt;o coccal 
aiid  diplix'occal  hodiis:  f;ooii  many 
medium  -  sized  diiiloeoeei;  many  ba- 
cilli of  colon  morpholofjN  or  slightly 
longer  llian  colon;  some  bacilli  of 
a'roj;enes  caiwiilaliis  type,  and  o1  tiers 
of  same  diameter,  bill  shorter;  here 
and  there  a  long  thick  tliread. 


Positive  predominate.  Positive:  Many 
medium  -  sized  diplococci;  a  few  largo 
coccal  and  diplocotcal  bodies;  many 
bacilli  of  colon  morpholot,'y ;  many 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology,  but 
longer;  a  few  slender  threads;  "moder- 
ate nuinliorof  thick  l)acilli  of  .erogenes 
morphology  and  shorter. 


Like  last  description.  Some  of  the 
bacilli  of  colon  length,  but  more 
slender  are  curved. 


Like  last  sediment. 


Gram  positive  predominate.  Positive: 
Many  mediimi-sized  diplococci;  a  few 
large  coccal  or  diplococcrd  bodies; 
many  bacilli  of  colon  morphology  or 
longer  than  colon;  a  few  long  slender 
threads;  few  thick  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology  or  shorter  than  these. 


Practically  positive  field;  field  filled 
with  medium-sized  diplococci:  a  few 
large  coccal  bodies;  some  Ijacilli  of 
aerogenes  type;  some  bacilli  of  colon 
tjTpe. 


Few  negatives;  these  of  colon  type;  field 
filled  with  diplococci;  moderate  nimi- 
ber  of  l)acilli  of  colon  morphology 
someof  which  arecurved;  cousideraV'le 
numlter  of  bacilli  of  aerogenes  capsu- 
latus  type;  I  very  long  partly  decolor- 
ized thread. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


Like  last  description 
plus  some  rather  long 
thick  threads. 


Positive  field:  Practical- 
ly all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  very 
few  thick  m  e  d  i  u  m 
length  bacilli. 


Few  negative  of  colon 
t3rpe.  Positive:  Ma- 
jority are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  good 
many  of  colon  type: 
some  thick  bacilli  va- 
rying from  aerogenes 
morphology  to  short 
bacilli. 

Positive  field:  Majority 
are  mediimi  sized  dip- 
lococci; remainder  are 
bacilli  of  approxi- 
mately aerogenes  mor- 
phology or  sliorter, 
mostly  slightly  more 
slender  than  typical 
aerogenes. 

Negative  predominate. 
These  of  colon  type, 
some  slightly  longer, 
and  a  few  very  long 
bacilli  of  colon  dia;n- 
eter.  Positive:  Good 
many  medium-sized 
diplococci;  good  many 
short,  rather  .  thick 
bacilli. 

Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medimn- 
sized  diplococci;  some 
rather  large  stout  ba- 
cilli approximating 
aerogenes  in  morphol- 
ogy: 1  very  long  stout 
ttiiead. 

Positive  field:  Practical- 
ly allare  medium-sized 
diplococci;  a  few  large 
coccal  l)odies;  consid- 
erable miml)er  of  rath- 
er thick  liacilli  varying 
from  medium  length 
to  long  tlureads. 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tuljo  sediment. 


Good  many  negative  long 
slender  bacilli  and  long 
slender  threads,  some  of 
the  latter  partially  decol- 
orized. Positive:  Some 
l>acilli  of  colon  type;  a 
good  many  long  slender 
bacilli  liii(>  those  de- 
scribed Gram  negative; 
some  thick  bacilli  of 
about  sul)tilis  morphol- 
ogy, mostly  singlj',  but 
a  few  in  chains  of  two 
or  three;  some  bacilli  of 
wrogenes  capsulatus 
type;  others  of  same 
thickness  but  shorter. 

Negati  vc  pre  dominate. 
Th(!se  are  of  colon  type 
and  some  rather  thick 
long  bacilli,  some  like 
threads.  I'ositive:  A  few 
medium  -  sized  diplo- 
cocci; few  bacilli;  these 
are  of  colon  type;  some 
medium  length  Ijacilli  of 
arogenes  diameter,  and 
some  slender  long  bacilli, 
a  few  of  which  should  be 
called  threads. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
free  spores;  majority  are 
aliout  colon  morphology; 
several  headlet  forms  (?) 
seen  in  slender  mediimi 
lengtli  or  long  bacilli; 
good  many  short  thick 
bacilli,  many  with  cen- 
tral spores;  a  few  medium 
sized  diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
slender  bacilli  slightly 
longer  than  colon:  many- 
long  thin  Gram  positive 
threads;  a  few  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  a  few 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology; a  few  free 
spores. 

Negative  predominate. 
These  are  of  colon  mor- 
phology, and  some  long, 
slender  bacilli.  Positive: 
Good  many  rather  thick, 
long  bacilli,  many  with 
terminal  spore;  few  free 
spores. 


Few  negative;  these  of  co- 
lon type.  Positive:  Ma- 
jority are  liacilli  of  colon 
morphology  or  longer;  1 
headlet  seen;  few  chains 
of  medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci; here  and  there  ba- 
cilli of  aerogenes  type. 

Few  negative;  these  of  co- 
lon t^-pe.  Positive:  Field 
full  of  colon  tj-pe  Ijacilli 
or  slightly  longer  than 
colon;  several  headlets 
seen;  1  slender  bacillus 
with  terminal  round  spore 
like  tetanus:  considorable 
I      medium-sized  diplococci. 


70111— No.  S8— 09- 


-33 


514 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued 
SUBJECT  II  (VV.  W.  C.)— Continued. 


Date. 


1908. 
Oct.     2 


Oct.      G 


Oct.     9 


Oct.    14 


Oct.    10 


Oct.    20 


Oct.   23 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Flora  the  same  as  last  one,  except  there 
are  much  fewer  diplococci. 


Gram  positive  almost  exclusive)}-;  ma- 
jorilyaremedium-sizeddiplococci;few 
large  coccal  bodies;  ffiw  bacilli  of  colon 
jriorphology  or  somewhat  longer  than 
colon;  good  many  bacilli  approaching 
aerogenes  morphology,  but  varying 
considerably  in  length. 


Practicallyall  are  Gram  positive;  major- 
ity are  inedium-sized  diplococci;  few 
large  coccal  liodies;  few  bacteria  of  co- 
lon type;  some  bacilli  of  medium 
fength  and  slender;  good  many  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  capsulatus  type,  some 
slightly  more  slender;  some  very  stout 
long  bacilli  with  rounded  ends". 


Few  negative  of  colon  iype.  or  slightly 
longer.  Positive:  Good  many  medi- 
um-sized diplococci;  few  large  coccal 
bodies;  good  many  of  colon  type;  good 
many  slightly  longer  and  more  slender 
than  colon;  few  of  aerogenes  type;  here 
and  there  one  with  spore  and  clostrid- 
ium-like;  few  free  spores. 


Few  negative  of  colon  type.  Positive: 
Some  large  coccal  and  diplococcal  bod- 
ies; good  many  medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci; good  niaiiy  iKicilli  of  colon  type; 
others  like  colon  but  more  slender  and 
curved;  others  slighlly  longer  than  co- 
lon, but  of  colon  thickness;  some  of 
aerogenesmorptiology,  but  more  slen- 
der; few  of  aerogenes  morphology;  few 
bacilli  very  stout  and  very  short  or 
long. 


Few  negative  bacilli  of  colon  morpholo- 
gy, some  slightly  more  slender  than 
colon,  and  some  slightly  longer  than 
colon.  Positive:  Likelastdescription. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Nearly 
pure  culture  of  medi- 
um-sized diplococci; 
few  stout  l)acilliuf  va- 
rying lengths. 


Like  last  description do 


Positive  field:  Practical- 
lyall aremediura-sized 
diplococci;  a  few  stout 
bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology. 


Positive  field:  Practical- 
ly all  are  meditmi-sized 
diplococci;  a  few  stout 
bacilli  varying  from 
medi  imi  length  to  long. 


Negative  in  predomi- 
nance; these  of  colon 
tj-pe  or  slightly  longer. 
Positive  fieldequally 
divided  Itetween  me- 
dium-sized diplococci 
and  large  stout  bacilli, 
some  approximating 
aerogenes  morphology , 
others  shorter. 


Positive  field:  Practical- 
lyall are  medium-sized 
diplococci;fewof  aero- 
genes thickness,  but  of 
varying  lengths,  short 
to  long;  few  more  slen- 
der than  aerogenes, 
but  of  aerogenes 
length. 


Like  last  description 


Gram  slain  of  bouillon 
tulje  sediment. 


Few  negative  of  colon  type. 
Positive:  Good  many  ba- 
cilli of  aljout  colon  mor- 
phology, ii  nd  some  long- 
er thancolon;afewbaciil' 
seen  with  gram  positr 
globulesorirrcgularsiai 
ing;  a  good  many  rath 
stout  bacilli  of  aboutaei 
genes  niori>hologj%  a  f' 
of  which  have  tenni: 
spores;   few   free  spon 
some  stout   long   bac... 
with  central  spore. 

Positive  field:  Almost  pure 
culture  of  slender,  slight- 
ly curved  medium  lenr' ' 
bacilli,   some   somewti 
longer;  1  headlet  for 
seen;  some  bacilli  of  cole 
morphology;  here  ai 
there   some   rather  1<j;. 
stout  bacilli  with  central 
spores;  a  few  free  spores. 

Difficult  to  tell  Gram  posi- 
tivefrom  Gram  negative; 
practically  all  are  Grsm 
positive;  majority  tre 
medium  length  slender 
biicilli,  and  some  longer; 
1  headlet  (?)  seen;  some 
of  coloxi  type;  few  medi- 
um-sized diplococci;  few 
a  p  p  r  o  X  i  m  at  i  n  g  aero- 
genes. 

Few  negative  of  colon  type. 
Positive:  Majority  of 
colon  moqjhology  but 
longer;  some  of  colon 
morphology;  a  few  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
good  many  large  bacilli 
of  aljout  aerogenes  diam- 
eter, some  of  a<;rogenes 
length:  others  are  .slightly 
stouter  and  of  medium 
length  and  short;  some 
free  spores. 

Some  negative  bacilli  slight- 
ly longer  than  colon,  and 
some  of  colon  morpholo- 
gy. Positive:  Majority 
are  slender,  long,  and  me- 
dium length  bacilli;  a  few 
of  these  are  irregularly 
Gram  positive,  and  some 
have  swellings  on  end; 
otiiers  of  this  type  have 
distinct  terminal  oval 
spores;  few  medium-sized 
diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Few  medi- 
um-sized diplococci;  go<  id 
many  bacilli  of  colonnioi- 
phology;  good  many  long 
slender  bacilli,  some  of 
which  have  terminal  oval 
spores;  good  many  long 
stoiitbacilli  with  rounded 
ends  and  bulgingcenters, 
but  no  distinct  central 
spores;  here  and  there  1 
of  aerogenes  morphology. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci; 
good  many  long  slender 
bacilli  with  terminaloval 
spores;  majority  are  ba- 
cilli of  colon  mori)hology, 
some  slightly  longer  than 
colon. 


EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON    HEALTH,  ETC.,  OF   MAN.        515 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUUJECT  II  (\V.  W.  O— Contiuucd. 


Grain  stain  direct. 


Oram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


Griam  stain  of  l)oulllon 
tube  sediment. 


Good  many  negative  bacilli.  These  are 
of  colon'type:  Some  sli>;htly  longfr 
than  colon,  some  consideral)ly  lonjjtT 
and  thicker  than  colon,  and  a  j^odcI 
many  slender,  short,  and  medium 
length  rods  and  spirals.  I'osilive: 
Like  last  description. 


30     Few  negative  of  colon  morphology,  and 
\      some  more  slender  and  longer  than 
colon  and  curved.    Positive:  Like  last 
description. 


Like  last  description . 


Few  negative  of  colon 
type,  and  some  slight- 
ly longer  than  colon. 
I'osilive:  Like  last  de- 
scription. 


Good  many  partly  negative 
■'punctate"  bacilli  of 
colon  tliiclcness,  and  i)er- 
haps  twice  colon  lengLli. 
Positive:  Majority  arc  l)a- 
cilli  of  colon  morpliology 
and  slightly  longer  than 
colon;  good  many  b;xcilli 
more  .slender  and  much 
longer  tlian  colon;  many 
bacilli  of  ac^;rogenes  mor- 
phology; good  many  ba- 
cilli more  slender  than 
aerogeiics  and  varying  in 
length  from  short  to  long. 

Majority  are  negative  of  co- 
lon morphology;  some 
slightly  longer,  and  some 
very  long  and  slender. 
Positive:  Few  medium- 
sized  diploeocei;  liereand 
there  one  of  aerogenes 
morphology.  Good  many 
bacilli  more  slender  than 
aerogenos,  but  of  asro- 
genes  and  of  medium 
length.  A  few  ''punc- 
tate" bacilli  of  colon 
thickness,  but  slightly 
longer. 


SUBJECT  III  (A.  G.). 


Gram  positive  and  negative  about  equal. 
Negative  are  of  colon  type,  some 
sliglitly  longer  tlian  colonand  a  few 
slightly  longer  and  tiiicker  than  colon. 
Positive:  Good  many  large  coceal  anil 
diplococcal  l)Oilies;  good  many  medi- 
lun-sized  diploeocei;  some  baciUi  of 
colon  morphology;  some  slightly 
thicker  than  colon;  majority  are  ba- 
cilli slightly  longer  than  colon  and 
slightly  :nore  slender;  some  large  ba- 
cilli containing  spores;  few  of  aero- 
genes  capsulatus  type. 

Majority  are  Gram  positive.  Negative 
arc  of  colon  type  or  slightly  longer 
ttian  colon.  "Positive:  A  few  large 
coceal  and  diplococcal  bodies;  good 
many  mediimi-sized  diploeocei,  ma- 
jority are  bacilli  slightly  longer  and 
more  slender  than  colon; "  some  of  colon 
morphology;  some  thick  bacilli  vary- 
ing from  colon  length  to  aerogencs 
morphology,  mostly  medium  length. 

Few  negative  of  colon  type  or  slightly 
longer".  Positive:  Good  many  coceal 
and  diplococcal  boshes;  many  mc- 
dium-sizcil  diploeocei;  some  bacilli  of 
colon  morplioiogy:  majority  of  ba- 
cilli arc  sliglitiy  longer  aiid  more 
slender  tlian  colon;  a  few  of  aerogenes 
type;  few  l;acilli  stouter  and  shorter 
than  aerogencs. 

Few  negative  of  colon  tj-pe,  some  more 
slender  and  a  few  spirals.  Positive: 
Some  large  coceal  bodies:  many  me- 
dium-sized diploeocei;  many  slender 
medium  lengtii  liacilli;  some  like 
these,  but  con^idcra!lly  longer;  some 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology;  some 
like  these,  but  thicker;  a  few  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  morphology. 


A  few  Gram  negative  of 
colon  type.  Positive: 
Almost  exclusively 
medium-sized  diplo- 
eocei; a  few  of  colon 
morphology;  here  and 
there  bacilli  of  aero- 
gencs capsulatus  type; 
a  few  thicker  than 
aerogenes  and  shorter 
like  subtilis. 


Positive  field:  Good 
many  medium -sized 
diploeocei;  some  of  co- 
lon morphology;  good 
many  cliains  of  sub- 
tilis type  (contamina- 
tion ) ;  f e  w  of  aerogenes 
capsulatus  type. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  di- 
ploeocei, some  in  short 
chains;  good  many  ba- 
cilli of  colon  morphol- 
ogy, and  some  slightly 
longer  than  colon;  few 
bacilli  of  aerogenes 
type. 

Positive  field:  Some  me- 
dium-sized cocci  and 
diploeocei;  good  many 
of  colon  length,  but 
thicker;  many  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  thickness 
but  of  varying  lengths. 


Gram  negative  predomi- 
nate. These  are  of  colon 
type  and  some  longer  and 
more  slender  than  colon. 
Positive:  Here  and  there 
free  spores;  a  few  medi- 
um-sized diploeocei;  ma- 
jority are  taacUli  of  aero- 
genes morphology,  but  of 
varying  lengths;  a  good 
many  bacilli  of  subtilis 
type.    Some  free  spores. 

Mostly  Gram  positive;  few 
negative  of  colon  type; 
many  medium-sized  dip- 
lo  cocci;  majority  of 
bacilli  are  of  colon  mor- 
phology; some  slightly 
longer  "  than  colon,  but 
of  colon  diameter;  many 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology,  some  with 
spores;  a  few  free  spores. 

Positive  field:  Many  bacilli 
of  subtilis  type;  a  few 
medium-sized  diploeocei; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology, and  some 
slightly  longer  than 
colon. 


Positive  field:  Some  me- 
diiun  -  sized  diploeocei; 
practically  all  bacteria 
are  of  colon  morphology 
or  sliglitly  longer  than 
colon;  very  few  of  aero- 
*  genes  type. 


51G 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feres — Continued. 
SUBJECT  III  (A.  G.)— Continued. 


Date. 


1908. 
July   17 


July   21 


July   24 


July   28 


July  31 
Aug.     4 


Aug.     7 


Aug.   U 


Gram  stain  direct. 


T" 


Positivc  predominate.  Negative  are  of 
colon  type,  some  longer  and  slender, 
and  a  few  spirals.  Positive:  Few  large 
coccal  bodies;  good  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology;  some  bacilli  of  colon 
morpliology,  but  tliicker;  good  many 
baciilisligiitly  longer  and  more  slender 
tlum  colon,  tewofaerogenes  type;  some 
large  thick  bacilli  v.'ith  sjiores. 

Few  negative  of  colon  type  and  some 
spirals.  Positive:  Like  last  descrip- 
tion. 


Few  negative  of  colon  tj-pe  and  some 
spirals.  Positive:  Good!^  many  large 
coccal  bodies;  many  medium-sized 
diplococci;  some  bacilli  of  colon  type 
and  sonic  longer  than  these;  someba- 
cilli  of  colon  length  or  longer,  but  more 
slender  and  are  curved  and  have 
pointed  ends;  some  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology. 

Few  negative  of  colon  type  and  some 
spiral  organisms.  Positive:  A  few 
large  coccal  bodies;  some  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology,  but  thicker,  a  few  in 
short  chains;  good  many  medium 
length  slender  bacilli;  some  of  aero- 
genes typo;  a  few  long  threads;  a  few 
bacilli  approximating  subtilis  in  mor- 
phology. 

Accident  to  emulsion  of  feces. 

Few  negative  of  colon  type,  some 
slightly  longer:  Positive:  Some  large 
coccal  and  diplococcal  bodies;  many 
medium -sized  diplococci;  some  of 
colon  morjihology  and  some  thicker 
than  colon.  Many  slender  medium 
length  bacilli;  few  of  aerogenes  type; 
some  long  threads;  a  few  thick  me- 
dium length  bacilli  like  subtilis  in 
morphology. 


Few  Gram  negative  of  colon  type  and 
some  slightly  longer  and  moreslenuer. 
Positive:  Like  last  description. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


Posi  ti ve  field :  M  a j  ori  t  y 
are  small  diplococci; 
few  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy, but  thicker  than 
colon,  and  some  ap- 
proaching aerogenes  in 
morphology. 


Po.sitive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; some  thick 
bacilli,  some  of  colon 
length,  others  ap- 
proacliing  morphology 
of  aerogenes;  a  few 
rather  large  coccal 
bodies. 

Positive  field:  Many 
medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci, some  in  chains; 
some  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes diameter,  but  of 
about  colon  length, 
others  slightly  shorter 
than  aerogenes. 

Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci, some  in  short 
cliains;  good  many 
short  thick  bacilli  of 
colon  length;  a  few 
bacilli  of  same  thick- 
ness approachingaero- 
genes  in  morphology, 
but  of  varying  length, 
some  very  long. 

Positive  field:  Many  me- 
dium-sized di]3lococci; 
bacUli  are  thick  and 
vary  in  length  from 
colon  length  to  aero- 
genes morphology  or 
longer. 


Like  last  description. . . 


Like  last  description do. 


-do. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are' 
bacilli  slightly  longer  and 
perhaps     more     slem' 
than  colon;      remaim 
of  bacilli  arc  thicker  a 
approach    aerogenes 
morphology;    a  few  ; 
dium-sized  diplococci 


I'ositive  field:  Many  vu- 
dium  -  sized  diplococci; 
majority  are  bacilli  of 
colon  length,  but  thicker 
than  colon;  a  few  bacilli 
approachingaerogenes  in 
morphology,  but  of  vary- 
ing length,  mostly  of  me- 
dium length. 

Positive  field:  Rome  me- 
dium -  sized  diplococci; 
many  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology  and  many 
longer  than  colon;  some 
very  long  bacilli  of  about 
aerogenes  morphology. 


Positive  field:  Some  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
majority  are  slender  ba- 
cilli of  medium  length  or 
longer,  a  few  with  head- 
let  (?);  some  bacilli  of 
subtilis  type  in  chains;  a 
few  large  diplococcal  bod- 
ies; a  few  of  aerogenes 
type. 


I'ositive  field:  Some  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
majority  are  slender  me- 
dium length  bacilli,  seme 
are  long  and  have  heafllet 
or  very  small  spore  ou 
extremity;  good  many 
free  spores;  a  few  of  colon 
morphology;  few  of  aero- 
genes morphology.  Here 
£ind  there  stout  medium 
length  bacilli  with  cen- 
tral spore. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
inedium-sized  diplococci; 
some  medium  length 
slender  bacilli;  good 
many  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology,  but  thicker; 
good  many  of  colon  mor- 
phology: ".some  bacilli  of 
sui;tilis  type;  a  few  free 
spores;  here  and  there  a 
bac-ill  us  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology. 

Positive  field:  Field  full  of 
Lacilli  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology; a  few  frea 
spores;  a  few  sliort  thick 
bacilli  some  of  which  are 
in  chains;  a  few  medium- 
sized  diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Field  full  of 
large  thick  bacilliof  aero- 
genes capsnlalus  type;  a 
few  in  chains  of  sut)tilis 
type;  a  few  free  spores; 
some  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; a  few  of  colon 
morphology  and  some 
thicker  than  colon. 


EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   HEALTH,  ETC.,  OF   MAN.        517 


Results  of  Graiii-stuin  tests  on  feres — Conlinued. 
SUBJECT  III  (A.  G.)— Continued. 


Date. 


Oram  slain  iliroct. 


Likn  livst  riasorijition. 


.do. 


Like  last  description  except  more  of  the 
hirjre  oofcal  bodies. 


Gram  positive  predominate.  Negative 
of  colon  type.  Positive:  Many  med- 
ium-sized diplococci;  some  large  coccal 
liodies;  goocl  many  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; good  many  slightly  longer  than 
colon;  many  rather  stout  liacilli,  few 
of  these  of  aerogenes  morphology, 
mostly  short. 

Like  last  description,  except  those 
bacilli  that  are  slightly  longer  than 
colon  are  more  in  evidence. 

Gram  positive  predominate.  Negative 
are  of  colon  tyf)e  and  slightly  longer, 
and  some  spirals.  Positive:  Some 
large  coccal  liodies;  good  many  me- 
dium-sized diplococci;  majority  are 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology  or  slightly 
longer  than  colon,  sonie  slightly 
curved;  some  ratlier  tliick  bacilli,  a 
few  of  which  are  of  aerogenes  moii)hol- 
ogy,  others  shorter;  a  few  free  spores. 

Few"  negative  bacilli;  these  are  of  colon 
tj'pe  and  a  few  large  thick  bacilli  that 
are  partly  decolorized;  otlierwise  flora 
is  as  in  last  description. 

Gram  positive  predominate;  negative 
are  of  calon  type  and  spirals;  one  large 
stout  bacillus.  Positive:  A  few  large 
coccal  liodies;  many  medium-sized 
diplococci;  majority  arc  liacilli  of  colon 
morphology  or  longer  and  more  slen- 
der;" some  stout  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology  or  shorter;  a  few  bacilli 
of  subtilis  morphology;  here  and  there 
a  free  spore. 

Gram  positive  predominate.  Negative 
are  only  of  colon  type.  Positive:  A 
few  large  coccal  l>odics;  very  many 
medium-sized  diplococci,  which  are 
predominaiU:  good  many  bacilli  of 
colon  mor|)hology,  or  longer  and  more 
slender;  a  few  bacilli  of  about  aerogenes 
morphology  or  shorter. 

Picture  like  last  examination 


Grain  stain  of  glucose 
tulio  sediment. 


Like  last  description. . 


Like  last  description; 
some  very  long  thick 
threads. 


Like  last  full  description. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  di])- 
loeocci;  remainder  are 
stout  l)acilli,  very  few 
approximating  aero- 
genes in  mor[3hology; 
most  of  them  are  of 
colon  or  medium 
length. 

Like  last  examination. . . 


Like  last  description. 


.do. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci ;  a  few  medium- 
lengtli  stout  bacilli. 


Picture  like  that  of  last 
examination. 


Like  last  examination . . . 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Many  bar- 
cilli  of  aerogenes  capsu- 
latus  type;  some  of  sub- 
tilis type;  many  free 
spores;  .some  baeilli  of 
colon  morphology,  and 
some  slightly  longer; 
some  of  colon  morpliol- 
ogy,  but  thicker;  some 
medium-sized  diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
thick  bacilli,  some  of 
medium  lengtli,  some  of 
colon  length,  others  of 
aerogenes  morpliol  o  g  y  ; 
soiae  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; a  few  biicilli  of 
medium  length  and  slen- 
der. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
mcidum-sized  diplococci; 
some  small  diplococci;  a 
few  in  chains  of  subtilis 
tyiie;  remainder  are  ba- 
cilli of  aerogenes  thick- 
ness, but  of  short  or 
medium  length. 

Positive  field:  Field 
equally  divided  among 
dijilococei  of  medium  size 
andstoutliacilli,  mostlyof 
medium  length,  here  and 
there  one  like  aerogenes 
in  morphology;  afew  long 
thick  threads. 

Like  last  examination,  ex- 
cept no  threads  were 
seen. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci, 
some  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; most  of  Ijacteria  are 
rather  thick,  varyingl'rom 
short  to  aerogenes  mor- 
phology, but  most  of 
them  ate  of  medium 
length. 

Like  last  description. 


Positive  field:  Many  me- 
dium -  sized  diplococci; 
many  in  chains;  good 
many  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology,  some  rather 
thick  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology  or  shorter. 


Positive  field:  Medium- 
sized  diplococci  predomi- 
nating; some  of  colon 
type;  a  few  long  thin 
bacilli;  good  many  thick 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology, otliers  shorter 
or  much  longer. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci; 
some  of  colon  type;  a  few 
long  thin  bacilli  and  some 
long  thin  threads;  good 
many  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology or  longer  or 
shorter;  a  few  chains  of 
subtilis  moiphology. 


518 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  III  (A.  G.)— Continued. 


Date. 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tuljo  sediment. 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


1908. 
Sept.  23 


Sept.  26- 
27 


Sept.  30 


Oct.  3-4 


Oct.  lo- 
ll 


Oct.    14 


Oct.    10 


Positive  and  negative  about  equal.  Neg- 1 
aiive  of  colon  type.  Positive:  Some 
large  coccal  bodies;  many  medium-  ' 
sized  diploeocei;  some  liat'illi  of  colon  | 
morpliolo!7y,  some  sllf;htly  longer  and  I 
curved;  very  few  of  acrogenes  ly|:e.      j 

Few  negative  of  colon  type.  Positive:  : 
Good  many  large  coccal  bodies;  ma-  i 
jority  are  medium-sized  diploeocei;  | 
consideral)le  number  of  medium  i 
length  slender  curved  bacilli;  some 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology;  a  few  ] 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  morphology;  a  few  ! 
very  stout  and  very  long  bacilli  of  un-  | 
known  morphology;  a  few  rather  long  I 
slender  threads.  | 

Picture  here  like  last  description,  ex-  \ 
cept  that  none  of  the  very  large  bacilli  : 
of  unknown  morphology  were  seen,      i 


Picture  like  last  examination,  except 
tliat  tliere  were  found  some  stout 
l)acilli  of  medium  length,  a  few  of 
which  contained  central  spores. 


Picture  exactly  like  that  of  last  exami- 
nation. 


Few  Gram  negative  of  colon  type  Posi- 
tive: Good  many  medium-sized  dip- 
loeocei; some  bacilli  of  colon  type,  and 
a  good  many  longer  and  more  slender; 
few  of  acrogenes  morphology;  some 
bacilli  longer  and  tliicker  than  acro- 
genes. 


Picture  Uke  last  description . 


Positive  field:  Pew  largo  coccal  bodies; 
many  medium-sized  diploeocei;  good 
many  of  colon  morphology;  some  like 
these  but  more  slender  and  curved; 
some  slightly  longer  than  colon  and 
more  slender;  few  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology, and  a  few  of  acrogenes  length , 
but  slightly  more  slender  than  typical. 


Positive  field: 
description. 


bike  last 


Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diploeocei;  a  few 
rather  large  diploeocei 
in  chains;  very  few 
stout  bacilli  of  varying 
lengths. 


Like  last  description  of 
this  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
loeocei ;  a  few  stout  ba- 
cilli varying  from  me- 
dium length  to  about 
aerogenes  morphology. 


Picture  just  like  last  ex-  i 
amination. 


Few  gram  negative  of 
colon  type  and  some 
approximating  aeroge- 
nes in  morphology. 
Positive:  Few  me- 
dium-sized diiilococci; 
majority  are  liacilli  of 
aerogenes  i?;or!)hology, 
but  varying  in  length, 
some  very  long. 

Few  Gram  negative. 
These  are  of  the  mor- 
phology of  tiie  l)acilli 
descrilied  under  gram 
positive.  Positive: 
Majority  are  medium- 
sized  diploeocei;  few 
bacilli  ajtproximating 
aerogenes  inmorphol-  i 
ogy,  but  shorter  than 
typical. 

Few  negative  bacilli 
nice  those  Gram  posi- 
tive. Positive:  Major- 
ity are  medium-sized 
diploeocei;  few  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  morphol- 
ogy or  shorter;  few  ba- 
cilli more  slender  than 
these,  but  of  same 
length. 


Positive  predominate:, 
Negative  of  colon  tyj:e. 
Positive:  Some  medlunii 
sized  dijilococci;  majority; 
are  i)acilli  of  aerogenes 
morphologj'  or  shorter. 

Positive  field:  Majority  a. 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  cap- 
sulatus  type,  but  many 
are  very  long;  consider- 
able numlier  of  medium- 
sized  diploeocei;  some 
bacilli  of  colon  mor 
phology. 


Few  gram  negative  of  colon 
morphology.  Positive: 
Majority  are  about  me- 
dium length  single  bacilli, 
some  of  which  contain 
spores;  a  few  free  spores; 
a  few  1  acilli  of  colon 
moriihology. 

Positive  field:  Majority 
bacilli  of  colon  morj  . 
ogy,  orsligiilly  longer;:: 
curved:  good  many  stout 
long  bacilli  with  terminal 
oval  spores;  some  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  morphology; 
a  few  free  spores. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
medium-sized  diploeocei; 
a  few  rather  large  dip- 
loeocei in  chains;  many 
bacilli  of  colon  mornhoi- 
ogy  or  longer  than  tnese; 
very  few  of  aerogenes 
morpliology. 

Few  Gram  negative:-  Tl  ■ 
of  colon  type.  Posit  ■. 
Few  medium-sized  dip- 
loeocei; many  slender  me- 
dium-length baciUi;  some 
like  these  liave  tenninal 
spores;  good  many  of  co- 
lon morphology;  very  few 
of  aerogenes  morphology. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
medium-sized  diploeocei; 
some  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; some  of  colon  mor- 
phology, but  longer  than 
colon;  a  few  of  aerogenes 
morjihology,  but  perhaps 
slightly  narrower. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  thick- 
ness, but  varying  from 
typical  length  to  medium 
length  or  short:  good 
many  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology,  and  some 
slightly  longer;  few  me- 
dium-sized diploeocei. 


El'U'^ECTS  Oi'  SODIUM  liENZOATE  ON    UEALTll,  ETC.,  OF    iMAN".        519 

Results  of  Grain-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  III  (A.  G.)— Continued. 


Gram  slain  direct. 


Few  nepativo  of  colon  type.  Positive: 
Kow  \yffy  coccal  :vml  d  i  )>  1  o  o  o  c  c  a  1 
l)odic's;  };ood  many  mcdiam-sizod  dip- 
lococ'ci;  sonic  of  colon  morphology 
and  some  lon^ier  than  culon;  good 
many  bacilli  like  colon,  hut  nioro  sl(>n- 
der.somocurvcd,  and  some  in  comma- 
form;  a  few  very  long  anti  very  slen- 
der bacilli;  a  few  of  acTogenes  mor- 
phology; a  few  batslli  more  slender 
than  aerogcncs,  mostly  of  medium 
length. 

Some  negative  organisms;  those  are  of 
colon  type,  a  few  ratherstout  medium- 
length  "bacilli,  a  few  very  long  slender 
bacilli,  and  a  few  negative  spirals. 
Positive;  Organisms  as  before. 


Like  last  smear. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tuljo  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  mediUTn-sized  dip- 
lococci;  a  few  bacilli  of 
aerogiuics  m  o  r  p  h  o  1- 
ogy;  good  many  bacilli 
mure  slender  than 
aerogenes,  mostly  of 
medium  length  and 
short. 


Majority  are  medium- 
sized  d  i  p  1  o  c  o  c  c  i; 
some  baeilH  stouter 
and  slightly  longiT 
than  colon ;  a  few  neg- 
ative bacilli  of  similar 
morphology. 


Positive  field:  Jtajority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci;  some  of  aero- 
genes morphology;  a 
few  bacilli  of  colon 
moq^hology;  hero  and 
there  bacilli  more  slen- 
der than  aerogenes 
and  of  medium  length 
or  short. 


Gram  stain  of  Imuillon 
tulio  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Few  medi- 
um-sized diplococci;  few 
of  colon  morphology; 
practically  all  are  large 
bacilli,  perhaps  mere 
slender  than  aerogenes, 
and  mostly  of  short  and 
medium  lengths;  a  few 
of  thesi!  approximating 
aerogenes  in  fnorphology ; 
here  and  there  a  few  iSa- 
cilli  in  cijains  of  subtilis 
type;  a  few  free  spores. 

Very  fi;w  irregularly  gram 
negative  bacilli  of  colon 
tlilckness  and  slightly 
longer  than  colon.  Posi- 
tive: Good  many  bacilli 
of  colon  morphologv; 
practically  all  are  bacilli 
more  slender  than  aero- 
genes and  of  colon  and 
medium  length;  a  few  ba- 
cilli approximating  aero- 
genes in  morphology;  few 
medium-sized  d  i  p  1  o  - 
cocci. 

Few  negative  of  colon  type. 
Positive:  Good  many  ba- 
cilli of  colon  type;  good 
many  like  colon  but 
slightly  longer;  majority 
are  bacilli  like  subtilis  or 
megatherium  with  cen- 
tral spores;  few  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  morphology;  a 
few  Ijacilli  more  slender 
than  colon  and  of  varying 
lengths. 


SUBJECT  IV  (O.  F.  L.). 


July    14 


Majority  Gram  negative.  These  are  of 
colon  type  or  slightly  longer.  Posi- 
tive: A  few  large  coccal  and  diplococ- 
cal  bodies;  agoodmanymediuiii-sized 
diplococci;  some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; some  longer  than  colon  and 
more  slender;  some  thick  bacilli  varj-- 
ing  from  aerogenes  morphology  to  the 
length  of  colon. 


Like  last  descrii>tion. 


Like  last  description,  except  here  are  a 
few  very  long  slender  positive  bacilli 
and  a  few  large  tlu-eads. 


Positive  field:  Good 
many  mediiun-sized 
diplococci;  majority 
are  thick  bacilU  vary- 
ing from  colon  length 
to  aerogenes  morj^hol- 
ogy,  mostly  of  medium 
length;  a  few  bacilli  of 
subtilis  tji^e;  some  ba- 
cilli of  colon  morphol- 
ogy. 

Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; remainder  are 
thick  bacilli  varying 
from  colon  length  to 
aerogenes  morphol- 
ogy; mostly  of  me- 
dium length;  some 
rather  long  trucads. 

Positive  field:  Cocci  as 
before;  some  of  the 
thick  bacilli  are  ex- 
tremely long,  twice 
aerogenes  length. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are 
thick  bacilli  of  varying 
length,  like  those  de- 
scribed in  glucose  sedi- 
ment; some  bacilli  of  co- 
lon length  or  longer,  but 
more  slender  than  colon; 
a  ffiv/  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci. 


Positive  field:  Good  many 
small  diplococci;  a  few 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; majority  are  rather 
thick  bacilli,  mostly  of 
aerogenes  morphology, 
some  shorter  and  of  me- 
dium length;  some  of  the 
latter  in  short  chains. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy and  some  slightly 
longer  and  more  slender; 
good  many  small  diplo- 
cocci; here  and  there  a 
bacillus  of  subtilis  mor- 
phology. 


520 


SODIUM    CENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF   MAN. 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  IV  (O.  F.  L.)— Continued. 


Dato. 


1908. 
Julv    17 


July  21- 

22 


July  24 


July   28 


July   .31 


Aug.     7 


Aus    11 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Positive  predominate.  Nepalive  are  of 
colon  tyije.  Positive:  Few  large  eoc- 
cal  and  diplocoecal  bodies;  good 
many  medium-sizeu  diplococci;  some 
baeiUi  of  colon  morphology;  good 
many  slightly  longer  than  colon  and 
more  slender  or  of  colon  thickness; 
a  few  of  aerogenes  morphology;  a  few 
of  subtilis  morphology. 

Like  last  description,  except  here  are 
some  bacilli  of  aerogenes  morphology, 
but  of  medium  length. 


Like  last  full  description,  except  here 
are  a  good  many  large  coccal  bodies 
and  a  few  free  spores. 


Like  last  full  description. 


Like  last  full  description  except  a  few 
negative  spirals  here,  few  medium- 
sized  diplococci,  some  large  coccal 
bodies,  some  rather  long  thick  threads. 


Few  negative  of  colon  tj-pe.  Positive: 
A  few  large  coccal  and  diplocoecal 
bodies;  good  many  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; here  and  there  a  long  thick 
thread;  somebiiciUiof  aerogenes  thick- 
ness or  thicker  and  of  medium  length; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  morphology; 
many  bacilli  of  medium  length  arid 
thickness. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


Like  last  full  description. 


Positive  field:  Field 
equally  divided  with 
medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci and  large  bacilli 
of  various  lengths; 
some  of  these  arc  of 
aerogenes  morphology, 
others  short  as  colon 
or  of  medium  length. 


Positive  field:  Good 
many  medium-sized 
diislococci,  mostly  in 
chains;  niajoiity  are 
thick  bacilli  ^'arying 
in  length  from  colon 
length  to  aerogenes 
morphology,  but 
mostly  of  medium 
length. 

Positive  field:  Medium- 
sized  diplococci  in  pre- 
dominance; remainder 
are  thick  bacilli  var>- 
ing  from  colon  length 
to  aerogenes  morphol- 
ogy, and  some  much 
longer,  but  mostly  of 
medium  length. 

Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci,  many 
in  chains;  a  few  of 
the  thick  bacilli  men- 
tioned in  last  sedi- 
ment. 


Positive  field:  Like  last 
description. 


Positive  field:  Diplo- 
cocci of  medium  size  in 
minority:  thick  bacilli 
of  abo.it  aerogenes 
capsulatustype.butof 
varymg  length  in  pre- 
donjinance;  some  long 
slender  threads. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; some  in 
chains;  some  bacilli  of 
aViout  aprogeres  diam- 
eter or  narrower  per- 
haps, but.  of  var\ing 
length;  some  very 
long,  Init  mostly  of 
medium  length;  some 
long  thick  threads. 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


Negative  bacilli   of  col 
type,  and  some  sleii' 
long  bacilli.     Positi  . 
Some    small    dijtlococij; 
majority  are  thick  bacilli, 
slightly      heavier     than 
aerogenes;  most  of  tlicm 
are  long,  others  of  medi- 
um length  or  short;  a  few 
have    central    spores;    a 
few  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
thick  bacilli,  varying 
from  colon  length  to  aero- 
gents  morjihologv, 
mostly  of  medium  length; 
good  "many  bacilli  of  co- 
lon length  or  longer,  IjUt 
more  slender  than  colon; 
others  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; a  few  medium-sized 
diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Some 
medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci; majority  are  rather 
thick  bacilli  like  tho.se on 
glucose  niediiun;  a  few 
baciUi  of  medium  length 
and  thickness. 


Positive  field:  Some  irr- 
dlum-sized  diploco(Ci; 
majority  are  rather  thick 
bacilli,  "as in  last  desciii- 
tion  of  this  sediment,  but 
some  of  these  have  cen- 
tral spores  and  are  occa- 
sionally in  chains  of  two; 
some  free  spores. 

Positive  firhi:  Majority  are 
baciUi  that  aie  rather 
thick,  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology and  shorter; 
many  of  these  have  ter- 
minal bulgings,  which  in 
places  show  to  be  spores; 
a  few  chains  of  subtilis 
type;  a  few  small  dii  Ic- 
cbcci. 

Positive  field:  Like  last  de- 
scription, iihis  some  of 
colon  morpliology  and 
some  that  are  of  medium 
length  and  slender. 

Positive  field:  Some  .small 
and  some  medium-.sized 
diplococci;  good  many 
bacilli  of  almost  aerogenes 
diameter,  mostly  long, 
some  in  chains  of  2  and  3, 
l>ut  mostly  single;  here 
and  there"  these  bacilli 
have  tenninal  spores; 
many  bacilli  of  colon 
morpliology;  no  free 
spores. 

Positive  field:  Few  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; some  bacilli  of 
medium  length  and  slen- 
der; here  and  there  a 
chain  of  subtilis  type; 
field  full  of  thi.k  bacilli 
of  varying  lengths, 
mostly  of  aerogenes 
length  and  morphology, 
others  of  medium 
length  or  short. 


EFFECTS   OF  SODIUM   BliNZOATE   ON    HEALTH,    ETC.,   OF    MAN.        521 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — ("oiitimied. 
SUBJECT  IV  (O.  F.  L.)— Continued. 


Oram  st;viii  tlirccl. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tute  sediment. 


Good  many  negative  of  colon  type.  Posi- 
tive: Few  medium-sized  diplococci; 
otherwise  same  a3  last  specimen. 


Like  Aug.  14,  except  a  few  negative 
spiral  organisms;  good  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci. 

Few  negative  of  colon  type.  Positive: 
A  few  large  loctal  Ijodios;  good  man}- 
medium-sized  diplococci;  a  few  long 
thicl<  threads;  some  l)acilli  of  colon 
morphology;  some  bacilli  of  aerogcnes 
thickness  and  of  medium  length; 
bacilli  of  medium  length  and  slender 
in  majority. 


Like  last  description. 


Few  negative  of  colon  type.  Pojitive: 
A  few  large  coccal  bodies;  good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci;  niany  me- 
dium length  bacilli  of  slender  diam- 
eter; some  bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy. 


Picture  like  last  description . 


Positive  predominate.  Negative  of 
colon  type  and  a  few  spirals.  Posi- 
tive: Some  large  coccal  bodies;  good 
many  medium-sized  diplococci;  a  few 
bacilli  of  aliout  subtilis  moi-phology; 
here  and  there  a  free  spore;  good  many 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  morphology;  ma- 
jority are  bacilli  of  colon  moi^phology 
or  slightly  longer. 


Picture  like  last  description . 


Like  last  description . 


Same  as  last  description . 


.do. 
.do. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci, man.v  i  n 
chains;  remainder  are 
thick  bacilli,  some  of 
aerogenesmorphology ; 
some  much  longer; 
most  of  them  of  me- 
dium length. 


Positive  field:  Picture 
like  last  description, 
except  that  afew  small 
diplococci  were  seen. 


Po.sitive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci ;  some  stout 
baciUi  varying  from 
short  or  medium- 
length  to  aerogenes 
morphology. 


Like  last  description, 
except  have  here  in 
addition  some  long 
rather  stout  threads. 

Like  last  description 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Few  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
good  many  long  thick 
bacilli  of  acsrogenes  mor- 
phology, but  with  cen- 
tral and  tenninal  spores; 
majority  are  medium 
length  or  long  bivcilli  of 
medium  thickness. 

Like  last  description  plus 
some  free  spores. 

Positive  field:  Some  .small 
and  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; some  biuiilli  of 
colon  morphology;  some 
bacilli  of  medium  length 
and  slender;  field  full  of 
thick  bacilli;  some  as 
very  long  threads;  others 
of  aerogenes  length  and 
approximating  closely 
morphology  of  aerogenes; 
others  short  and  of  me- 
dium length. 

Positive  field:  Some  me- 
dium-sized diplococci ; 
majority  are  thick  bacilli, 
varying  from  very  short 
to  very  long,  mostly  of 
mediuin  length;  those  of 
proper  length  look  much 
like  aerogenes;  some 
rather  long  thin  threads. 

Positive  field:  A  few  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; some  medium 
length  slender  bacilli; 
some  of  this  moi"phology 
have  enlargements  or 
spores  on  end;  great  many 
rather  stout  bacilli, 
mostly  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology, but  otliers  of 
medium  length  or  short. 

Positive  field:  Many  bacilli 
of  colon  morphology; 
these  and  some  slightly 
longer  than  colon  are  in 
majority;  a  few  of  aerog- 
enes morphology;  a  few 
long  thin  threads. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci; 
a  few  liacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology and  someslightly 
longer  "than  these;  major- 
ity are  rather  thick  ba- 
cilli, most  of  which  are  of 
aerogenes  moi-phology; 
others  short  or  of  medium 
length;  a  large  stout  ba- 
cillus here  and  there. 

Like  last  description,  ex- 
cept that  there  are  here 
more  of  the  colon-like 
bacilli. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; some  medium-sized 
diplococci;  some  rather 
stout  Ijacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology  or  shorter. 


522 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OE    MAN. 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  IV  (O.  F.  L.)— Continued. 


Date. 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Gram  stain  of  glucoso 
tube  sediment. 


Oram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


1908. 
Sept.  10 


Sept. 
19-20 


Sept.  23 


Sept 
20-27 


Sept.  30 


Oct.     7 


Oct. 

10-11 


Gram  positive  and  negative  about 
equal.  Negativeof  colon  type.  Pos- 
itive: Some  large  coccal  bodies;  some 
medium-sized  diplococci;  majority  are 
of  colon  lype  or  longer;  a  few  rather 
thick  bacilli  of  aercgenes  type;  here 
and  there  one  approximatiiig  subtilis 
in  morpliology ;  a  lew  free  spores. 

Picture  like  thatof  last  description 


Like  last  description.    No  spore;;;  no 
organisms  like  subtilis. 


Positive  predominate.  Negative  of  col  on 
type.  Positive:  Good  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  fev.-  large  coccal  bod- 
ies; majority  are  bacilli  of  colon 
mori)hology  or  longer  and  slightly 
curved;  a  "few  stout  and  a  few  thin 
long  threads;  a  few  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology;  a  few  free  spores. 

Gram  positiveand  negative  about  equal; 
negative  of  colon  type;  otherwise  like 
last  description. 


Oct.  3-4     Picture  like  last  examination. 


Oct.    14 


Picture  like  last  examination,  except 
that  negative  bacteria  are  few:  these 
are  of  colon  morphology  and  some  spi- 
ral organisms. 


Gram  positive  predominate.  Negative 
are  of  colon  type,  a  few  spirals,  and  an 
occasional  long  slender  partially  de- 
colorized bacillus.  Positive:  Fevv'large 
coccal  bodies,  some  medium-sized  di- 
plococci; majority  are  about  colon 
morphology  or  slightly  more  slender; 
good  maiiy  approximating  aerogenes, 
but  of  varying  thickness  and  length; 
few  very  siout  mediujn  length  or  long 
liacilli. 

Like  last  description,  except  more  large 
coccal  and  diplococcal  Viodies;  few  ba- 
cilli approximating  aerogenes;  few  free 
spores. 


Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  a  few 
rather  thick  medium 
length  bacilli,  simu- 
lating, except  in 
length,  the  aerogenes. 

Positive  field:  Like  last 
description,  except 
some  of  these  thick 
bacilli  are  very  long. 

Positive  field:  Mediimr- 
sized  diplococci  about 
in  number  equal  to  the 
bacilli  present;  these 
are  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology;  others 
shorter  or  longer  than 
typical 

Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some 
large  diplococci;  a  few 
bacilli  approaching 
aerogenes  in  morphol- 
ogy- 
Like  last  description 


Like  last  description,  ex- 
cept here  were  foimd 
a  few  thick  threads. 


Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  few 
rather  stout  bacilli  of 
varying  lengths,  a  few 
of  which  approximate 
aerogenes  in  mor- 
pholog}'. 


Positive  field:  Like  last 
description  except  ba- 
cilli are  mostly  longer 
than  aerogenes,  but  of 
that  diameter. 


Positive  field:  Good  mnr;. 
bacilli  of  about  cci' 
morphology;  good  iiui; 
bacilhof  a<'rogeneseai).sii- 
latus  type;  some  Like  suii- 
tilis,  l)iit  not  in  chains:  a 
few  medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci. 

Few  negative  bacilli  of  co- 
lon type;  except  for  the 
addition  of  a  few  long 
thin  threads,  same  pic- 
ture as  last  description. 

Negative  bivcilli  of  colon 
type  predominate.  Pos- 
itive: Few  medium-sized 
diplococci;  majority  of 
positive  bacilli  are  thick, 
about  aerogenes  mor- 
phology, except  that 
some  have  bulging  cen- 
tral spores. 

Positive  field:  Practically 
all  are  long  stout  bacilli 
or  of  mediirm  length,  a 
few  with  terminal  spores; 
a  few  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology:  a  few  me- 
dium-sized diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
medium  'length  or  long 
stout  baciUi;  some  of 
aerogenes  morphology; 
others  with  terminal  oval 
or  round  spore;  some  of 
the  latter  look  much  like 
tetanus  b.icilli;  good 
many  slender  medium 
length  or  long  bacilli;  a 
few  of  colon  t}"pe;  a  few 
free  spores. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  c6\on  morphol- 
ogy or  longer;  good  many 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  moi- 
phoiogy;  a  few  mediian- 
sized  diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Practically 
all  are  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; some  mediimi-sized 
diplococci;  a  few  bacilli 
similar  to  aerogenes  in 
morphology. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
medium-.sized  diplococci; 
majority-  of  bacilli  are 
about  colon  morphology, 
or  more  slender;  few  ba- 
cilli approximating  aerog- 
enes in  morphology. 


Positive  field:  Goodmany 
mediimi-sized  diplococci, 
and  some  organisms 
which  I  can  not  be  sure 
of,  whether  cocci  in  pairs 
or  short  bacilli;  majority 
are  rather  thick  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  diameter,  but 
of  various  lengths,  from 
colon  length  to  tj-pical 
aerogenes  length, mostly 
of  medium  length. 


EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   HEALTH,  ETC.,  OF   MAN.        523 


Rt'siills  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  IV  (O.  F.  L.)— Continued. 


Duto. 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Oram  stain  of  glucose 
tulje  sediment. 


igas. 
Oct.  ir- 
is 


Oct.    22 


Few  negative  of  colon  morphology,  oc- 
casioniil  rather  long  bacilli  of  inedimn 
Ihickniiss,  aiul  a  chuiii  of  spindle- 
sliupedorganisms.  Positive:  Few  large 
cowal  bodies;  good  iiuiiiy  niedimn- 
sized  iliiilccocci;  inajorily  are  bacilli 
of  colon  iiuMiil'.ology.  a  few  of  which 
are  slender  aii<l  curved;  some  of  colon 
morphology,  but  longer;  some  more 
slender  lluin  colon  and  longer;  few  of 
aerogenes  type;  few  very  thick,  short 
bacilli. 

Gootl  numy  negative.  These  are  of 
colon  typ3,  some  longer  than  colon, 
and  a  few  slender  spirals.  I'ositi  ve:  A 
few  large  coccal  bodies;  some  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology,  and  some  slightly  longer 
than  colon:  good  many  like  colon,  but 
slightly  longer  and  more  slender:  a 
few  of  these  are  slightly  curved;  a  few 
of  aerogenes  morphology;  a  few  more 
slender  and  shorter  than  aerogenes;  an 
occasional  large,  thick  bacillus  of  un- 
certain identity. 


Oct.  24-     Like  last  description 


Oct.    28  '.....do 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  partially  decolor- 
ized bacilli  of  colon 
morphology;  good 
many  medium -sized 
diplococci;  few  hjwiilli 
of  aerogenes  type,  and 
a  few  more  slender 
than  typical. 


Positive  field:  Medium- 
sized  diplococci  much 
ill  predominance; 
some  bi«'illi  of  almost 
a(>rogenr's  thickness 
and  of  medium  length 
and  short;  here  and 
there  one  of  aerogenes 
morphology. 


Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  here 
and  there  a  bacillus  of 
aorogenesmorphology ; 
afewnioreslenderthan 
aerogenes  and  of  me- 
dium length  and  short. 

Like  last  description 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


Few  negative  of  colon  type. 
Positive:  Good  many  me- 
dium-sized dijilococci; 
many  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology;  few  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  thickness, 
but  varying  from  short 
to  aerogenes  length, 
mostly  of  medium 
length. 


Few  negative  bacilli  that 
are  rather  stout  and  of 
medium  lengtli.  Posi- 
tive: (jood  man  J-  liacilli 
of  colon  morphology; 
some  like  colon,  but 
slightly  longer,  and  some 
more  slender  and  longer 
than  colon;  some  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  morphology; 
good  many  bacilli  more 
slender  than  aerogenes 
and  varying  in  length, 
mostly  ofmediimi  length; 
a  few  "rather  sloiU  bacilli 
of  subtilis  or  Biegathe- 
riimi  type. 

Positive:  Majority  are  ba- 
cilli of  colon  morphology 
and  slightly  longer  than 
colon;  a  few  medium- 
sized  diplococci:  here  and 
there  short,  stout  bacilli 
ahnost  coccal  in  form;  oc- 
casional free  spores. 

A  few  negative  of  colon 
morphology.  Positive: 
Majority  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  some 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; good  many  bacilli 
more  slender  than  aero- 
genes and  of  medium 
length;  here  and  there  a 
bacillus  of  aerogenesmor- 
phology. 


SUBJECT  V  (A.  M.  N.). 


July  4-0  Gr;imncirative  predominate.  These  are 
of  colon  type  or  slightly  more  slender 
and  longer.  Positive:  Some  large  coc- 
cal bodies;  some  mcdiimi-sized  diplo- 

I      cocci;  some  bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 

I  og>s  good  many  bacilli  of  medium 
length  and  slender;  some  short,  stout 
bacilli  and  a  few  approximating  aero- 
genes. 
July  8  I  Gram  positive  predominate.  Negative 
are  of  colon  type  and  a  few  rat  her  large. 
thick  bacilli.  Positive:  Good  many 
large  coccal  bodies;  many  mediimi- 
sized  diplococci;  majority  are  medium 
length  and  slender  bacilli;  some  of 
colon  morphologj';  a  few  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  morphology;  here  and  there 

i      some  large  bacilli  like  subtilis  in  mor- 
phology. 
July  11-  I  Picture  of  field  like  last  description,  cx- 
12  I      ccpt  that  negative  bacilli   predomi- 

I      nate;  these  are  of  colon  type  or  some- 

!      what  longer. 


I'ositive  field:  Nearly  all 
are  mediimi-sized  dip- 
lococci; a  few  medium 
length,  slender  bacilli. 


Positive  field :  Very  few- 
medium -sized  diplo- 
cocci: field  full  of  thiol: 
bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology  or  longer 
or  shorter;"  some  very 
long,  thick  threads. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci: remainder  are 
rather  stotit  bacilli  of 
medium  length,  ap- 
proximating in  places 
aerogenes  in  morpho- 
logy. 


Practically  all  are  Gram. 
negative  of  colon  tj-pe; 
a  few  positive  bacilli; 
these  are  thick  bacilli, 
mostly  short,  but  a  few  of 
aerogenes  length.  Some 
of  the  latter  in  short 
chains. 

Positive  field;  good  many 
large  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
type;  some  medium- 
sized  cocci;  some  bacilli 
of  colon  morphology;  ma- 
jority are  slender,  me- 
dium-sized bacilli. 


Majority  Gram  negative. 
These  of  colon  type. 
Positive:  Some  rather 
thick  bacilU,  varjing 
from  shorl  to  aerogenes 
morpholouy;  a  few  slen- 
der bacilli  of  colon  length 
or  longer;  here  and  there 
a  few  chains  of  subtilis 
morphology;  some  long 
narrow  threads. 


524 


fcJODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTil   OE   MAN. 


liesults  of  Gravi-siain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  V  (A.  M.  N.)— Continued. 


Date. 


1908. 
July    15 


July  18- 
19 


July  22 


July  25- 


Julv   2'J 


Aug.  1- 

2 

Aug.    5 


Aug.  a- 
9 


Aug.  12 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Gram  positive  predominate.  Negative 
of  colon  type.  Positive:  Some  large 
coccal  bodies;  good  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  good  many  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  type  or  shorter;  good  many 
bacUli  of  medium  length  or  longer  and 
slender;  here  and  there  a  bacillus  of 
subtilis  morphology. 

G  ram  posi  live  and  negative  a  bout  equal ; 
negative  of  colon  type;  otherwise  flora 
as  in  last  examination. 


Almostexclusively  Gram  positive;  other- 
wise flora  as  in  last  description. 


Almost  exclusively  Gram  positive. 
Gram  neg.  of  colon  type.  Positive: 
Some  large  coecal  bodies;  some  me- 
dium-sized diplococci;  some  rather 
thick  bacilli  of  aerogenes  type,  and 
some  shorter  and  of  medium  length; 
majority  of  the  bacilli  are  of  medium 
length  and  thickness;  some  of  colon 
morphology. 

Picture  like  that  of  last  examination 


Picture  exactly  like  last  description. 


Giam  positive  and  negative  about  equal; 
negative  of  colon  type;  otherwise  like 
last  description 


Gram  positive  predominate.  Negative 
of  colon  type.  Positive:  Some  large 
coccal  bodies;  good  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  few  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes morphology;  good  many  bacilli 
of  medium  length,  or  long  and  slender; 
some  long,  thick  threads;  occasional 
bacilli  of  subtilis  morphology. 

Gram  positive  almostexclusively.  Ex- 
cepting the  few  very  long,  slender  ba- 
cilli mentioned  among  the  gram  posi- 
tive in  the  last  description  this  one 
tallies. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
arc  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; many  in 
chains;  remainder  are 
stout  bacilli,  mostly  of 
medium  length,  others 
short;  others  of  aero- 
genes morphology. 

I'ositive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; a  few  rather 
smallcocci;  somclong, 
thick  threads;  stout 
bacilli  as  in  last  exami- 
nation. 

Positive  field:  Cocci  of 
medium  size  and  the 
stout  bacilli  m  c  n  - 
tioned  in  last  exami- 
nation about  equally 
divided;  some  bacilli 
of  colon  morphology. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; a  few  stout 
bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology  or  of  me- 
dium length  or  short; 
some  long,  slender, 
and  thick  threads. 

Like  last  description  of 
this  sediment. 


Like  last  description 

Exactly  like  last  descrij)- 
tion. 


Positive  field:  Thick  ba- 
cilli of  various  length 
as  described  before  in 
these  sediments,  in 
predominance;  me- 
dium-sized diplococci 
in  minorit}'. 

Positive  field:  Equally 
divided  between  me- 
dium-sized diplococci 
and  the  thick  bacilli 
of  various  lengths. 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
lube  sediment. 


I  Positive    field:  Some    me- 
i      diuin-sized  diplococci,  a 
I      few  in  chains;  majority 
are  rather  thick  bacilli  of 
'      medium  length  or  short, 
■      or  of  acrogi-nis  morphol- 
ogy; here  and  there  ba- 
cilli of  colon  morphology. 
I  Same  as  last  description. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are 
medium  length  baciUi  of 
medium  thickness;  good 
many  rather  thick,  long 
bacilli  having  central 
spores,  others  short  or  of 
medium  length;  here  and 
there  free  sjjorcs;  a  few 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy- 
Positive  field:  Few  me- 
dium -  sized  diplococci; 
majority  are  rather  thick 
bacilli  of  medium  length 
or  short,  others  of  aero- 
genes mori)liology;  some 
long,  thick  threads. 


Positive  field:  Few  me- 
dium -  sized  diplococci; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology. Majority  are 
large,  thick  bacilli  of 
about  aerogenes  morphol- 
ogy or  longer;  some  of 
these  have  large  or  small 
oval  tenninal  spores. 

Exactly  similar  to  last  de- 
scription. 

Few  negative  of  colon  type. 
Positive:  Many  bacilli  of 
medium  length  and 
thickness;  good  many  of 
colon  type;  many  long, 
thick  bacilli  of  about 
aerogenes  morphologj'. 
some  of  which  have  ter- 
minal oval  or  round 
spores. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
medium-sized  diplococci; 
some  small  diplococci;  a 
few  thick  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes thickness,  varjnng 
in  length  from  short  ba- 
cilli to  very  long  threads 

Positive  field:  Few  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
some  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; majority  are 
thick  bacilli  of  about 
aerogenes  morphology  or 
much  longer;  some  of 
these  long  organisms  can 
be  described  as  threads; 
some  of  these  shorter  ba- 
cilli have  tcrmiaal  spores. 


EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   HEALTH,  ETC.,  OF   MAN.        525 

Ixesidts  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
(SUBJECT  V  (A.  M.  N.)— Continued. 


Date. 


Oram  stain  direct. 


1908. 

Auk.  I.. 


Aug.  19 


Aug.  22- 


Aug.  26 


Sept.    2 


Sept.  5, 
6,7. 


Aug.  2»-  do. 

30 


Gram  positivoal  most  pxchisivcly.  Nega- 
tive of  colon  type.  Positive:  Some 
larLte  coccal  hollies;  sonic  mcdium- 
sizod  (liisloeoeci;  sonic  bivcilli  of  about 
siihtilis  iiioi[>lioloi;;y;  some  ratlier 
tliiclc  bacilli  of  acrogones  type  and 
sonic  shorter  and  of  mcdiiiin  ienf^tli; 
majority  of  bacilli  are  of  medium 
length  and  medium  thickness. 


Picture  like  last,  e.xcept  in  addition 
there  are  some  gram  negative  spiro- 
clielo-like  organisms,  and  there  are 
n>hitivi'ly  more  of  the  stout  bacilli  ap- 
pro.ximating  aerogenes. 


0  ram  positive  and  negative  about  equal. 
Negative  areof  c-olon  inorijhology  and 
some  long,  slender  bacilli.  Positive; 
Some  large  coccal  bodies;  a  good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci;  many  thick 
bacilli  of  various  lengths,  some  short, 
most  of  them  me<lium  length,  some  of 
aerogenes  morphology,  and  some 
longer;  a  few  large,  stout  bacilli  of  sub- 
tilis  morphology;  some  of  colon  type; 
majority  are  bacilli  of  medium  length 
and  colon  thickness. 

Like  last  description , 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


Gram  positive  almost  exclusively,  oth- 
erwise like  description  of  Aug.  22  and 
23. 


Positive  predominate.  Negative  are  of 
colon  type  or  slightly  longer  and  slen- 
der, and  a  few  spirochete-like  organ- 
isms. Positive:  Majority  are  slender 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology  or  longer; 
some  large  coccal  bodies;  good  many 
modium-sized  diplococci;  a  few  ba- 
cilli of  aerogenes  type  or  longer  than 
typical;  a  few  free  spores. 


Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci,  some 
in  chains;  remainder 
are  stout  bacilli  of 
varying  lengths,  a  few 
approximathig  aero- 
genes in  morphology. 


Like  last  description . 


-do... 


-do. 


-do. 


.do. 


.do. 


Oram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  about  colon 
morijliology;  some  mori! 
slender  and  of  medium 
length  or  a  little  longer; 
many  long,  thick  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  mori)liology, 
excejjt  some  of  them  have 
terminal  oval  sijores;  sev- 
eral chains  of  subtilis 
type;  some  medium- 
sized  diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
medinni-si/.ed  diplococci; 
good  many  of  colon  mor- 
phology;  a  few  long,  slen- 
der bacilli;  here  and  there 
a  short  chain  of  subtilis 
type;  majority  are  rather 
thick  bacilli,  mostly  of 
medium  length  or  short, 
others  like  aerogenes  in 
morphology. 

Like  last  description,  ex- 
cept diplococci  are  more 
abundant  ;md  there  are 
fewer  of  the  stout  bacilli 
approximating  aerogenes 
in  morphology. 


Mixed  gram  positive  and 
negative;  many  long 
thick  bacilli  partially  de- 
colorized. Positive:  Ma- 
jority are  rather  thick 
bacilli,  a  few  showing 
central  spores;  many  of 
these  otherwise  simulate 
aerogenes  in  morphology, 
although  they  are  rather 
short;  some  single  bacilli 
even  stouter  than  the 
above,  and  look  much 
like  subtilis  in  mori)hol- 
ogy,  although  they  are 
not  in  chains. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  medium  length 
and  thickness;  some 
nearly  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; a  few  chains  of  sub- 
tilis tyi>e  with  central 
spores;"  some  rather  thick 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology, others  longer, 
some  shorter,  and  a  few 
medium-sized  diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Many  bacilli 
of  medium  length  and 
thickness,  sonic  nearly  of 
colon  morphology:  great 
many  rather  thick  ba- 
cilli, very  few  of  aerogenes 
type,  mostly  short;  some 
medium-sized  di])lococci. 

Few  negative  bacilli  of  co- 
lon type  or  longer.  Pos- 
itive: Good  many  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
some  chains  of  subtiUs 
morphology;  some  ba- 
cilli of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology, others  shorter 
than  these;  majority  are 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy or  slightly  longer. 


526 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJFXT  V  (A.  M.  N. )— Continued. 


Date. 


1908. 
Sept.  10 


Sept.  14 


Sept.  17 


Sept.  21 


Sept.  24 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Sept.  28 


Oct. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose         Gram  stain  ol  bouillon 
tul)e  sediment.  tu1)e  sediment. 


Lilce  last  description,  except  no  spiro- 
chete-like  negative  organisms  seen. 


Like  l;i.st  description. 


Gram  positive  predominate.  Negative 
of  colon  ty|)e.  Positive:  Good  many 
large  coceal  and  diplococcal  bodies; 
many  medium-sized  diploeocci;  ma- 
jority are  bacilli  of  alwut  colon  mor- 
phology; a  few  of  aerogenes  type;  a 
few  bacilli  of  a  morphology  like  that 
of  subtilis. 

Like  last  description;  one  long  negative 
stout  bacillus  found. 


G  ram  positive  and  negative  about  equal ; 
negative  of  colon  typo  and  some  long, 
slender  Ijacilli.  Positive:  Good  many 
large  coccal  and  diplococcal  bodies; 
many  medium-sized  diploeocci;  good 
many  bacilli  of  colon  typ(!;  some  long- 
er and  more  slender"  than  colon;  a 
few  of  aerogenes  type;  a  few  short  ba- 
cilli much  shorter"  than  aerogenes. 


Gram  positive  almost  exclusively:  good 
many  largccoecal  bodies — consideral)le 
medium -sized  diploeocci;  majority 
are  ba<^'illi  of  colon  morphology  or  a 
little  longer  than  colon,  some  staining 
irregularly;  a  few  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology;  some  large  oval  bacilli, 
a  few  with  central  spore. 


Like  last  description. 


.do. 


I'lora  as  on  Sept.  28. 


Almost  exclusively  gram  positive;  good 
many  large  coccal  bodies;  very  many 
medium-sized  diploeocci;  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology  or  little  longer  in 
predominance;  a"  few  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes type;  a  few  large  bacilli,  some- 
what oval,  with  occasional  central 
spore. 


Positive  field.  Field 
equally  divided  be- 
tween" medium-sized 
diploeocci  and  short 
t)acilli  of  aerogenes  di- 
ameter. 


Positive  and  negative 
about  equal;  negative 
are  of  colon  type  and 
some  much  longer  and 
slender.  Positive: 
Many  medium  sized 
dinlococci;  some  thick 
bacilli  that  are  of  asro- 
goni'S  morphology  in 
places,  Ijut  mostly 
shorterthan  aerogenes. 

Positive  field;  Medium- 
sized  diploeocci  are  in 
minority;  majority 
are  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology,  and 
many  distinct ly  long- 
er than  colon,  some 
slightly  curved  and 
pointed  on  the  ends; 
a  few  bacilli  of  aero- 
gi>nos  morphology  or 
shorter  than  tyi)ical. 

Positive  field:  Meditun- 
sized  dii)lococci  much 
in  predominance; 
some  rather  stout  ba- 
cilli of  ahout  aerogenes 
morphology , but  vary- 
ing in  Icngih. 

Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  mediiun- 
sizcd  diploeocci;  a  few 
stout  liacilli  of  varying 
lengths,  some  approx- 
imating aerogenes  in 
morphology. 


Positive  field:  Somo  me- 
dium -  sized  diploeocci; 
good  many  of  colon  mor- 
phology or  little  longer; 
some  very  long,  slender 
bacilli;  good  many  stout 
bacilli,  manv  of  aeroge- 
nes morphology,  others 
ofgreateror  lesser  lengths; 
few  short  chains  of  sub- 
tilis morphology. 

Positive prcdomiuatx!.  Neg- 
ative are  of  colon  type, 
but  slightly  longer.  Pos- 
itive: Majority  are  ba- 
cilli of  colon  type  or  long- 
er; some  medium-sized 
diploeocci;  a  f.'w  rather 
tliick  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology,  and  more  of 
same  th  ic  k  ness  but 
shorter. 

Positive  field:  Field  full  of 
bacilli  in  chains  of  sub- 
tilis type;  a  few  bacilli  of 
colon  type;  a  f(!w  me- 
diiun-sized  diploeocci. 


Very  few  negative  of  colon 
type.  Positive:  Major- 
ity are  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology;  good  many 
.short,  thick  bacilli,  and 
a  few  about  aerogenes 
morphology;  some  me- 
dium-sized diploeocci. 

Good  many  negative:  These 
are  of  colon  type:  Some 
slightly  longer  and  some 
much  longer,  even  to 
formation  of  threads. 
Positive:  A  few  long 
threads;  some  liacilli  of 
colon  type  and  a  few 
longer:  many  rather 
thick  bacilli  of  "aerogenes 
type. 

Positive  field.  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy and  many  nmch 
longer;  .some  of  the  latter 
show  irregularity  in 
staining  and  headlcts; 
good  many  medium- 
sized  diploeocci;  few  of 
aerogenes  type. 


Flora  like  Sept.  28,  except 
no  headlet  bacteria  were 
seen. 


Positive  field.  Bacilliof  co- 
lon morphology  or  slight- 
ly longer  and  iuore  slen- 
der in  predominance; 
some  of  the  slender  ba- 
cilli show  irregularity  in 
the  gram  stain,  and  a  few 
structures  like  hcadlets 
were  seen  here  and  th'Tc; 
a  few  slender  bacilli  with 
terminal  spores. 


EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON   HEALTH,  ETC.,  OF   MAN. 


527 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  V  (A.  M.  N.)-Continued. 


Grain  stain  direct. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
tube  sediment. 


Few  negative  bacilli  of  colon  type.  Pos- 
itive: A  pood  many  large  coccal  bod- 
ies; nii'diuni-sized  iiiplococci  much  in 
j)redomin;iiu(';  a  good  many  bacilli 
of  colon  nioiphology;  some  bixi'illi 
much  longer  i  Imiii  colon,  a  few  of  which 
show  irreiriilarily  of  staining;  few  ba- 
cilli of  aerogcnes  type;  a  few  largo  oval 
bacilli. 

F(!w  negative.  These  are  of  colon  tNiw 
or  sliglitly  longer,  and  a  few  long,  slen- 
diT  h;icilli.  Positive:  Kew  large  coc- 
cal bodii's;  good  many  medium-sized 
diplococci:  majority  "  are  of  colon 
length  or  slightly  longer,  but  more 
slender  thnn  colon;  few  of  acrogenes 
type;  few  free  spores;  few  large  sfout 
bacilli  containing  spores. 

Like  last  description 


Positive  field:  Almost 
exclusively  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  a  few 
stout  bacilli  of  lengths 
varying  from  meditun 
to  long:  a  few  of  these 
are  similar  to  aeroge- 

,  nes. 

Like  last  description, 
l)lus  some  long  threads 
of  medium  thiclmcss, 
a  few  of  whi(  h  are  gram 
positive  and  some 
gram  negative. 


Like  last  full  description. 


Few  negative  of  colon  type  and  some 
slightly  longer.  A  few  rather  thick 
medium  length  luicilli.  Positive:  A 
few  large  coccal  bodies;  good  many 
medimn  sized  <liplococci;  good  many 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology,  or  slightly 
longer,  but  more  slender  than  colon; 
some  of  colon  morphology,  and  some 
shghtly  longer  than  these;  some 
bacilli  of  aerogcnes  morphology,  some 
somewhat  shorter;  a  few  of  aerogenes 
morphology,  but  more  slender. 

Like  last  smear,  plus  a  few  free  spores 


Like  last  smear,  plus  a  few  very  long  and 
very  thick  bacilli  of  unknown  identity. 


.do. 


Good  many  negative  of  colon  type  and 
slightly  "longer  than  colon.  Positive 
predominate;  good  many  medium 
sized  diplococci;  a  few  large  coccal 
bodies;  good  many  bacilli  of  colon 
mor|)hology;  a  few  bacilli  of  colon 
moriihology,  Imt  longer:  good  many 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology,  but  more 
slender  and  longer:  a  few  of  these 
sliow  irregular  granular  staining;  few 
of  aerogenes  morphology;  few  more 
slender  than  aerogenes.  Occasional 
free  spores:  here  and  there  a  very 
long,  thick  bacillus  of  imknown 
identii  v. 


Positive  field.    Picture  like 
that  of  Oct.  5th. 


Few  negative  bacilli  slight- 
ly longer  than  colon; 
ihajority    are    medium 

.  sized  diplococci;  good 
many  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology;  good  many 
of  colon  morijliology, 
but  slightly  longer;  here 
and  there  one  of  aero- 
genes ty|je. 

Positive  field;  Good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci; 
good  many  of  colon  type 
and  some  slightly  longer; 
majority  are  large  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  thickness, 
of  ferogenes  length  and 
shorter,  but  not  of  typ- 
ical appearance,  mostly 
single,  Imt  a  few  in  chains 
of  2  to  4. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
mediiun-sized  diplococci; 
good  many  of  colon  mor- 
phology; good  many 
similar  to  colon  but  more 
slender;  majority  are 
bacilliof  almost  aerogenes 
thickness,  mostly  of  me- 
diiun  length,  a  few  short, 
and  a  few  of  aerogenes 
length. 

Like  last  sediment,  except 
fewer  colon  and  fewer  of 
those  more  slender  than 
colon. 

Majority  are  negative  dip- 
lococci, or  very  short, 
plump  bacilli(?).  Few 
negative  of  colon  mor- 
phology. Positive:  Great 
many  bacilli  more  slen- 
der than  aerogenes  but  of 
aerogenes  lengths;  a  few 
bacilli  in  chains  with 
central  spores  like  suIj- 
1111s. 

Good  many  negative  bacilli 
of  colon  morphology. 
Positive:  Majority  arc 
liacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; some  similar 
Init  slightly  longer;  some 
medium  sized  diplococci; 
a  few  very  long  threads. 


528 


SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND   THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 


ResuUii  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  VI  (C.  H.  S.). 


1908. 
July  4-5 


July     8 


July  11- 

12 


July   15 


July  18- 
19 


July   22 


July  25, 
26 


Gram  stain  of  glucose  Gram  stain  of  bouillon 

tube  sediment.  tube  sediment. 


Negative  predominate.  These  are  of 
colon  type  and  longer,  and  a  good 
many  long  slender  biu-illi.  Positive: 
Some  large  coccal  bodies;  majority 
are  mediiini  sized  cliplococci:  some  of 
colon  morphology;  many  baeilli  of 
medium  length  and  slender;  a  few  of 
aerogenes  morphology;  occasional  ba- 
cilli like  subtilis. 


Positive  predominate.  Positive:  Some 
large  coccal  bodies;  many  medium 
sized  diplococ-ci;  majority  of  bacilli 
are  of  colon  morphology,  l)ut  longer; 
some  of  colon  morphology;  good 
many  stout  bacilli  varying  from  colon 
length  to  aerogenes  morphology. 

Gram  positive  and  negativeabout  equal. 
Negative  are  of  colon  type  or  slightly 
longer.  Positive:  A  few  large  coccal 
bodies;  many  medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci;  majority  are  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology  or  slightly  longer;  good 
many  stout  bacilli  of  aerogenes  type, 
but  "varying  much  in  length  from 
short  to  long. 

Positive  and  negative  about  equal. 
Negative  are  of  colon  type  or  slightly 
longer,  and  a  few  stout  bacilli  like 
aerogenes  in  morphology.  Positive 
organisms  like  those  described  on 
11th  and  12th. 


Few  negative  of  colon  morphology. 
Positive:  Some  large  coccal  bodies; 
many  medium-sized  diplococci;  ma- 
jority of  bacilli  arc  of  colon  mor- 
phology or  longer;  some  rather  stout 
bacilli  varying  from  short  organisms 
to  about  aerogenes  morphology. 


Few  Gram  negative.  These  of  colon 
type,  and  some  long  slender  bacilli. 
Positive:  Some  large  coccal  bodies; 
many  medium-sized  diplococci;  most 
of  liacilli  are  of  colon  morphology  or 
longer;  good  many  stout  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes morphology,  but  of  varying 
length;  a  few  long  thick  threads. 


Gram  positive  and  negative  about  equal. 
Negative  organisms  as  in  day  before 
(22(1).  Positive  organisms  as" on  22d; 
some  free  spores  in  addition. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium  sized  dip- 
lococci; remainder  are 
thick  bacilli  varjdng 
from  colon  length  to 
morphology  of  aero- 
genes;     majority    of 

«  these  are  of  medium 
length;  here  and  there 
a  large  bacillus  of  sub- 
tilis morphology;  some 
very  long,  thick 
threads. 

Positive  field:  Many 
medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci; remainder  are 
large,  thick  bacilli  of 
medium  length,  some 
of  aerogenes  morphol- 
ogy, and  some  longer. 

Positive  field:  Picture 
as  on  July  8. 


Positive  field:  Cocci  in 
diplococcal  form  pre- 
dominate; some  stout 
bacilli  varying  from 
short  to  very  long; 
some  of  the  intermedi- 
ate length  are  of  aero- 
genes morphology. 


Positive  field:  Medium- 
sized  diplococci,  many 
in  chains,  predomi- 
nate; the  remainder 
are  thick  bacilli  most- 
ly of  colon  length  or 
rhedium  length,  a  few 
about  aerogenes  mor- 
phology; here  and 
there  a  long  thick 
thread. 

Picture  as  July  IS  and 
19,  excepting  no 
threads. 


Positive  field;  Medium- 
sized  diplococci  in  mi- 
nority; thick  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  morphology, 
or  shorter,  predomi- 
nate. 


Gram  negative  few.  Th 
of  colon  type.  Positi\ . . 
A  few  medium  sized  dip- 
lococci; some  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology;  good 
many  baeilli  of  subtilis 
type  with  central  spore; 
many  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
thickness  but  of  medium 
length. 


Positive  field:  Majority  are 
large  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morpholog.v;  some  me- 
dium -  sized  diplococci; 
here  and  there  bacilli  of 
colon  morphologj'. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology or  shorter;  some 
mcdiimi-sized  diplococci; 
some  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy, and  some  longer 
than  colon. 


Positive  field:.  Majority  are 
rather  slender,  long  ba- 
cilh;  some  of  these  have 
bull)ous  extremity,  ani 
some  have  termina 
spore;  in  places,  these 
bacilli  look  much  like 
tetanus;  good  many  ba- 
cilli of  colon  morphology 
and  some  slightly  longer; 
a  few  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
rather  slender,  long  ba- 
cilli; some  have  termina 
spores;  good  many  ba 
cilli  of  colon  morphology 
and  some  longer;  a  good 
many  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; some  bacilli  of 
subtilis  type;  a  few  free 
spores. 

Positive  field;  Majoritj'  are 
rather  thick  bacilli  vary- 
ing from  colon  length  to 
aerogenes.  mostly  of  me- 
dium length;  here  and 
there  some  of  these  have 
central  spores;  a  few  fn>e 
spores;  a  few  slender  ba- 
cilli with  terminal  oval  or 
round  spore;  a  few  of 
colon  morphology;  some 
medium-sized  tiiplococci. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
rather  thick  l>acilli  vary- 
ing from  colon  length  to 
aero.genes,  mostly  of  me- 
dium length;  very  few 
free  spores;  a  few  slender 
bacilli  with  terminal 
spore;  a  few  of  colon 
morphology;  some  me- 
dium-sized" diplococci;  a 
few  chains  of  subtilis 
variety. 


EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM   BKXZOATK.  ON    HEALTH,    ETC.,  OF   MAN.        529 

lu'.siilts  of  (iruin-stai7i  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJKCT  VI  (C.  II.  S.)— Continued. 


Aug.  1,2 


Aug. 


Aug.  12 


Aug.  15, 
10 


I'u-turc  like  that  o(  '.'."ith  and  JtiMi. 


Majority  Gram  jwsitivo;  a  few  largo  coc- 
cal  liodics:  good  many  nii'diuin-sizod 
diplocooci:  good  many  liacilli  of  al>ont 
colon  morpliology,  some  sliglitly 
curved,  and  some  longer  ami  more 
sloncjt'r;  a  few  haeilliof  aerogfues  typo. 
but  varying  in  longtli;  horo  and  tlioro 
a  thicli"  long  l^aeillus  with  contral 
spore;  occasional  froe  spores. 


Few  negative.  These  are  of  colon  type 
or  little  longer.  Positive:  Some  large 
coccal  l)odies;  good  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci:  majority  are  slender 
bacilli  longer  than  colon  morphology, 
some  of  which  are  shghtly  curved;  a 
few  stout  bacilli  as  on  Aug.  1  and  2; 
a  few  free  spores;  a  few  large  thick  l)a- 
cilli. 

Picture  here  as  on  Aug.  5,  except  more 
diplococci  and  fewer  of  those  described 
as  of  colon  typ<>,  liut  longer. 


Few  negative  of  colon  type.  Positive: 
Some  large  coccal  bodies;  good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci;  majority  are 
slender  biicilli.  longer  than  colon;  "good 
many  of  colon  morphology,  some  of 
which  are  slightly  curved;  very  many 
stout  bacilli  approximatmg  aefogenes; 
no  spores. 

Few  Gram  negative;  these  of  colon  type 
or  a  little  longer;  some  large  coccal 
bodies;  many  medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci; good  many  slender  bacilli  of 
colon  length  or  longer,  some  slightly 
curved;  a  few  stout  bacilli  with  cen- 
tral spore;  a  few  froe  spores;  few  of 
aerogenes  morphology. 

Few  Gram  negative,  these  of  colon  type 
or  slightly  longer.  Positive:  Organ- 
isms are  like  those  of  last  examina- 
tion, except  thai  the  metlium-sized 
diplococci  are  in  predominance. 


Description  of  field  coincides  witli  that 
ol  last  examination. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose         Gram  stain  of  bouillon 
I  ube  sediment.  tul)o  sediment. 


I' OS  i  t  i  vo'Tield:  Two 
kinds  of  organisms; 
(;occi  and  thick  bacilli 
as  on  2.5th  and  2Gth; 
l)oth  present  in  about 
same  number. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci: some  in  chains; 
remainder  are  stout 
bacilli,  some  of  aero- 
genes morphology, 
others  shorter  or  much 
longer;  some  rather 
long  threads. 


Positive  as  on   Aug.   1 
and  2. 


Positive  field,  as  on  last 
examination. 


.do. 


Positive  field:  Cocci  of 
medium  size  in  dip- 
lococcus  form  and  large 
stout  bacilli,  some  of 
aerogenes  morphol- 
ogy, others  shorter  or 
longer  in  about  equal 
numljer. 

i'ositive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci: few  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology;  few 
stout  bacilli,  some  of 
aerogenes  morphol- 
ogy, others  shorter  or 
much  longer. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci, a  few  ui  chains; 
remainder  are  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  morphol- 
ogy, and  some  shorter 
or  longer  than  these; 
a  few  long,  thick 
threads. 


F'ositive  field:  Majority  are 
stout  bacilli;  some  of 
aerogenes  morphology, 
others  shorter;  liere  an'(| 
there  some  of  llie.so  ba\  e 
central  snores;  few  slen- 
der bacilli  of  medium 
length  with  terminal 
spore;  some  mediinn- 
sized  diplococci;  few  ba- 
cilli of  colon  type;  some 
chains  ot  suljtilis  typo. 

Positive  and  negat  i ve 
mi.\ed.  Few  negative. 
These  are  very  long  slen- 
der bacilli  which  are  do- 
I  colorized  in  places  in  the 
field  and  not  in  others. 
Positive:  Majority  are 
thick  bacilli,  .some  of  aero- 
genes morphology, 
others  of  medium  lengtli 
or  short;  a  few  medium- 
sized  diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
of  colon  morphology; 
some  l)acilli  in  chains  of 
subtilis  type;  a  few  dip- 
lococci. 


Positive  field:  Good  many 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; many  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology,  but  longer; 
many  rather  long  and 
thick  single  tiacilli,  some 
with  central  spores;  good 
many  free  spores. 

Positive  field:  Many  long, 
slender  bacilli;  good  many 
of  colon  morphology; 
good  many  free  spores; 
good  many  bacilli  of  aero- 
genes morphology,  and 
others  of  same  diameter, 
but  of  medium  length  or 
short. 

Positive  field:  Many  long, 
slender  bacilli,  and  many 
m  long  threads;  good 
many  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; good  many  free 
spores;  good  many  of 
aerogenes  morphology, 
and  others  of  same  thick- 
ness, but  shorter. 

Positive  field:  Many  liaciili 
of  colon  morphology; 
some  rather  long,  slender 
bacilli,  a  few  of  which 
have  terminal  spores; 
some  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
morphology;  .some  bacilli 
of  moi-phology  of  l)acil- 
lus  sul)tilis;  a  few  me- 
dium-sized diplococci. 

Positive  field  (very  poor 
slide):  Majority  are  me- 
dium-sized diplococci; 
some  rather  short,  thick 
bacilli. 


70111 — No.  ,s^^— (»!»- 


.34 


530 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Results  of  (Iram-stain  tests  on/eces — ('ontinu«Ml. 
SUBJECT  VI  (C.  H.  S.)— Continued. 


Ciram  stain  diroct. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose  Oram  stain  of  bouillon 

tni)e  sediment.  I uIk- sediment. 


1908. 
Aug.  2ti 


Aug.  29, 
30 


Sept. 


Sept.  o- 


Sept.  10 


Sept.  14 


Sept.  n 


Gram  positive  predominate.  -Negative 
are  of  colon  typo.  Positive:  Some 
large  coccal  Iwdies;  good  many  me- 
dium-sized diplococci:  good  many  l)a- 
cilli  of  colon  niorpholog\'.  and  many 
somewhat  longer:  good  many  rather 
thick  l)acilli  of  various  lengths,  some 
of  aerogenes  morphology,  but  more  of 
medium  length  or  short;  here  and 
there  a  free  spore. 


Description  of  field  exactly  like  thai  of 
last  examination. 


Flora  here  like  the  last  description,  cx- 
cept  that  there  are  more  diplococci 
and  fewer  of  those  bacilli  that  are 
stout  and  of  various  lengths. 


Gram  positive  predominaU^;  flora  here 
like  in  last  examination,  e.xcept  that 
there  are  fewer  diplococci,  but  still  a 
good  many,  and  that  there  are  more 
of  those  liacilli  that  are  stout  and  of 
various  lengths. 


Gram  positive  predominate;  negative 
are  of  colon  type  and  some  long,  slen- 
der threads."  Positive:  Some  large 
coccal  bodies;  good  many  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  good  many  Ijacilli  of 
colon  morphology  and  many  some- 
what longer;  good  many  bacilli  of 
about  aerogenes  morphology,  others 
like  these,  but  stout<>r  (?) :  some  large 
bacilli  of  subtilis  morphology;  some 
long  slender  threads;  a  few  free 
spores. 


Positive  predominate.  Negative  of 
colon  type.  Positive:  Some  large 
coccal  bodies;  good  many  mediiun- 
sized  diplococci;  good  many  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology  and  many  some- 
what longer;  good  many  rather  thick 
bacilli  of  varying  lengths,  some  of 
aerogenes  morphology,  otliers  of  me- 
dium length  or  short :  a  iow  free  spores. 


Positive  predominate.  Negative  of 
colon  type.  Positive:  Majority  are 
slender  Ijacilli  of  colon  type  or  longer; 
a  few  large  coecal  l)odies;  some  medi- 
um-sized diplococci;  few  of  aerogenes 
tj-pe;  some  short  thick  l)LVcilli  of  un- 
certain morphology;  a  few  spore  hold- 
ing bacilli  like  subtilis  in  morphology; 
a  few  free  spores. 


Positive  field:  Almost 
exclusively  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  re- 
mainder are  rather 
thick  t)acilli,  varying 
from  about  medium 
length  to  long  threads, 
very  few  of  aerogenes 
morphology. 


Flora  like  last  examina- 
tion. 


Flora  like  last  descrip- 
tion, except  that 
many  of  the  diplococci 
;He  in  chains. 


Flora  like  that  of  last  de- 
scription, except  that 
there  are  no  chains  of 
diplococci  and  no  long 
threads. 


Positive  field:  Majority 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci: remainder  are 
thick  bacilli,  mostly 
aljout  aerogenes  mor- 
phology, others  very 
long,  mediiun  length 
or  short;  a  single  free 
spore  seen. 


Like  last  examination . 


Negative  are  in  minority, 
and  are  very  long,  s1<mi- 
der  biicilli.     Positive:  In 
places  bacilli  of  thealioM' 
morphology  are  not  <!• 
colorized,    and    som<-    oi 
them  show  .slight  U-ri;: 
nal  eidargements;   tli 
positive  and  negative  i 
cilli  predominate  in  iii 
field;  good  many  rathi-i 
.stout      l)acilli.    "varying; 
from     short     length"    to 
about  aerogenesmorphol- 
ogy ;  good  many  meduun- 
sized  diplococci;  some  ba- 
cilli of  colon  morphologj'. 

Positive  field:  Some  bacilli 
of  colon  morphology; 
a  few  inediimi-sized  dip- 
lococci. 

Positive  field:  .\  few  bacilli 
of  colon  type;  few  me- 
dium-siz<>d  diplococci;  a 
few  of  aerogenes  type;  a 
few  Ixicilli  in  chains  with 
central  spores  of  subtilis 
morphology;  majority  are 
long,  rather  slender  ba- 
cilli and  some  long  slen- 
der threads. 

.\  few  negative  bacilli  of 
colon  type.  Positive: 
Majority'  are  rather  long, 
slender"  bacilli;  some 
rather  long  slender 
threads;  good  many  of 
colon  morphology;  some 
bacilli  of  sul)tiiis  t5TX*, 
but  not  in  chains. 

Few  very  long  negative 
thread-iike  bacilli.  Posi- 
tive: Some  mediiun-sizcd 
diplococci;  good  many 
bacilli  of  aerogenes  mor- 
phology or  shorter,  some 
of  the  falter  with  central 
spores;  no  chains;  a  few 
rather  long  slender  ba- 
cilli witli  tenninal  spore; 
majority  are  bacilli  of 
about  colon  morphology 
or  longer;  a  few  free 
spores. 

Positive  predominate. 
Very  few  negative  of  a 
morphology  like  colon, 
except  longer.  Positive: 
Majority  are  bacilli  of 
colon  morphology  or 
longer;  some  medium 
sized  diplococci;  good 
many  stout  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  morphologj-, 
others  shorter. 

Positive  and  negative 
about  equal.  Negative 
are  of  colon  type,  and 
many  long  slender  bac- 
cilli."  Positive:  Some 
very  long  bacilli  like 
those  above;  good  many 
bacilli  of  about  aerogenes 
morphologj- ;  few  of  colon 
type;  good"  many  medi- 
um-sized diplococci. 


EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE  ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,  OF   MAN.        531 


Dal(\ 


Results  of  Grnw-stnin  tests  onfeccft — (Continued. 
SUBJECT  VI  (C.  II.  S.)— Contimiod. 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Oram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  scdimi'ii). 


Oram  stain  of  bouillon 
tiibesedimi^nt. 


Sei)t.  28 


Oct.      1 


Oct. 


Likp  last  examination,  oxwpt  sonic 
negative  spirociiclc-like  spiral  orfjan- 
isnis;  a  few  very  loiiR  thick  Itacilli  par- 
tially dwolorizcd. 


Oram  positixl^  predominate.  Negative 
of  colon  type.  Positive:  Majority  are 
slender  bm'illi  of  colon  type  or  slightly 
longer,  some  of  t lie  latter  curved:  a  few- 
large  coccal  bodies:  .some  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  here  and  there  a  free 
spore;  few  of  aert)genes  morphology; 
some  .short  thick  bacilli. 

Practically  Gram  (lositive  field;  a  few 
large  diplococcal  bodies;  good  many 
mediiuii-sized  diplococci;  good  many 
tiacilli  of  colon  morphology;  good 
many  ba<.illi  longer  than  colon,  some 
of  which  arc  slightly  curved;  good 
many  stout  bai-illi  varying  in  length 
from"  short  to  about  aerogenes  mor- 
phology; few  free  spores. 


Few  Gram  negative  bacilli.  These  of 
colon  type.  Positive:  Afcwlargeeoc- 
cal  bodies;  good  many  mediujn-sized 
diplococci:  a  few  rather  long  threads; 
good  many  bat'iUi  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy, and  "a  good  many  longer  than 
colon,  some  of  the  latter  slightly 
curved;  good  many  stout  bacilli  of 
aerogenes  length  or  shorter;  a  few  free 
spores. 


Picture  like  that  of  Octoljer  1. 


Few  negative  of  colon  type  and  slightly 
longer.  Positive:  Few  large  coccal 
bodies;  good  many  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci: good  many  bacilli  of  colon 
mori)hology;  good  many  slightly 
longer  ttian  c-olon;  some  of  colon  length 
but  more  slender  and  curved:  good 
many  bacilli  of  aerogenes  type  and 
some  shorter  than  these;  few  large 
thick  bacilli  with  central  spore;  few 
free  spores. 

Like  last  description 


I/ike  last  examination 


Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  a  few 
thick  l)acilli  of  varying 
lengths. 


Posit  ive  field:  Nearly  all 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; few  r  a  I  li  e  r 
stout  liacilii  of  medi- 
um length. 


Positive  field:  Nearly  all 
are  medium-sized  dip- 
lococci; some  very  long 
stout  bacilli,  singly  or 
in  chains  of  2  to  3. 


Positive  field:  Nearly 
pure  culture  of  medi- 
um-sized diplococci ; 
few  stout  Itacilli  vary- 
ing from  short  to  very 
long. 


Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  re- 
mainder are  stout  ba- 
cilh,  some  of  aerogenes 
morphologj-,  others  of 
medium  length  or 
very  long. 

Like  last  description 


.do. 


Positive  field:  Good  many 
l>acilli  of  colon  type; 
good  many  rather  thick 
luicilli  of  various  lengths, 
some  of  aerogi'nes  mor- 
phology, and  some  with 
terminal  spore;  .some  me- 
dium-sized diplococci. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  colon  mori)hol- 
ogy;  good  many  medium- 
sized  <liplo(c>c(i;  few  of 
aerogenes  type;  a  few 
short  tliick  l)acilli;  here 
and  there  a  long  slender 
thread. 

Positive  field:  Majority  are 
bacilli  of  colon  morphol- 
ogy; goodly  number  of 
bacilli  longer  tlian  colon; 
few  medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci; A  few  bacilli  with 
round  spore  similar  to 
tetanus;  good  many  stout 
medium  length  spore 
holding  ba<-illi;  here  and 
tliere  a  free  spore. 

FewGramncgalive.  Ttiese 
of  colon  type.  Positive: 
Majority  are  bacilli  of 
colon  morphologj-  or 
longer  than  typical  "colon, 
some  of  the  latter  stain- 
ing irregularly  gram  posi- 
tive; a  few  medium-sized 
diplococci;  a  few  rather 
long  thick  Ijacilli,  some  of 
which  have  terminal 
spores. 

Very  few  Gram  negative. 
These  of  colon  type. 
Positive:  Majority  are  ba- 
cilli of  colon  morphology 
or  slightly  longer,  some 
of  the  latter  showing 
irregularity  in  staining;  a 
few  medium-sized  diplo- 
cocci; some  rather  thick 
medium  length  l)acilli 
with  terminal  and  cen- 
tral spores. 

Positive  field:  Few  Gram 
negative  l)acilli  of  colon 
type.  Positive:  Bacilli 
aiid  cocci  as  Oct.  5,  ex- 
cept here  we  have  in  ad- 
dition a  good  many  very 
long  slender  bacilli  or 
threads. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci; 
good  many  of  i-olon  mor- 
phology; good  many  like 
colon  iiut  slightly  longer 
•and  more  .shiider;  .some 
of  the  larger  ones  stain 
irregularly  Gram  po.si- 
tivejgoodniany  of  aerog- 
enes type  and  shorter 
than  the.se. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
medium  -  sized  diplo- 
cocci; good  many  of  colon 
morphology;  few  long 
slender  bat-illi.  of  \vhich 
part  have  terminal 
spores;  good  many  ba- 
cilli of  aerogenes  thick- 
ness, mostly  short;  a  few 
spore-holding  single  ba- 
cilli resembling  subtilis. 


532 


bUDlL.\i    liE^ZUALt    A:ND    the    HJiALTH    Ui-     .MAN, 


Results  of  Gram-stain  tests  on  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  VI  (C.  H.  S.) -Continued. 


Date. 


Gram  stain  direct. 


Gram  stain  of  glucose 
tube  sediment. 


1908. 
Oct.    19 


Oct.    22 


Oct.    2(J 


i'ew  negative  bacilli  of  colon  type  and 
slightly  longer  than  colon.  Positive: 
Few  large  coit-al  tiodies:  good  many 
medixim-.siztd  diplococci;  good  many 
bacilli  of  colon  morphology;  good 
many  liacilli  of  colon  morphology .  but 
slightly  longer;  good  many  mc'diuni 
lengthor  short  slender  hiicflli;  1  head- 
let  form  seen  onlong  slender  hac-illus:  a 
few  of  aerogenes  moqihology;  some 
morcsl(>nderthanaerogenes  ahdofme- 
diiun  length  or  short ,  a  few  free  spores. 

Few  negative  haclUi  of  colon  type,  and 
slightly  longer.  Positive:  Tew  large 
coccal"  bodies;  some  medium-sized 
diplococci:  good  many  of  colon  mor- 
phology-; a  few  of  colon  moqjhology 
but  slightly  thicker;  good  many  of 
colon  morphology,  but  longer,  a  few  of 
which  are  slightly  curved:  some  ba- 
cilli of  aerogenes  type;  some  of  about 
same  morphology  "but  shorter;  a  few 
long  thick  bacilli  with  occasional  cen- 
tral spores;  a  few  free  spores. 

Negative  organisms  in  abundance  but 
in  minority :  The^e  are  of  colon  mor- 
phology arid  slightly  longer,  and  a  few 
bacilli  long  and  slender  and  a  few- 
spirals.  Positive:  Organisms  as  in 
last  description. 


Oct.    29 


Good  many  Gram  negative.  These  are 
of  colon  "tjT)e,  some  slightly  longer, 
and  here  and  there  a  very  long  slender 
bacillus.  Positive:  Few  large  coccal 
bodies;  good  many  medium-sized 
diplococci;  a  few  of  colon  morphology, 
and  a  few  slightly  longer  than  these; 
good  many  of  colon  morphology  but 
slightly  thicker  than  colon;  some  ba- 
cilli of  aerogenes  morphology  and  some 
shorter  than  aerogenes;  a  few  long, 
tlilck  bacilli  of  unknown  identity;  oc- 
casional free  spores. 


Positive  field:  Like  last 
description;  stout  ba- 
cilli described  as  more 
slender  than  aerogenes 


Positive  field,  equally 
divided  between  me- 
dium-sized diplococci 
and  bacilli  of  aerogenes 
thickness  but  of  vary- 
ing lengths;  majority 
medium,  others  as 
long  as  or  longer  than 
aerogenes. 


Positive  field:  Practi- 
cally all  are  medium- 
sized  diplococci;  a  few 
bacilli  more  slender 
than  aerogenes  and 
varying  in  length  from 
short  to  very  long. 


l.ike  la.st  description. . 


Gram  stain  of  bouillo: 
III  lie  sediment. 


Positive  field:  Good  many 
medium-sized  diploco<-ci; 
good  many  bacilli  of  colon 
morphology;  good  many 
of  colon  morpnology  but 
more  slender:  majority 
are  bacilli  of  almost  aerog- 
enes thickness,  mostly 
of  medium  length,  few 
short  and  few  of  aerogenes 
length. 

Positive  field:  A  few  medi- 
um-sized diplococci;  a 
few  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology:  majority  are  ba- 
cilli more  slender  than 
aerogenes  and  mostly  of 
medium  length,  some 
short,  others  long;  here 
and  there  very  short 
stout  bacilli;  a  few  free 
spores. 

Few  negative  of  colon  mor- 
phology except  longer. 
Positive;  Majority  are 
medium  -  sized  diplo- 
cocci; good  many  bac-illi 
of  colon  morphology  but 
longer;  a  few  of  colon 
morphologv.  Here  and 
there  bacilli  in  chains  of 
subtilis  type;  some  free 
spores;  few  slender  long 
bacilli  with  terminal  oval 
spore;  occasional  bacilli 
of  aerogenes  thickness  Iju  t 
shorter  than  aerogenes. 

Positive  field:  Good  many 
medium-sized  diplococci 
a  few  bacilli  of  colon  mor- 
phology; majority  of  or- 
ganisms are  of  almos 
aerogenes  thickness  and 
of  medium  length  or 
short;  a  few  approxi- 
mating aerogenes  in  mor- 
phology. 


MEDICAL  CONTROL. 

Througli  tlie  whole  of  the  four  months  the  men  on  the  squad  were 
kept  under  close  observation  by  Doctor  Buhlig,  who,  in  atldition  to 
the  bacteriological  work  just  recorded,  made  certain  routine  clinical 
tests.  Once  a  month  a  thorough  examination  of  each  subject  was 
made  by  Doctor  Buhlig  personally,  and  daily  clinical  observations 
were  carried  out  by  two  of  the  members  of  the  squad  on  themselvt^s 
and  their  colleagues.  These  two  men  were  senior  medical  student-, 
and  their  work  was  always  done  under  the  direction  of  Doctor  Buhlig. 

The  first  set  of  the  tables  following  contains  the  results  of  the 
monthly  examination.  The  daily  records  are  presented  next,  and 
taken  all  together  they  give  a  verj'  good  picture  of  the  general  con- 
dition of  the  men  throughout  the  four  months.  Comments  will  be 
made  later  on  the  results. 


KFFLCT.S   OF   SuDir.M    IJKNZOATK   ON     1 1  KA  l/l' 1 1  ,    ETC.,   OF    MAN.         583 


Monthly  medical  report. 
SUBJECT  UII.  N.  B.). 


.Inly;;. 
N.'Kiitivc 

Aug.  ,{. 

Xogativp 

72 

Sept.  8. 

Oct.  a. 

Oct.  31. 

lliari 

Tills.' 

Negative 

78 

Full,  regular 

98 

Negative  except 
reduplication 
of  2d  pulmonic. 

72 

Negative. 
72. 

Clninu'UTofpiilst" 
Tt'iinH'Ditiire. . . . 

Full,  reg\ilar 

!>8.t> 

18 

Distini't    fremi- 
tus over  right 
upox,      other- 
wisp  negativo. 

Not.  palpable.. . . 

do 

Negative  (very 
diflicult  to  ex- 
amine,    very 
rigid). 

Negative 

Full,  regular.. 

»t8 

l.j 

Negative 

Not  palpable, 

negative. 
Not  palpable.. 
Negative 

.  do 

Full,  regular 

98 

Full,  regular. 
98.4. 

Ucspiration 

IS 

Some  roughened 
breathing  over 
right  apex, 
otherwise  neg- 
ative. 

Negative 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Throat  red  but 
not  sore,  nega- 
tive. 
Brisk 

20 

16. 

Lungs 

Negative.      .   . 

Negative. 
Do. 

do 

do 

SpUf n 

Do. 

A  bdoiiion 

do 

Do. 

Lviupl'  iiodos. . . 
Tlivroid 

do 

do 

do 

Brisk 

Do. 

do 

....do 

Do. 

Tliroatand  nosr.. 

do 

do 

Do. 

Hefloxes 

lirisk 

\ 

Brisk 

Brisk. 

SUBJECT  II  (W.  W.  C). 


July  2. 


Heart 

Pulse 

Charaelerof  pulse 

Temperature 

Respiration 

Limgs 

I.iver 


Spleen 

A Ddomen 

Lynnph  nodes. 


Negative. 


Aug.  4. 


Sept.  S. 


Full,  regular. 

99 

lo 

Negative 

Not  palpable. 


Thyroid 

Nose  and  throat . 


do 

Negative 

Negative,     e  x  - 

cept    slightly 

enlarged    i  n - 

guinal. 

Negative 

Septum  spur, 

negative. 


Negative |  Negative 

84 72 

Full,  regular.  .1  Full,  regular. 

98.6 98.2 

15 16 

Negative Negative 

Negative:  not    do 

palpable. 

Not  palpable. .  .   . .  .do 

Negative i do 

Negative,  ex-    do 

cept    sliglit  [ 

enlarged  in-  i 

gixinal.  j 

Negative I do 

do I do 


Reflexes Brisk Brisk Brisk. 


Oct.  7. 


Negative Negative. 

64 72. 

Full,  regular Full,  regular. 

98.4 99. 

13 •  16. 

Negative I  Negative. 

do Do. 


Oct.  31. 


.do. 
do. 
.do. 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


...do 1  Do. 

do 1  Slight  redness; 

otherwise 
negative. 

Brisk I  Normal. 


584  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

Monthly  medical  report — ("ontiniied. 
SUBJECT- III  (A,  G.). 


Heart 

Pulse 

Character  of 
pulse. 


June  30. 


Negative 

84 

Small,    regular: 

irregular      on 

standing. 
99.2 


Temperature 

Respiration j  15 

Lungs I  Negative 

Liver Easily  palpable 


Spleen 

.\bdomen 

Lymph  nodes. 
Thyroid 


Nose  and  throat. 


Reflexes. 


Not  palpable 

Negative 

do 

Somewhat 
prominent. 

De\iated  s  e  p  - 
tuin;  spur  on 
septum;  en- 
larged turbi- 
nates; other- 
wise negative. 

^■e^y  active 


Aug.  3. 


Sept.  8. 


Oct.  31. 


Negative Negative Negative I  Negative. 

76 66 72 1  72. 

Full,  regular. . .    Full,  regular Full,  regular I  Full,  regular. 


98.2 

18 

Negative 

Slightly  pal- 
pable; nega- 
tive. 

Not  palpable. . 

Negative 

do 

Not    very 

prominent. 
Throat   red; 

o  t  h  e  rwise 

same  as  June 

30. 


not 
p  e  r  - 
nega- 


98.6 

18 

Negative 
Palpable. 

tender: 

cussion 

tive. 

Negative 

do 

do 

Somewhat 

prominent. 
Negative 


9X.C. 
18. 

Negative. 
Negative,  pal- 
pable (?). 


99.4 

15 

Negative 

Slightly  palpa- 
ble; p  e  r  c  u  s- 
sion  negative. 


Negative Negative. 

. do !         Do. 

do Do. 

do Do. 


Throat  reddened  Reddened 

only.  p  h  a  r  y  n  .\  ; 

I  otherwise 

I  negative. 


Brisk Brisk . 


SUBJECT  IV  (O.  F.  L.). 


July  G.                   Aug.  3. 

Sept.  8. 

Oct.  6. 

Oct.  31. 

Heart 

Faint  systolic     Faint  systolic 
blowover        blow    at 
apex;  other-        apex;  heart 
wise  normal.           slightly     to 
right;  other- 
wise normal. 
80 60.   .   

Negative 

Negative,     e  x  - 
cept  precordi- 
al area  slight- 
ly to  right. 

72 

Pulse 

66 

Full,  regular 

98.2 

6 

Roughened 
breath  sounds 
over  right 
apex;    occa- 
sional  rales  (?): 
otherwise 
negative. 

Palpable;    not 
tender;  percus- 
sion, negative. 

Negative 

do 

do 

66. 

Character  of 
pulse. 

Temp(^rature 

Respiration 

Lungs 

Full,  regular 

98.8 

Full,  regular. . 

98.3 

7._ 

Full,  regular 

98.2 

Negative,  except 
right  apex 
shows     slight 
dulhiess  and 
increased 
breath  sounds. 

Palpable;  other- 
wise negative. 

Negative 

do 

Full,  regular. 
98.8. 

8.. 

8. 

Slight  tactile 

over  right        over  right 
apex;  fremi-  .      apex;rough- 
tus(?)    over        ened  breath- 
apex;     other-        ing  there:  no 
wise  negative.        fremitus    or 
!      rales. 
Easily  palpable.  1  Slightly    pal- 
1      pable;  nega- 
;      tive. 

Not  palpable i  Negative 

Negative ! do 

do -do 

fremitus  over 
right  apex; 
0 1  h  e  r  w  i  s  (i 
negative. 

Negativa. 

Do. 

Spleen.  . . . 

.\bdomen 

Do. 

Lymph  nodes 

do 

Do. 

Thyroid 

Nose  and  throat . 

do 

Left   large   tur- 
binate; other- 
wise negative. 

Normal  . . 

do 

do 

Throat  red  and 
slightly 
swollen      tViis 
a.   m.;   other- 
wise negative. 

Present;  normal. 

do 

do 

Do. 
Slightly    en- 

Refle.xes 

Normal 

Normal 

larged  red 
follicles  on 
posterior 
p  h  a  r  y  11  ^ 
0 1  h  e  r  w  i 
negative. 
Normal. 

EFFECTS  OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE  ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,  OF   MAN.        535 


f 


Monthly  medical  report — Contiinnd. 
SUBJECT  V  (A.  M.  N.). 


July  1. 


Aug.  4. 


Pulse 

Character  of 
pulse. 

Temperature 

Respiration 

Lungs 

Liver 

Spleen 

.Vbdoinen 

Lymph  nodes 

Thyroid 

Nose  and  throat. 


Keflexe^. 


Slight  systolic 
murmur  at 
pulmonic  area: 
reduplication 
of  s  e  c  o  n  d 
sound;  other- 
wise negative. 

60 

Full,  regular 


Negative,  ex- 
cept slight 
r  e  d  u  plica- 
tion 01  see- 
on  d  pul- 
monic. 


Full,  regular. 


18 

Negative 

Not  palpable 

Negative 

do 

do 

Right  enlarged 
inferior  turl)i- 
nate;  other- 
wise negative. 

Nonnal 


16 

Negative. 

do 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 


Sept.  8. 


Negative, except 
(or     redupli- 
cation of   the 
second      pul-  I 
nionic. 


Oct.  6. 


Oct.  31. 


Negative.except 
(or  reduplica- 
tion of  thesec- 
onil  pulmonic. 


68. 


Negative,  ex- 
cept for  re- 
duplication 
of  the  second 
pulmonic. 


72. 


Full,  regular j  Full,  regular Full,  regular. 


98.6 1  98.4 

18 1  18 

Negative i  Negative. 

do ! do 

do do 

do I do 

do I do 

do ' do 

do do.... 


Normal. 


Normal. 


16. 
Negative. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


Brisk Brisk 


SUBJECT  VI  (C.  H.  S.I. 


July  6. 


Aug.  3. 


Sept.  8. 


Oct.  6. 


Negative. 


Negative,  e.x- 
cept  redu- 
plication of 
second  pul- 
monic. 

68 

Small,  regular. 


Negative. 


Small,  regular.. 


Pulse !  84 

Character  of    Small, regular , 
pulse. 

Temperature 99.4 

Respiration 14 

Lungs Negative Negative Negative . 

Liver Palpable;      not     Not  palpable;     Palpable;    per- 

tender.  negative.       i      cussion   nega- 

tive. 


15- 


14. 


Spleen ;  Not  palpable. . . 

.U)domen 1  Negative 

Lymph  nodes do 

Thyroid do 


Negative. 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 


Nose  and  throat.    Large  turbinates    Throat    nega- 
both       sides;        tive. 
otherwise  neg- 
ative. 

U-'flexes !  Normal Normal 


Negative 

do 

do 

Negative;  slight' 
ly  prominent. 

Throat  red- 
dened; other- 
wise negative. 


Negative. 


66 

Small,  regular. 


98.2 

21 

Negative. 
do.... 


.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 


Oct.  31. 


Throat  red- 
dened, hyper- 
emic. 


Nonnal i  Subdued . 


Negative. 


80. 
Small.regular. 

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KFFECXy    OF    SUDIL'.M    UKN/OA'IK    ON     IIKALTll,    ETC.,    OF    MAN.       559 

MEDICAL  REPORT. 

From  the  data  collected  by  Doctor  Buhlig  and  presented  in  the 
tables  just  given  certain  conclusions  may  be  drawn.  The  facts  are 
tabulated  at  considerable  length,  which  may  seem  unnecessary, 
but  it  has  been  our  aim  to  give  all  the  facts  observed  which  in  any 
wa}'  lead  to  a  correct  judgment  as  to  theconditi<m  of  the  men  (hiring 
the  period  of  the  investigation.  This  very  full  record  enables  us  to 
reach  the  following  conclusions: 

It  is  at  once  evident  that  no  marked  change  of  any  kind  has  taken 
place  in  the  men  during  the  season.  In  all  cases  but  one  there  has 
been  a  slight  gain  in  weight  over  that  at  the  beginning,  which  rela- 
tions are  shown  in  this  way,  in  kilograms : 

■        \  \  I  ~ 

Subject 
VI. 


Beginning  weight. 

End  weitait 

Maxiiiuim  weight. 
Minimum  weight. 


Subject 

Subject 

Subject 

I. 

H. 

ni. 

65.9 

68.9 

72.9  i 

00.1 

09.5 

75.2 

00.4 

70.0 

75.2 

()3. 1 

00.4 

70.9 

66. 9  73. 4  ]  82. 1 

70.  4  72.  5  I  84. 7 

70.  4  73. 7  I  84.  7 

06.0  71.1  80.0 


For  Subject  No.  I  the  lowest  weight  w^as  reached  about  the  middle 
of  October,  at  the  time  when  he  was  undergoing  a  severe  mental 
strain.  For  the  other  men  the  minimum  weights  were  reached  in 
July  and  August,  during  a  time  of  extremely  hot  weather.  The 
benzoate  dosage  was  also  tlie  lowest  at  this  time. 

PULSE,  TEMPERATURE,  AND  RESPIRATION. 

The  changes  here  are  in  general  slight,  without  systematic  varia- 
tions.    The  exceptions  are  these: 

No.  I  felt  unwell  on  August  25  to  27  from  what  appeared  to  be  an 
intestinal  intoxication.  His  temperature  went  up  to  101.8,  with 
corresponding  pulse  and  respiration.  He  suffered  from  headache 
and  lumbar  pains  at  the  same  time,  but  soon  recovered. 

No.  IV  showed  a  slightly  elevated  temperature  on  October  1.5, 
lasting  a  few  hours  after  the  evening  meal;  no  definite  symptoms. 
1       No.  V  occasionally  showed  a  temperature  as  high  as  99.6  in  the 
'  evening.     On  August  29  it  was  100.2,  but  this  was  taken  after  a  brisk 
handball  game. 

BOWEL  MOVEMENTS. 

r      Li  general  the  movements  were  softer  toward  the  end  of  the  inves- 
f  ligation  than  at  the  beginning.     This  was  especially  noticeable  wdth 
;  No.  II  and  No.  IV,  who  at  the  start  suffered  sometimes  from  con- 
stipation.    An  occasional  case  of  diarrhea  was  reported  from   the 
squad,  but  these  were  of  short  duration;  the  causes  were  usually 
unknown. 


560  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 

DAILY  MEDICAL  CONDITION. 

Ill  general  this  was  gooci  throughout  the  time  of  the  experiments. 
Attention  may  he  called  to  the  exceptions  recorded: 

Subject  No.  I  had  duties  connected  mainly  with  the  morgue  of  tli(> 
school,  and  fluring  the  summer  was  obliged  to  handle  a  great  deal  of 
old  dissecting  material,  during  a  general  cleaning-up  process.  In  tliis 
he  was  exposed  to  frequent  extreme  changes  of  temperature,  which 
doubtless  caused  some  of  the  unpleasant  symptoms  complained  of 
and  re(U)rde<l.  During  the  summer  he  had  much  trouble  with  his 
e3'es,  and  at  the  time  of  an  examination  homatropine  was  instilled 
into  them.  This  had  been  done  also  on  a  former  examination,  and 
at  both  times  he  was  rendered  temporarily  unwell.  During  the  last 
part  of  the  period  of  observation  the  subject  labored  much  of  the 
time  under  a  severe  nervous  strain,  wliich  was  finally  discovered  to 
be  from  anxiety  on  account  of  the  condition  of  his  mother,  who  was 
ill  in  a  distant  State.  News  of  her  death  on  October  15  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  time  of  headaches  and  general  depression  on  the  part  of 
the  subject,  which  led  to  irregularities  in  appetite,  suggested  by 
some  of  the  tables  given. 

Nothing  unusual  was  noted  in  the  general  condition  of  Subjects  II 
and  III. 

For  No.  IV  the  condition  w^as  generally  good.  On  August  2  he 
had  a  vomiting  spell,  for  wliich  no  cause  could  be  discovered.  On 
several  occasions  he  complained  of  a  headache  which  seemed  to  be 
due  to  attempts  to  dispense  with  liis  glasses. 

No.  V  had  been  in  generally  good  condition  during  the  summer. 
A  diarrhea  reported  on  July  19  seemed  to  be  due  to  watermelon. 

No.  VI  must  be  described  as  in  excellent  condition  throughout 
the  season.  The  occasional  presence  of  a  little  blood  brought  up 
with  phlegm  has  no  bearing  on  the  present  inquir}*. 

GENERAL  FECES  AND  URINE. 

These  conditions  have  already  been  commented  upon.  It  is  evi- 
dent that  no  changes  were  noted  here  which  may  be  attributed  to 
the  preservative  employed. 

CERTAIN  FURTHER  DATA. 

The  men  who  served  as  subjects  during  the  period  of  four  montlis 
have  all  been  under  my  observation  until  the  time  of  making  this 
report.  No  ill  effects  of  any  kind  have  been  noticed  in  any  case, 
and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  they  are  now,  and  have  been  since  the  end 
of  the  experiments,  in  good  physical  condition.  On  December  22  a 
complete  medical  examination  was  made  by  Doctor  Buhlig,  which 
follows.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  results  of  this  suggest  conditions 
which  are  in  no  wise  abnormal. 


EFFECTS   OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    HEALTH,   ETC.,   OF    MAN.       561 


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-36 


562  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 

During  the  progress  of  the  routine  observations  one  of  the  men  on 
the  squad,  doing  also  laboratory  work,  A.  M.  N.,  carried  out  occa- 
sional tests  on  the  urine  in  addition  to  those  regularly  reported. 
These  were  concerned  with  the  so-called  normal  reduction  of  the 
urine — that  is,  the  reducing  power  toward  very  sensitive  ammoniacal 
copper  solutions,  which  is  recognized  in  all  normal  urines,  but  which 
is  too  slight  to  be  quantitatively  followed  with  the  Fehling  solution. 
About  20  tests  were  made  on  the  urine  of  each  man,  beginning  wdth 
the  end  of  the  last  fore  period  and  ending  about  the  middle  of  the  last 
high-preservative  period.  Such  tests  form  a  part  of  the  routine  work 
in  my  laboratory,  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  results  here 
obtained  were  in  no  wise  different  from  those  recorded  from  the  nor- 
mal men.  While  the  reducing  power  varied  from  individual  to  indi- 
vidual, as  is  the  ordinar}^  condition,  there  were  no  systematic  varia- 
tions indicating  any  increase  or  decrease  in  this  factor  between  the 
beginning  of  the  low  preservative  periods  and  the  end  of  the  high  pre- 
servative periods.  The  reducing  powers  were  all  watliin  the  limits 
accounted  for  by  the  creatinine,  uric  acid,  and  traces  of  carbohydrates 
or  carbohydrate  derivatives  always  present. 

A  further  point  must  be  recalled  here.  Two  men  who  had  been  on 
the  squad  followed  up  the  same  diet  under  the  same  general  conditions 
for  a  week  longer,  and  took  daily  increased  amounts  of  benzoate 
beginning  \\atli  5  grams  and  ending  with  10  grams  on  the  last  day  of 
the  experiment.  At  the  same  time  a  third  man,  who  had  not  been 
on  the  squad,  but  was  a  member  of  the  laboratory  force,  had  assisted 
in  the  weighing  of  the  food,  had  followed  essentially  the  same  diet, 
and  lived  under  the  same  general  routine  as  the  squad  members,  began 
with  a  dose  of  5  grams  and  ended  with  7.5  grams.  Certain  tests  were 
made  on  the  urines  of  the  tlu-ee  men;  these  were  for  uric  acid,  creati- 
nine, and  normal  reduction.  For  the  two  who  had  been  under  obser- 
vation before,  the  uric  acid  and  creatinine  were  found  to  be  unchanged 
from  the  former  normals.  A  trifling  increase  in  the  normal  reduction 
seemed  to  result  here,  but  not  sharp  enough  to  be  definitely  asserted. 
Nothing  abnormal  was  found  in  the  condition  of  the  urine  of  the  third 
man. 

The  facts  of  greatest  importance,  however,  are  these:  The  doses 
taken  b}^  the  tlu*ee  men  were  relatively  large,  from  the  ordinary  stand- 
point, yet  no  disagreeable  effect  of  any  description  followed.  There 
was  no  loss  of  appetite,  no  nausea,  no  headaches,  and  no  intestinal 
disturbances  which  could  be  discerned.  The  men  spoke  of  themselves 
as  feeling  perfectly  well.  It  is  true  that  much  larger  doses  have  been 
given  medicinally,  and  for  longer  periods,  without  recorded  ill  effects. 
From  the  size  of  medicinal  doses,  our  routine  doses  must  be  consid- 
ered as  small,  although  very  large  as  viewed  from  the  point  of  use  in 
the  preservation  of  food. 


EFFECTS   OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE  ON   HEALTH,   ETC.,   OF    MAN.      56S 

I  GENERAL  CONCLUSIONS. 

i  In  the  preceding  pages  I  have  presented  various  kinds  of  data 
bearing  on  the  question  of  the  action  of  sodium  benzoate  on  the  human 
organism.  In  the  chemical  determinations  on  the  urine  and  feces  it 
was  not  found  that  any  change  in  the  normal  metabolism  followed; 
there  was  no  alteration  in  the  distribution  of  the  nitrogen  of  the 
urinary  constituents,  and  no  decrease  in  the  utilization  of  the  protein 
or  fat  of  the  food.  I  am  unable  to  find  any  alterations  in  the  quali- 
tative composition  of  the  urine  as  shown  by  the  various  special  tests 
made. 

In  the  bacteriological  and  other  tests  carried  out  in  the  feces,  which 
were  extended  to  a  considerable  length,  no  essential  change  from  the 
begmning  of  the  fore  period  to  the  end  of.  the  high  preservative  period 
was  discovered.  There  were  fluctuations,  but  they  were  not  system- 
atic, and  varied  with  the  individuals  rather  than  with  the  dosage. 
It  is  fair  to  conclude  that  the  action  of  the  benzoate,  in  the  amounts 
used,  on  the  intestinal  activities  or  on  the  characteristic  flora  must 
be,  at  most,  extremely  slight. 

The  prolonged  clinical  observations  recorded  are  intended  to  show 
clearly  the  actual  conditions  of  the  men  from  day  to  day.  I  consider 
them  of  equal  importance  with  the  chemical  tests  made,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  this  inquiry.  But  one  conclusion  may  be  drawn  from  them, 
and  that  is  that  the  health  of  the  men  has  suffered  no  impairment 
through  the  use  of  the  benzoate  in  the  period  of  the  observations.  I 
believe,  further,  that  the  period  is  long  enough  to  show  change  were 
it  likely  to  occur. 

In  conclusion  it  must  be  said,  then,  that  the  experience  in  our  lab- 
oratory justifies  the  statement  that  the  moderate  addition  of  sodium 
benzoate  to  our  food,  up  to  at  least  1  gram  daily,  does  not  give  rise 
to  any  abnormal  conditions  in  the  subject,  or  lead  to  any  changes  in 
metabolism  which  may  be  detected  with  the  means  at  our  command. 

It  follows,  further,  from  the  same  observations,  that  such  addition 
of  benzoate  to  the  food  does  not  lower  its  value  by  robbing  it  of  any 
element,  by  diminishing  its  digestibility,  or  by  introducing  a  factor 
which  modifies  in  any  discoverable  way  the  normal  metabolism. 
The  quality  or  strength  of  the  food  is  not  lowered  or  injuriously  affected 
tlirough  the  presence  of  the  preservative,  and  this  is  true  for  large 
quantities  as  well  as  for  small,  since  the  amounts  of  preservative  used 
'  in  our  experiments  must  all  be  considered  large  from  the  standpoint 
of  actual  use. 

Chicago,  January  15,  1909. 


THE  ACTION  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  THE 
HUMAN  BODY. 


By  DR.  CHRISTIAN  A.  HERTER. 


565 


THE  ACTION  OF  SODIUM  BENZOATE  ON  THE 
HUMAN  BODY. 


By  Dr.  ('hristiax  A.  Herter. 


The  investigation  about  to  be  reported  is  one  of  three  carried  on 
by  the  United  States  referee  board  of  scientific  experts  under  a  request 
from  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture.  The  investigation  was  planned  by 
the  referee  board.  The  chemical  work  was  done  under  the  personal 
direction  of  Dr.  Alfred  J.  Wakeman,  who  was  assisted  by  the  follow- 
ing persons:  Dr.  H.  D.  Dakin,  Dr.  Helen  Baldwin,  Samuel  C.  Harvey, 
Dr.  A.  I.  Ringer,  Dr.  D.  R.  Lucas,  E.  N.  O'Brien,  P.  S.  Kober,  and 
M.  Fine.  The  bacteriological  work  on  the  feces  was  done  by  Dr. 
William  R.  Williams.  The  study  of  the  blood  and  the  gastric  contents 
was  carried  on  by  Dr.  J.  S.  Thacher,  with  the  aid  of  Dr.  L.  R.  Williams, 
Dr.  A.  C.  Crump,  and  Miss  S.  Granat. 

Its  object,  like  that  of  the  other  investigations  by  the  referee  board, 
was  to  ascertain  the  influence  of  large  and  small  doses  of  sodium 
benzoate  on  the  human  organism.  The  investigation  naturally 
involved  the  consideration  of  a  variety  of  physiological  processes. 
In  the  present  report  these  observations  will  be  classed  under  the 
following  heads : 

I.  General  medical  notes. 

II.  Analytical  data  relating  to  the  urine  and  the  feces. 

III.  Fats  and  fat  balance. 

IV.  General  urinarj^  examination. 

V.  Special  urinary  examination  for  benzoic  acid. 

VI.  Special  chemical  examination  of  the  feces. 

VTI.  Bacteriological  examination  of  the  feces. 

VIII.  Caloric  values  of  the  foodstuffs. 

IX.  Special  clinical  data. 

X.  Summary  of  conclusions  fi'om  each  case. 

XI.  Summary  of  conclusions  from  the  entire  group   (four 

cases) . 

XII.  Methods  of  analysis  and  examinations. 

It  has  been  considered  best  to  present  the  numerous  results  involved 
in  this  investigation  according  to  the  findings  obtained  in  each  experi- 
mental subject.  In  the  present  investigation  four  subjects  were 
employed.     It  was  deemed  advisable  to  consider  the  results  in  each 

567 


568  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

case  under  four  distinct  divisions  corresponding  to  the  vaiious 
periods  of  the  experiment,  namely,  (1)  the  fore  period,  (2)  the  low 
benzoate  period,  (3)  the  liigli  benzoate  period,  and  (4)  the  after 
period.  The  conclusions  from  the  data  relating  to  each  case  are 
separately  stated  and  from  these  conclusions  from  the  individual 
cases  are  derived  the  conclusions  applicable  to  the  entire  group. 

CASE  I  R. 
GENERAL  MEDICAL  NOTES. 

The  subject  of  this  experiment  was  a  physician  25  years  of  age  and 
in  good  health,  though  somewhat  undernourished.  During  previous 
summers  he  had  shown  a  slight  tendency  toward  loss  of  weight,  with- 
out any  accompanying  disorders  of  digestion.  During  the  exper- 
iment with  which  we  are  here  concerned  he  led  an  absolutely  regular 
and  normal  life.  He  had  about  seven  hours  of  sleep  out  of  the 
twenty-four,  took  exercise  daily  for  one  or  two  hours  (walking)  and 
on  Sundays  played  tennis  for  about  two  hours  in  the  morning.  He 
took  a  daily  morning  bath  at  a  temperature  of  20°  to  25°  C. 

The  course  of  the  benzoate  experiment  was  eventless  in  this  case 
so  far  as  any  symptoms  of  deranged  function  are  concerned.  The 
subject  remained  well  throughout  the  entire  period  of  the  experi- 
ment.    There  was  no  disorder  of  digestion,  nor  of  nervous  function. 

The  daily  dose  of  sodium  benzoate  was  0.3  gram  during  the  low 
benzoate  period.  During  the  high  benzoate  period  it  ranged  from 
0.6  gram  to  6  grams  per  day. 

ANALYTICAL  DATA  RELATING  TO  THE  URINE  AND  THE  FECES. 

Considering  first  the  facts  relating  to  the  uiine  and  to  the  feces,  we 
may  arrange  these  facts  in  their  relation  to  the  following  subjects:  \ 
Volume  of  the  urine;  specific  gravity;  total  nitrogen;  nitrogen 
balance;  nitrogen  of  urea;  nitrogen  of  ammonia;  purin  nitrogen; 
uric  acid  nitrogen ;  creatinin  nitrogen ;  hippuric  acid  nitrogen ;  unde- 
termined nitrogen;  total  sulphur;  inorganic  sulphur;  ethereal  sul- 
phur; neutral  sulphur;  phosphorus;  indican;  indolacetic  acid; 
aromatic  oxy acids;  chlorine ;  reaction  of  the  urine.  In  the  present 
connection  we  may  consider  also  the  follo\\'ing  facts  in  regard  to  the 
feces:  Weight  of  fresh  feces;  weight  of  dried  feces;  water;  total 
nitrogen;  ethereal  extract. 

THE    URINE, 


The  volume  of  the  urine  (Series  A,  I  R)  varied  between  500  c.  c.  and 
1,960  c.  c.  dail3^  The  variations  in  volume  were  irregular  throughout 
the  periods  of  large  and  small  dosage  and  can  not  be  regarded  as  hav- 


ACTION    OF    SODTTTM    BENZOATK    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.  569 

ing  any  si<!;niiicaiu'o  in  relation  to  tlie  ])iesent  question,  since  varia^ 
tions  in  temperature,  moisture,  conditions  of  bodily  activity,  etc.,  are 
sufficient  to  account  for  the  diirercnces  noted,  all  of  which  must  be 
regarded  as  being  well  within  the  normal  limits. 

SPECrFIC    GRAVITY. 

The  specific  gravity  of  the  urine  (Series  A,  I  R)  varied  from  1.017 
to  1.035.  Like  the  volume  of  the  urine,  the  specific  gravity  can  not 
be  considered  to  possess  any  significance  in  relation  to  the  present 
investigation,  since  the  values  obtained  all  lie  within  the  limits 
observed  for  normal  persons.  The  average  high  specific  gravity  is 
doubtless  to  be  referred  in  part  to  the  influence  of  the  warm  weather 
during  which  a  considerable  part  of  the  investigation  was  carried  on. 

TOTAL   NITROGEN. 

The  total  nitrogen  was  in  general  not  determined  daily,  but  the 
figures  in  the  table  represent  the  averages  of  groups  of  two  or  three 
days.  In  some  instances  the  total  nitrogen  was  determined  daily. 
Reference  to  the  complete  analytical  charts  (Series  A,  I  R,  sub- 
periods  1  to  18,  inclusive)  will  show  these  details. 

The  observations  on  the  urines  are  conveniently  grouped  under  the 
various  periods  of  the  experiment,  namely,  the  "fore  period,"  the 
"low  benzoate  period,"  the  "high  benzoate  period,"  and  the  "after 
period."  In  the  interest  of  clearness  and  brevity  the  averages  for 
these  periods  have  been  calculated  and  tabulated.  Such  comments 
on  the  tables  as  seem  desirable  are  confined  to  the  averages.  (See 
Series  B,  showing  actual  values,  and  Series  D,  showing  averages 
of  percentages.)  This  holds  true  not  only  of  total  nitrogen,  but  also 
of  all  other  analytical  observations. 

In  Case  I  R  (see  Series  B,  I  R)  the  average  daily  excretion  of  total 
nitrogen  for  the  fore  period  w^as  9.64  grams;  for  the  low  benzoate 
period,  10.9  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  12.8  grams,  and  for 
the  after  period,  12.3  grams.  This  slight  rise  in  the  high  benzoate 
period  and  in  the  after  period  corresponds  to  an  increase  in  the  intake 
of  nitrogenous  food.  (See  Series  F,  I  R.)  It  is  desirable  to  note 
this  rise  in  the  nitrogen  output,  inasmuch  as  there  is  a  correspond- 
ing rise  in  other  constituents  of  the  urine  dependent  on  protein 
metabohsm,  namely,  sulphuric  and  phosphoric  acids. 

NITROGEN    BALANCE. 

The  data  relating  to  the  nitrogen  balance  are  given  in  a  special 
table  (Series  F,  I  R),  to  which  the  reader  is  referred  for  details. 
Only  the  average  daily  nitrogen  balance  for  the  four  different  periods 
of  the  experiment  need  be  considered  here.  The  average  daily 
nitrogen  balance  for  the  fore   period   was  positive  (i.  e.,  the  intake 


570  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

exceeded  the  output)  and  equaled  2.85  grains,  for  the  low  benzoate 
period  it  was  positive  and  equaled  1.03  grams,  for  the  high  ben- 
zoate period  it  was  positive  and  equaled  1.06  grams,  and  for  the 
after  period  it  was  positive  and  equaled  0.76  gram.  There  is  thus 
for  each  period  a  small  positive  balance. 

It  may  be  further  noted  that  the  average  daily  intake  of  nitro- 
gen in  the  food  varied  within  very  narrow  limits  for  the  different 
periods  as  follows: 

Grams. 

Fore  period 14.  36 

Low  benzoate  period 13. 5 

High  benzoate  period 15. 04 

After  period 14.  33 

There  is  no  evidence,  from  any  data  given  in  this  table,  that  there 
was  any  disturbance  in  nitrogenous  metabolism  during  any  of  the 
periods  of  this  experiment. 

NITROGEN    OP  UKEA. 

An  inspection  of  the  figures  contained  in  the  column  giving  the 
actual  daily  excretion  of  urea  clearly  shows  that  these  values  all  lie 
well  within  the  limits  recognized  as  characteristic  of  normal  condi- 
tions. Moreover,  there  are  no  abnormal  or  wide  variations  in  the 
relation  of  urea  nitrogen  to  the  total  nitrogen  for  the  different  periods. 
The  average  nitrogen  of  urea  for  the  fore  period  is  83.5  per  cent  of 
the  total  nitrogen  (see  Series  D,  I  R) ;  the  average  nitrogen  of  urea 
for  the  eight  subperiods  constituting  the  period  of  low  benzoate 
dosage  is  82.1  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen.  During  the  period 
of  high  benzoate  dosage,  taken  as  a  whole,  we  have  an  average 
excretion  of  nitrogen  of  urea  amounting  to  84.4  per  cent  of  the  total 
nitrogen.  For  the  after  period  the  average  excretion  of  urea  nitrogen 
amounts  to  84.5  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen.  The  slightly  higher 
averages  observed  for  the  period  of  large  benzoate  dosage  and  the 
after  period  as  compared  with  the  earlier  periods  is  so  small  as  to 
lack  significance. 

NITROGEN   OF  AMMONIA. 

A  study  of  the  ammonia  of  the  urine  is  especially  facihtated  by  the 
examination  of  the  table  relating  to  percentages.  (Series  D,  I  R.) 
The  figures  for  the  absolute  amounts,  unless  extremely  high  or  ex- 
tremely low,  lack  meaning.  The  average  nitrogen  of  ammonia  for 
the  fore  period  is  seen  to  be  4.1  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen;  for  the 
low  benzoate  period,  4  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  3.9 
per  cent;  and  for  the  after  period,  3.6  per  cent.  These  percentages 
all  vary  within  the  limits  observed  in  normal  persons  on  ordinary 
mixed  diet. 


r  ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON    TME    HUMAN    BODY.         571 

Slight  variations  observed  from  day  to  day  may  be  intcipreted  as 
the  result  of  a  slight  difTerence  in  diet.  It  is  known  that  the  use  of  a 
nwiit  diet  tends  to  increase  the  percentage  of  nitrogen  of  ammonia  in 
the  urine.  There  is  no  indication,  however,  of  an  increase  in  the 
percentage  of  nitrogen  of  ammonia  during  either  tlie  low  or  the  liigh 
benzoate  periods.  The  figures  showing  the  average  daily  amounts  of 
nitrogen  of  ammonia  excreted  during  the  various  periods  of  the  ex- 
periment are  as  follows  (Series  B,  I  R) :  For  the  fore  period,  0.40 
gram;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.44  gram;  for  the  high  benzoate 
period,  0.50  gram;  for  the  after  period,  0.45  gram. 


TOTAL   PURIN    NITROGEN. 


What  has  been  said  of  the  nitrogen  of  ammonia  applies  equally  to 
the  purin  bases.  A  study  of  the  percentages,  like  a  study  of  the 
absolute  amount  of  nitrogen  included  under  purin  nitrogen,  fails  to 
show  any  significant  changes  either  for  the  low  or  the  high  benzoate 
periods.  The  averages  of  purin  nitrogen  for  the  different  periods  are 
as  follows  (Series  D,  I  R):  Fore  period,  1.9  per  cent  of  the  total 
nitrogen;  low  benzoate  period,  1.9  per  cent;  high  benzoate  period, 
1.8  per  cent;  after  period,  2  per  cent.  These  figures  may  be  regarded 
as  expressing  a  close  uniformity  in  the  excretion  of  purin  nitrogen  for 
the  different  periods.  The  subperiods  also  show  oidy  small  vari- 
ations. 

NITROGEN   OF   URIC   ACID. 

The  uric  acid,  like  the  ammonia  and  purin  bases,  can  be  most 
advantageously  studied  in  its  percentage  relations.  (Series  D,  I  R.) 
It  is  seen  that  the  average  nitrogen  of  uric  acid  in  the  four  dift'erent 
periods  of  the  experiment  bears  exactly  the  same  relation  to  the  total 
nitrogen.  The  average  percentage  of  the  total  nitrogen  for  each 
period  is  1.6.  The  variations  for  the  subperiods  are  small.  There  is 
a  slight  absolute  rise  in  the  uric  acid  of  the  low  and  the  high  benzoate 
periods.  (Series  B,  I  R.)  We  may  conclude  that  the  use  of  sodium 
benzoate  has  been  without  discernible  effect  on  the  uric  acid  excre- 
tion. 

NITROGEN    OF    CREATININ. 

An  inspection  of  the  column  devoted  to  creatinin  nitrogen  in  the 
table  of  percentages  (Series  D,  I  R)  indicates  only  slight  variations  in 
the  average  percentages  at  the  different  periods.  This  is  likewise 
true  of  the  results  giving  the  total  amount  of  nitrogen  of  creatinin. 
(Series  B,  I  R.)  There  is,  however,  a  slight  rise  in  the  daily  average 
of  creatinin  for  the  later  periods.  For  the  fore  period  the  average 
daily  excretion  was  0.42  gram;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.46 
gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.49  gram;  for  the  after  period, 
0.47  gram.  The  slight  increase  of  creatinin  in  the  later  periods  is 
probably  referable  to  the  slight  increase  in  the  intake  of  meat  proteins. 


572  SODIUM    BENZOATK    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

NITROGEN    OF   HIPPURIC    ACID. 

The  nitrogen  of  hippuric  acid  one  would  naturally  expect  to  show 
an  increase  dependent  on  the  administration  of  sodium  benzoate,  in 
accordance  with  the  well  known  fact  that  hippuric  acid  is  formed  in 
the  body  by  the  pairing  of  benzoic  acid  with  glycocoll  and  that  most 
of  the  benzoic  acid  ingested  is  excreted  by  the  kidneys  in  this  combi- 
nation. In  this  research  hippuric  acid  is  of  interest  only  in  so  far  as 
it  represents  the  elimination  <^)f  benzoic  acid,  and  for  this  reason  the 
figures  in  the  tables  to  be  allutled  to  represent  only  the  benzoic  acid 
moiety  of  the  hippuric  acid  molecule.  An  increased  excretion  of 
hippuric  acid  is  observable  from  period  to  period,  with  the  increase  in 
the  administration  of  sodium  benzoate.  An  instructive  statement  of 
the  influence  of  sodium  benzoate  on  the  output  of  hippuric  acid  is 
seen  in  the  table  (Series  E,  I  R)  which  represents  the  daily  average  of 
benzoic  acid  (calculated  from  the  nitrogen  of  the  hippuric  acid  of  the 
urine)  excreted  during  the  fore  period,  the  benzoate  period,  and  the 
after  period.  The  table  shows  also  the  amount  of  sodium  benzoate 
ingested  in  the  different  periods  expressed  in  terms  of  benzoic  acid. 

The  essential  features  of  this  table  are  the  following:  During  the 
low  benzoate  period  the  average  daily  dose  of  benzoic  acid  introduced 
was  0.2541  gram.  The  benzoic  acid  eliminated  during  the  fore 
period  was  0.3053  gram.  In  other  words,  the  calculated  amount 
excreted  somewhat  exceeds  the  actual  amount  taken.  During  the 
high  benzoate  period  the  daily  excretion  of  benzoic  acid  for  the 
entire  period  was  1.573  grams.  The  calculated  amount  of  benzoic 
acid  excreted  daily  during  this  period,  after  deducting  the  normal 
daily  amount  of  the  fore  period,  is  1.5611  grams.  Here,  then,  there 
is  a  close  correspondence  between  the  amount  of  benzoic  acid  excreted 
and  the  amount  administered. 

It  should  be  noted  also  that  the  after  period  of  fourteen  days 
shows  an  average  daily  benzoic  acid  excretion  of  0.1538  gram. 

UNDETERMINED    NITROGEN. 

We  may  consider  the  undetermined  nitrogen  in  terms  of  its  relation 
to  the  total  nitrogen.  (Series  D,  I  R.)  During  the  fore  period,  the 
average  percentage  of  undetermined  nitrogen  amounted  to  5.6  per 
cent  of  the  total  nitrogen;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  to  7  per  cent; 
for  the  high  benzoate  period,  to  3.9  per  cent;  and  for  the  after  period, 
to  5.5  per  cent.  It  can  not  be  said  that  these  variations  possess  any 
significance  in  relation  to  the  benzoic  acid  ingested.  The  consid- 
erable variations  in  undetermined  nitrogen  which  are  so  commonly 
observed  are  explainable  to  some  extent  by  the  fact  that  the  undeter- 
mined nitrogen  is  estimated  by  difference. 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN    BODY.         573 


TOTAL    SULPHUR. 


The  average  daily  total  output  of  sulphur  excretion  in  the  urine 
(Series  B,  I  R)  for  the  fore  period  was  0.710  gram;  for  the  low  ben- 
zoato  period,  0.807  gram;  for  the  high  benzoato  ])erio(l,  0.947  gram; 
for  the  after  ])erioil,  0.816  gram.  As  this  increase  for  the  late  periods 
seems  roughly  parallel  to  the  total  nitrogen  excretion,  it  may  fairly 
be  attributed  to  the  increased  ingestion  of  protein  food. 


INORGANIC   SULPHUR. 


The  average  percentage  (Series  D,  I  R)  of  inorganic  sulphur  for  the 
fore  period  was  78.4  per  cent  of  the  total  sulphur;  for  the  low 
benzoate  period,  79.3  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  80.7 
per  cent;  for  the  after  period,  81.5  per  cent.  These  variations  are 
so  slight  as  to  be  insignilicant. 


ETHEREAL    SULPHUR. 


The  relation  of  the  ethereal  sulphur  to  the  total  sulphur  as  expressed 
in  i)erccntages  for  the  various  periods  will  be  found  in  the  table  of 
percentages.  (Series  D,  I  R.)  It  is  more  instructive  to  consider 
the  ratio  of  inorganic  and  ethereal  sulphur,  especialh'  if  one  is  accus- 
tomed to  gauge  the  intensity  of  putrefactive  processes  through  the 
use  of  this  ratio.  It  may  be  noted  that  the  ratio  of  inorganic  to 
ethereal  sulphur  for  the  fore  period  was  17.1;  for  the  low  benzoate 
period,  15.9;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  20.7,  and  for  the  after 
period,  15.3.  These  variations  are  too  small  to  be  significant.  The 
actual  ratios  for  the  different  periods  are  all  within  the  limits  of 
health.  It  is  perhaps  worth  while  to  mention  that  the  highest  ratio — 
that  is,  the  least  proportion  of  ethereal  sulphur — was  observed 
during  the  period  of  highest  benzoate  consumption.  In  other  words, 
during  the  period  of  highest  benzoate  consumption  there  appears  to 
have  been  a  slight  fall  in  intestinal  putrefaction  as  gauged  by  this 
ratio.  The  rise  in  indican  (Series  A,  I  R)  noted  in  the  hif^h  benzoate 
period  seems  contradictory  to  the  ratios  given  above,  but  a  close 
correspondence  is  not  to  be  expected. 


PHOSPHATE    PHOSPHORUS. 


The  daily  average  excretion  (Series  B,  I  R)  of  phosphorus  in  the 
form  of  phosphate  during  the  fore  period  was  0.84  gram;  during 
the  low  benzoate  period,  0.  96  gram;  during  the  high  benzoate  period, 
1.21  grams;  during  the  after  period,  1.22  grams.  There  is  here  a 
noticeable  increase  of  phosphorus  excretion  from  the  fore  period 
to  the  low  benzoate  period  and  from  the  low  to  the  high  benzoate 
period.  In  a  rough  way  the  rise  in  phosphorus  output  corresponds 
to  the  rise  in  total  nitrogen  of  the  urine,  already  mentioned.  The 
rise  from  the  fore  period  to  the  benzoate  periods  can  doubtless  be 
referred  to  a  shghtly  increased  use  of  protein  food. 


574  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 


In  this  case  there  is  a  moderate  rise  in  the  intensity  of  the  indican 
reactions  during  the  high  benzoate  period.  (Series  A,  I  R.)  This  rise 
can  perhaps  be  attributable  to  a  rise  in  the  intake  of  nitrogen  in  the  food 
of  this  period — a  rise  reflected  in  the  increased  ehmination  of  nitrogen 
of  the  urine.  For,  generally  speaking,  increased  protein  intake  tends 
to  increase  protein  putrefaction  and  thus  may  increase  the  indican 
reaction.  But  such  an  increased  indican  reaction  does  not  necessaril}' 
follow  a  moderate  increase  in  nitrogen  intake  such  as  occurred  in 
this  case  in  the  high  benzoate  period.  It  may  therefore  be  con- 
nected with  the  use  of  the  large  doses  of  the  sodium  benzoate.  This 
point  will  be  further  discussed  in  the  section  on  conclusions. 

INDOLACETIC   ACID. 

Frequent  examinations  were  made  for  the  presence  of  indolacetic 
acid.  It  was  found  to  be  present  at  all  times.  The  reactions  were 
commonly  slight,  sometimes  moderately  strong.  There  was  no  evi- 
dence that  the  color  reactions  for  indolacetic  acid  in  the  urine  were 
in  any  way  influenced  by  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 

AROMATIC   OXYACIDS. 

Frequent  examinations  were  made  for  the  presence  of  aromatic 
oxyacids.  Color  reactions  were  obtainable  at  all  times  during  the 
experiment.  The  reactions  were  commonly  slight,  sometimes  mod- 
erately strong.  There  was  no  evidence  that  the  color  reactions  for 
the  aromatic  oxyacids  of  the  urine  were  in  any  way  influenced  by 
the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 

CHLORINE   AS   SODIUM   CHLORIDE. 

The  average  daily  excretion  of  chlorine  calculated  as  sodium  chlo- 
ride (Series  B,  I  R)  for  the  fore  period  was  8.75  grams;  for  the 
low  benzoate  period,  10.1  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  13.7 
grams;  for  the  after  period,  11.5  grams.  These  amounts  are  rather 
high  and  correspond  to  a  free  use  of  salt  in  the  dietary.  The  vari- 
ations noted  can  not  be  regarded  as  having  any  significance  in  the 
present  connection. 

REACTION. 

The  reaction  of  the  urine  showed  a  fair  degree  of  acidity  but  with 
slight  variations  throughout  the  experiment.  There  was  no  evidence 
that  the  sodium  benzoate  had  any  effect  upon  the  reaction. 

THE    FECES. 

FRESH. 

The  average  daily  weight  of  the  fresh  feces  during  the  fore  period 
was  135.6  grams  (Series  B,  I  R);  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  134.3 


I 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         575 

grams;  for  tlie  high  benzoate  period,  120,4  grams;  for  the  after  period, 
87.1  grams.  These  variations  can  not  be  regarded  as  important. 
It  may  be  noted  tluit  tliere  is  an  essential  correspondence  between 
the  weight  of  the  fresli  feces,  for  the  fore  period  and  for  the  low 
benzoate  period. 

DRIED. 

The  weight  of  the  dried  feces  for  the  fore  period  was  31.3  grams, 
as  a  daily  average;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  27  grams;  for  the 
high  benzoate  period,  24.9  grams;  for  the  after  period,  22.5  grams. 


The  average  percentage  of  water  of  the  fresh  feces  for  the  fore 
period  was  76.9  (Series  B,  I  R);  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  79.9; 
for  the  high  benzoate  period,  79.1;  for  the  after  period,  74.2. 

TOTAL    NITROGEN. 

The  average  total  nitrogen  of  the  dried  feces  for  the  fore  period 
amounted  to  1.83  per  cent  (Series  F,  I  R);  for  the  low  benzoate 
period,  to  1.57  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  to  1.53  per 
cent;  for  the  after  period  to  1.34  per  cent.  These  results  are  well 
within  the  limits  of  normal  variation  and  follow  to  some  extent  the 
variations  of  the  nitrogen  intake  of  the  food. 

ETHEREAL   EXTRACT. 

The  average  daily  weights  of  the  ethereal  extracts  of  the  dried 
feces  including  the  fatty  acids  of  the  soaps  for  the  various  periods 
were  as  follows  (Series  G,  I  R):  For  the  fore  period,  5.9  grams;  for 
the  low  benzoate  period,  5.5  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period, 
5.28  grams;  for  the  after  period,  5.33  grams. 

FAT   BALANCE. 

The  features  of  the  fat  intake  and  output  which  call  for  comment 
are  the  following  (Series  G,  I  R) : 

(1)  The  daily  average  intake  of  fat. 

(2)  The  percentage  of  neutral  fats,  free  fatty  acids,  and  fatty 

acids  of  soaps  in  the  feces  at  different  periods. 

(3)  The  average  percentage  of  total  fats  absorbed  from  the 

digestive  tract  (burned  or  assimilated). 

The  daily  average  intake  of  fat  (ethereal  extract)  in  this  case  was 
90  grams  for  the  fore  period,  105.8  grams  for  the  low  benzoate  period, 
97.3  grams  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  and  103  grams  for  the  after 
period.     Thus  the  variations  for  the  different  periods  were  not  wide. 

The  percentage  in  the  feces  of  neutral  fats,  free  fatty  acids,  and 
fatty  acids  of  soaps  for  the  different  periods  show  only  moderate 


576  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 

variations,  all  of  which  arc  well  within  the  limits  observed  in  normal 
persons.  There  is  no  indication  that  the  sodium  benzoate  given  in 
small  doses  or  in  large  doses  caused  any  alteration  in  the  relativ 
proportions  of  neutral  fats,  fatty  acids,  or  soaps  in  the  feces. 

The  average  percentage  of  total  fats  absorbed  from  the  intestine  is 
a3  follows:  ] 

Per  cent . 

Fore  period 93.  7 

Low  benzoate  period 94.  8 

High  benzoate  period 94.  5 

After  period 94.  4 

The  correspondences  in  fat  absorption  in  the  different  periods,  as 
sho^vn  by  the  above  figures,  are  close.  Obviously  these  figures  show 
that  the  degree  of  fat  absorption  has  not  been  influenced  either  by 
small  or  by  large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate. 

GENERAL  URINARY  EXAMINATION. 
ALBUMIN. 

At  no  time  in  the  course  of  the  experiment  could  albumin  be 
detected  in  the  urine,  even  in  traces.  Examinations  were  made  with 
great  frequency  and  regularity. 

SUGAR. 

At  no  time  in  the  course  of  the  experiment  could  sugar  be  detected 
in  the  urine.  Examinations  were  made  with  great  frequency  and 
regularity, 

SEDIMENTS. 

Calcium  oxalate  was  frequently  observ^ed  in  the  sediments  of  the 
urines.  Urates  were  rarely  observed.  Phosphates  were  only  occa- 
sionally noted.     Casts  were  not  observed. 

Epithelial  cells,  leucocytes,  and  crystalline  sediments  were  not  noted 
more  frequently  during  the  benzoate  periods  than  during  the  fore 
period  and  the  after  period. 

The  urines  were  well  preserved  in  a  cool  place,  were  examined 
within  twenty-four  hours  after  being  passed,  and  were  subjected  to 
frequent  and  regular  microscopical  examinations. 

SPECIAL  URINARY  EXAMINATION  FOR  BENZOIC  ACED. 

During  the  high  benzoate  period  the  urine  was  subjected  to  chem- 
ical procedures  to  detect  the  presence  of  benzoic  acid  or  benzoates. 
It  was  impossible  to  detect  the  presence  of  benzoic  acid  in  the  urine. 
If  present  at  all  it  must  have  existed  in  mere  traces.  This  examina- 
tion was  conducted  by  Dr.  H.  D.  Dakin. 


f 


ACTION    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         577 
SPECIAL  CHEMICAL  EXAMINATION  OF  THE  FECES. 


The  (lata  relating  to  tlio  feces,  coiiiprised  under  the  above  title, 
])ertain  to  the  reaction,  the  color,  the  consistence,  the  mercuric  chlo- 
ride reaction  for  hydrobihrubin,  the  p-dimethyhiniido-benzaldehyde 
reaction  for  indol  and  skatol,  and  the  quantitative  determination  of 
hydrogen  sulphide. 

The  reaction  of  the  feces  was  sometimes  acid  to  Htmus,  sometimes 
neutral,  but  generally  alkaline.  The  reaction  appears  to  have  been 
uninfluenced  by  the  taking  of  sodium  benzoate. 
i  The  color  of  the  feces  was  usually  brown,  sometimes  yellow,  some- 
"  times  oliA^e  green.  At  times,  owing  to  the  ingestion  of  lampblack  or 
charcoal,  for  purposes  of  demarcation,  the  stools  were  black  or  dark 
brown.  The  color  of  the  feces  appears  to  have  been  uninfluenced  by 
the  taking  of  sodium  benzoate. 

The  consistence  of  the  feces  varied  usually  between  normal  hmits. 
Occasionally  there  was  a  diarrheal  stool.  The  daily  variations  in  the 
water  content  of  the  feces  may  be  found  in  the  tables  relating  to 
Case  I  R,  Series  A.  The  consistence  of  the  feces  apparently  bears  no 
relation  to  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 

The  reaction  for  hi/drohiliruhin  was  slight  or  negative  during  the 
fore  period,  frequently  strong  during  the  benzoate  and  after  periods. 
This  reaction  varies  so  widely  in  health  that  it  is  difficult  to  attach 
significance  to  it  unless  it  is  either  persistently  strong  or  very  slight 
or  absent.  The  persistently  shght  reactions  noted  in  the  fore  period, 
are  somewhat  unusual  in  persons  in  health,  and  this  physiological 
variation  is  perhaps  less  common  and  therefore  more  noteworthy 
than  the  very  strong  reactions  several  times  noted  during  the  high 
benzoate  period.  It  is  not  possible  to  state  whether  the  very  strong 
reactions  noted  during  the  high  benzoate  period  were  accidental  or 
in  some  way  connected  with  the  benzoate  dosage.  It  should  be 
observ^ed  that  the  reactions  noted  during  the  low  benzoate  period 
all  came  wathin  the  limits  obser\^ed  under  natural  and  healthful 
physiological  conditions. 

The  reaction  for  indol  was  usually  slight  or  moderate,  seldom  strong. 
The  reactions  for  each  period,  considered  separately,  fall  well  within 
the  normal  limits.  Indeed  it  may  safely  be  stated  that  these  color 
reactions  indicate,  for  each  period  of  the  experiment,  a  rather 
unusually  low  intensity  of  indolic  intestinal  putrefaction.  Possibly 
•  the  reactions  were  on  the  whole  somewhat  stronger  during  the  ben- 
zoate periods  than  during  the  fore  period,  but  these  differences  are 
too  slight  to  mark  a  definite  tendency.  Hence  they  caU  for  no 
further  comment  here. 

70111— No.  88—09 37 


578  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 

HYDROGEN    SULPHIDE. 

Quantitative  determinations  were  made  of  the  hydrogen  sulphide 
content  of  the  feces  from  September  5  to  tlie  end  of  the  experiment 
(Series  1, 1 11).  These  obser^^ations  were  made  wdth  the  thought  that 
an  abnormal  grade  of  putrefaction  might  possibly  be  revealed  by  a 
rise  in  the  hydrogen  sulphide  of  the  feces,  as  in  some  instances  of 
intestinal  disease.  The  figures  obtained  in  the  present  instance  fall 
well  within  the  Umits  of  the  normal.  In  fact  they  indicate  very 
moderate  or  small  values  of  hydrogen  sulphide,  both  in  the  high 
benzoate  period  and  in  the  after  period.  We  are  thus  justified  in 
concluding  that  the  fixation  of  the  hydrogen  sulphide  in  the  feces  in 
this  subject  was  not  influenced  by  the  taking  of  large  doses  of  sodium 
benzoate. 

Note. — In  addition  to  this  chemical  examination,  the  feces  were 
subjected  to  microscopic  study  to  determine  whether  there  were  any 
alterations  in  their  character  indicating  a  diminished  absorption  of 
foodstuffs  (e.  g.,  meat  fiber,  fats,  etc.)  during  the  benzoate  periods. 
No  changes  of  tliis  character  were  detectable.  Moreover  no  mcrease 
in  mucus  was  observable  and  no  increase  in  cellular  elements 
(including  leucocytes)  derived  from  the  intestinal  wall. 

BACTERIOLOGICAL,  EXAMINATION  OF  THE  FECES. 

The  bacteriological  examination  of  the  feces  consisted  of  the  study 
of  the  microscopical  preparations  of  Gram-stained  smears  made 
from  the  feces  (usually  ^^'ithin  one  or  two  hours  of  their  passage), 
of  the  study  of  the  gas  production  in  dextrose-bouillon  fermenta- 
tion tubes,  and  the  study  of  the  Gram-stained  setUments  obtained 
from  these  fermentation  tubes.  Elaborate  cultural  studies  of  the 
fecal  bacteria  were  not  undertaken  because  it  was  believed  that  the 
results  obtainable  from  them  would  not  be  commensurate  in  value 
with  the  labor  and  expense  involved. 

GRAM-STAINED    FECAL    SMEARS. 

The  Gram-stained  fecal  smears  were  made  daily  throughout  the 
experiment.  These  smears  were  stuched  Avith  a  Yiew  to  noting  any 
striking  chfferences  in  the  morphology  and  staining  properties  of  the 
fecal  bacteria  in  the  course  of  the  experiment.  Experience  has  shown 
that  marked  variations  in  the  flora  may  be  detectable  b}^  the  exam- 
ination of  the  Gram-stained  feces.  Slight  variations  can  not,  of 
course,  be  determined  in  tliis  way,  but  it  was  believed  that  tliis 
method  afforded  a  reasonable  chance  of  detecting  significant  varia- 
tions in  the  flora,  should  they  arise  in  consequence  of  the  use  of 
sodium  benzoate. 

In  Case  I  R  the  slides  show  moderate  variations  from  day  to  day 
m  the  morphology  of  the  bacteria  and  their  failure  or  ability  to  take 


:  ACTION    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.  579 

the  Gran\-stain.  These  variations  are  of  tlie  same  nature  as  tli(jse 
ohserved  in  all  normal  individuals,  even  when  approximately  the 
same  diet  is  maintained  (as  in  the  present  experiment).  Neither  the 
preparations  belonpnjjj  to  the  period  of  small  dosage  nor  that  of 
hii:;h  dosage  reveal  any  signilicjint  or  persistent  variations.  The 
})r(>parati(ms  of  bacteria  wliich  we  are  justified  in  roughly  and  pro- 
visionally grouping  imder  the  B.  coll  and  B.  lactls  aerogenes  types,. 
the  eoccal  type,  the  acitlophile  and  B.  infantUis  types,  and  the  B. 
aerogenes  capsulatus  types  varied  throughout  the  extent  of  the 
observations  within  limits  observable  in  health. 

GAS  PRODUCTION   IN  DEXTROSE-BOUILLON   FERMENTATION  TUBES. 

Observations  were  made  twice  weekly  on  the  gas  production  of 
the  mixed  fecal  flora  in  dextrose-bouillon  fermentation  tubes  in  the 
hope  of  detecting  any  influence  that  might  possibly  be  exerted  by 
sodium  benzoate  on  the  gas  forming  function  of  the  intestinal  bac- 
teria. Fluctuations  in  the  quantity  of  gas  formed  in  the  dextrose- 
bouillon  tubes  by  the  mixed  flora  from  the  same  individual  are,  of 
course,  to  be  expected  under  physiological  concUtions.  But  the 
changes  in  gas  volume  referable  to  the  bacteria  inoculated  from  day 
to  da}^  are  not  considerable  so  long  as  the  diet  remains  unchanged 
in  its  general  characters,  especially  as  regards  the  proportions  of 
carbohydrates  and  proteins  ingested.  When  the  diet-  is  markedly 
altered  wdth  respect  to  proteins  or  carbohydrates  there  occurs  an 
alteration  in  gas  productivity  on  the  part  of  the  bacteria.  A  diet 
rich  in  protein  and  low  in  carbohydrates  tends  to  increase  the  gas 
productivity  of  the  fecal  bacteria.  A  diet  rich  in  carbohydrates  and 
low  in  proteins  tends  to  diminish  the  gas  productivity  of  the  fecal 
flora — a  result  exactly  contrary  to  that  wliich  would  be  expected 
from  the  w^ell-known  observation  that  carbohydrates  in  abundance 
are  apt  to  occasion  flatulence.  The  reasons  for  this  apparent  para- 
dox need  not  be  cUscussed  here.  The  important  tiling  in  this  con- 
nection is  that  the  diet  of  all  the  subjects  of  the  experiment  was 
fairly  uniform,  as  may  be  observed  from  the  dietary  tables.  Hence 
any  considerable  variations  in  gas  production  by  the  fecal  bacteria 
would  not  be  fairly  attributable  to  variations  in  diet  but  would 
depend  on  some  other  cause.  * 

The  curve  based  on  the  variations  of  gas  production  by  the  fecal 
-bacteria  in  Case  I  R.  is  shown  in  Series  K,  I  R.  It  is  noteworthy 
that  in  general  gas  productivity  is  considerably  lower,  on  the  aver- 
age, during  the  benzoate  periods,  than  before  the  administration  of 
benzoate.  It  should  also  be  noted  that  there  is  a  definite  rise  in 
gas  production  following  immediately  on  the  cessation  of  the  high 
doses  of  sodium  benzoate.  The  smallest  gas  production  corresponds 
roughly  to  the  largest  doses  of  sodium  benzoate. 


580  SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND  THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

It  may  be  mentioned  in  this  connection  that  there  was  a  some  rhat 
increased  use  of  proteins  during  the  high  benzoate  period  as  com- 
pared wdth  the  low  benzoate  and  the  fore  periods,  but  this  would 
tend  to  increase  the  gas  production.  On  the  whole  it  seems  prob- 
able that  the  depression  in  gas  formation  observed  was  an  effect  of 
the  use  of  sodium  benzoate. 

THE    GRAM-STAINED    FERMENTATION    TUBE    SEDIMENTS. 

Examination  of  the  Gram-stained  sediments  from  the  fermenta- 
tion tubes  indicates  the  presence  of  varieties  of  bacteria  normally 
found.  In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the  coccal  types  of  bacteria, 
Gram-negative  and  Gram-positive  staphylococcal  forms,  and  some- 
times diplo-streptococcal  forms  are  more  numerous  in  the  fermenta- 
tion tube  sediments  during  the  period  of  low  gas  production  than 
during  the  remaining  periods.  It  is  not  possible  to  detect  in  the 
Gram-stained  smears  made  from  the  fresh  feces  any  corresponding 
increase  of  coccal  forms. 

CALORIC  VALUES  OF  THE  FOODSTUFFS. 

The  caloric  values  of  the  food  consumed  by  the  various  subjects 
were  computed  m  the  following  mamier:  From  the  representative 
samples  of  the  food  used  the  weight  of  the  dried  food,  less  the  ash, 
was  obtained.  It  was  assumed  that  tliis  food  consisted  of  fats, 
proteins,  and  carbohydrates  available  for  nutritive  purposes.  The 
small  quantity  of  cellulose  contained  in  the  food  does  not  disturb  the 
validity  of  this  assumption  in  relation  to  the  present  object.  The 
fat  of  the  food  was  calculated  from  the  ethereal  extract,  the  protein 
was  calculated  from  the  nitrogen,  and  the  material  left  after  deduct- 
ing the  fat  and  the  nitrogen  was  assumed  to  consist  of  carbohydrate 
matter.  (For  further  detail  see  under  Methods;  Caloric  value  of 
foods.) 

In  Case  I  R  the  daily  average  for  the  caloric  values  of  the  food 
ingested  was  as  follows  «  (Series  H,  I  R) : 

Calories. 

For  the  fore  period .• 2, 320 

For  the  low  benzoate  period 2, 252 

For  the  high  benzoate  i:)eriod 2, 176 

For  the  after  period 2,  311 

From  this  it  is  seen  that  the  caloric  values  were  adequate  but 
not  excessive  for  a  man  of  moderate  weight  following  an  indoor  occu-  j 
pation  calling  for  a  moderate  expenditure  of  muscular  energy. 

a  Through  inadvertence  a  record  was  not  kept  of  the  amount  of  sugar  consumed 
with  the  food  after  August  13.  The  latter  values  in  the  table,  especially  the  last 
two,  are  somewhat  lower  than  the  actual  values  on  this  account. 


ACTlOiJ    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN   BODY.         581 
SPECIAL  CLINICAL  DATA. 

For  the  study  of  the  cHnical  conditions  in  our  group  of  cases  the 
referee  board  secured  the  services  of  Dr.  John  S.  Thacher.  Doctor 
Thacher  and  his  associates  took  charge  of  the  medical  aspects  of  the 
investigation.  Tliey  also  made  the  examinations  of  the  blood  by 
clinical  methods,  and  a  carefid  study  of  the  gastric  contents  with 
especial  reference  to  the  free  hydrocliloric  acid  present.  The  speci- 
mens of  blood  and  of  gastric  contents  were  taken  for  examination  one 
hour  after  an  Ewald  test  breakfast. 

The  results  of  these  investigations  are  given  in  four  charts  in 
Series  L.  Chart  No.  I  gives  in  detail  all  of  the  findings.  Chart  No. 
II  gives  the  averages  of  the  several  determinations  from  specimens 
taken  at  the  same  time.**  Chart  No.  Ill  gives  these  same  averages 
shown  by  curves.  Chart  No.  IV  gives  the  average  figures  and  the 
composite  curves  obtained  by  averaging  the  results  obtained  from 
the  four  individuals  who  were  the  subjects  of  these  investigations. 

All  of  the  findings  except  the  weight  and  the  general  conditions  were 
obtained  in  duplicate  or  multiple  observations.  The  initial  letter 
of  the  observer  will  be  found  recorded  in  each  instance.  The  letters 
in  the  column  at  the  left  (Chart  I)  refer  to  the  observer  making  de- 
terminations of  hemoglobin  and  the  collection  of  the  specimens,  the 
rest  of  the  determinations  being  made  by  the  observer  whose  initial 
is  placed  in  the  column  at  the  right.  All  the  pipettes  used  in  the 
blood  work  were  numbered,  and  these  numbers  are  inserted  in  the 
first  chart,  so  that  it  can  be  seen  whether  the  same  or  different 
pipettes  were  used  for  different  observations.  The  same  two  Fleischl 
hemoglobinometers  were  used  throughout.  The  counting  chambers 
used  varied  with  the  observers.  One  observer,  "C,"  made  one  of  the 
determinations  in  each  examination  throughout  the  series.  The 
other  observer,  acting  as  a  check  upon  the  first,  was  changed  at  times. 
The  two  observers  in  each  instance  worked  entirely  independently. 

The  reader  may  be  referred  especially  to  Chart  No.  Ill,  Series  Ij, 
giving  the  curves  showing  the  relative  weights  of  the  subject,  the 
hemoglobin  percentage,  and  the  red  and  white  cells  from  data  de- 
rived from  Chart  No.  II. 

There  are  certain  data  relating  to  the  clinical  condition  of  the  sub- 
jects of  the  benzoate  experiment  which  are  of  sufficient  importance, 
as  indications  of  the  physiological  state  or  ''state  of  health,"  to  deserve 
special  comment  here.  These  data  relate  to  (1)  the  weight  of  the 
subjects,  (2)  the  morphological  elements  of  the  blood  and  the  hemo- 
globin, (3)  the  hydrochloric  acid  of  the  gastric  juice. 

a  A  few  results  relating  to  the  leucocyte  count  widely  at  variance  with  the  other 
observations  on  account  of  the  development  of  yeast  cells  in  one  of  the  solutions 
were  omitted  in  making  the  averages. 


582  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

WEIGHT. 

The  weights  relating  to  Subject  I  R  are  grapliically  sho\\Ti  in  Series 
J,  I  K.  The  noteworthy  feature  in  tliis  case  is  the  gradual  rise  in 
weight  notwitlistandhig  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate.  Even 
during  the  high  benzoate  period  there  is  observed  an  increase  in  the 
body  weight.      (See  also  Series  A,  I  R.) 

EXAMINATION    OF    THP:    BLOOD. 

HEMOGLOBIN. 

The  hemoglobin  curve  (Series  L,  Chart  III,  I  R)  shows  uniformity 
throughout,  with  a  shght  tendency  to  rise  toward  the  end  of  the 
experiment.  There  is  no  indication  of  any  effect  from  the  taking 
of  benzoate. 

RED    BLOOD    CELLS. 

The  curve  indicative  of  the  red  blood  cell  count  shows  a  normal 
uniformity  for  the  different  periods.  The  slight  rise  during  the  low 
benzoate  period  does  not  call  for  discussion.  Xo  effect  from  the 
benzoate  is  discernible  in  this  curve.     (Series  L,  Chart  III.) 

WHITE    BLOOD    CELLS. 

The  curve  showing  the  numbers  of  the  white  blood  cells  shows  a 
rise  in  the  middle  of  the  liigh  benzoate  period,  which  is  not  sus- 
tained. There  is  no  reason  to  attribute  this  rise  to  the  influence  of 
the  ingested  benzoate.      (Series  L,  Chart  III.) 

The  (lijf'erential  leucocyte  count  shows  only  variations  wdthin 
normal  limits.      (Series  L,  Charts  I  and  II.) 

FREE    HYDROCHLORIC    ACID. 

The  curve  for  the  free  hydrochloric  acid  of  the  gastric  juice  is  of 
interest,  as  it  starts  from  zero  and  gradually  rises  to  normal  values, 
which  are  attained  in  the  high  benzoate  })eriod.     (Series  L,  Chart  III. j 

SUMMARY  OF  CONCLUSIONS  RELATIVE  TO  CASE  I  R. 

In  stating  the  conclusions  ilerivable  from  tliis  investigation  relative 
to  the  action  of  sodium  benzoate  on  the  human  body  it  is  necessary 
to  distinguish  between  the  effects  of  small  doses  (under  0.5  gram  daily) 
and  tlie  effects  of  large  doses  (over  0.5  gram  daily). 

ACTION    OF    SMALL    DOSES    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE. 

It  may  be  stated  that  no  action  from  small  doses  of  sodium  benzoate 
was  detectable  by  the  methods  employed  in  tliis  investigation  in 
respect  to  the  following  features: 

(1)  The  general  health  of  the  subject,  as  indicated  by  the  subjec- 
tive and  objective  signs. 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATK   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         583 

(2)  The  comi)ositi()n  of  tlic  urine  (with  one  exception,  viz,  the 

physi()lo<;ical  ed'oct  on  the  hippuric  acid  excretion). 

(3)  The  coniixKsition  oi  the  feces. 

(4)  The  ahsoiption  of  fats  and  the  fat  balance. 

(5)  The  character  of  the  bacteria  of  tlie  intestinal  tract. 
(0)   'i'lie  wei<j:lit  of  the  body. 

(7)  The  iienio^lohin  of  the  blood. 

(8)  The  red  blood  cells. 

(9)  The  white  blood  cells. 

The  observed  rise  in  hij)puric  acid  of  tlie  urine  was  such  as  to  be 
expectetl  from  the  well-known  metabolism  of  benzoic  acid  in  the 
animal  organism. 

ACTION    OF    LARGE    DOSES    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE. 

It  may  be  stated  that  no  definite  physiological  consequences  of 
large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  were  detectable  l)y  the  methods 
em})loyed  in  this  investigation,  except  in  the  following  respects: 

(1)  There  was  a  considerable  or  large  rise  in  the  hippuric  acid 
excretion,  such  as  would  be  expected  from  the  doses  of  sodium  ben- 
zoate ingested. 

(2)  There  was  a  slight  increase  of  the  indican  of  the  urine,  which 
was  possibly  attributable  to  an  action  of  the  sodium  benzoate — per- 
haps a  slight  irritant  action  in  the  gastro-enteric  tract,  so  altering 
the  secretions  and  bacteria  as  to  favor  intestinal  putrefaction. 

(3)  There  was  a  depression  of  the  gas-producing  fimction  of  the 
mixed  fecal  bacteria  in  dextrose  bouillon. 

(4)  There  was  a  moderate  but  apparently  unmistakable  rise  in  the 
proportion  of  coccal  bacteria  observed  in  the  fermentation  tube  sedi- 
ments derived  ^om  the  moculation  of  the  mixed  fecal  flora. 

(5)  There  was  a  distinct  rise  in  the  free  hydrochloric  acid  of  the 
gastric  juice. 

CASE  II  H. 
GENERAL  MEDICAL  NOTES. 

The  subject  of  this  experiment  was  a  medical  student,  21  years  of 
age,  healthy,  and  of  good  habits  of  life.  He  was  uncommonly  well 
nourished,  with  some  tendency  to  obesity.  Twice  during  the  course 
of  the  experiment  he  had  slight  disorders  of  digestion.  Once  there 
was  irregularity  of  the  bowels  with  some  diarrhea  (July  14-17)  and 
on  another  occasion  (August  21)  colic  and  slight  diarrhea.  Investi- 
gation of  these  disturbances  failed  to  connect  them  with  the  use  of 
sodium  benzoate,  but  made  it  probable  that  they  were  referable  to 
some  other  influence.  On  September  20  the  subject  contracted  a 
slight  cold.     With   these   unimportant   exceptions   he  -  remained   in 


584  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

good  health  throughout  the  course  of  the  experiment.  It  should  be 
noted  that  while  m  general  a  regular  life  was  led  during  the  experi- 
ment, there  was  considerable  railroad  travel  in  and  out  of  the  city. 
In  this  respect  and  also  in  respect  to  uniformity  in  food  the  subject  of 
tliis  experiment  was  less  regular  in  his  habits  than  the  other  members 
of  the  experimental  group.  It  should  further  be  observed  that  there 
was  no  disorder  of  digestion  in  this  case  during  the  high  benzoate 
period.  This  is^  of  interest  in  connection  with  the  interpretation  of 
the  slight  disorders  of  digestion  that  occurred  during  the  low  ben- 
zoate period,  for  if  the  latter  were  referable  to  the  use  of  the  benzoate 
it  is  reasonable  to  expect  that  the}^  would  recur  when  nmch  larger 
doses  of  benzoate  were  taken.     This,  however,  was  not  the  case. 

The  daily  dose  of  sodium  benzoate  was  0.45  gram  for  the  low 
period;  for  the  high  benzoate  period  it  ranged  from  0.6  gram  to  6 
grams  per  day. 

ANALYTICAL   DATA  RELATING  TO  THE   TJRINE  AND  THE   FECES. 

THE    URINE. 


The  daily  volume  of  the  urine  (Series  A,  II  H)  varied  between 
620  c.  c.  and  2,180  c.  c.  The  fluctuations  can  be  brought  into  no 
relation  with  the  use  of  sodium  benzoate,  for  during  the  very  warm 
weather  corresponding  to  a  large  part  of  the  experimental  period  the 
intake  of  water  could  not  accurately  be  measm-ed  nor  could  the 
perspiration  be  estimated  in  its  volume. 

SPECIFIC    TtRAVITY. 

The  specific  gravity  (Series  A,  II  H)  varied  between  1.036  and 
1.018,  and  no  significance  can  be  attached  to  these  variations  in  con- 
nection with  the  present  investigation. 

TOTAL    NITROGEN. 

During  the  fore  period  of  fourteen  days  the  average  daily  total 
nitrogen  of  the  urine  amounted  to  13.88  grams  (Series  B,  II  H);  for 
the  low  benzoate  period,  to  13.78  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate 
period,  16.04  grams;  for  the  after  period,  15.86  grams.  It  may  be 
noted  that  the  average  daily  nitrogen  excretion  for  the  fore  period 
and  for  the  low  benzoate  period  corresponded  closely. 

NITROOEN    BALANCE. 

The  data  relating  to  the  nitrogen  balance  in  this  case  are  given  in 
a  special  table  (Series  F,  II  H) .  They  show  for  the  fore  period  an 
average  daily  positive  balance  (i.  e.,  a  greater  nitrogen  intake  than 
output)  of  0.18  gram;  for  the  low  benzoate  period  a  positive  balance 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE    HUMAN    BODY.         585 

of  1.59  grams;  for  tlie  high  bcnzoate  period  a  negative  balance  of  0.6 
gram;  for  the  after  period  a  positive  balance  of  1.26  grams.  The 
daily  intake  of  nitrogen  Avith  the  food  varied  within  small  limits  for 
the  first  tliree  j^eriods  as  follows: 

Grams. 

Fore  period 15.  5 

Low  benzoate  period 16.  8 

High  benzoate  period 16. 74 

After  period 18. 74 

There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  loss  of  nitrogen  by  the  perspira- 
tion in  this  case  was  an  element  disturbing  to  the  nitrogen  balance, 
for  the  perspiration  was  profuse.  The  extent  of  the  loss  of  nitrogen 
by  the  perspiration  is  indicated  by  experimental  work  which  bears 
on  this  question. <^ 

In  our  other  subjects  the  perspiration  was  probably  also  a  factor 
in  determining  the  nitrogen  excretion,  but  in  this  instance  it  is  fair 
to  assume  that  it  was  of  special  importance. 

NITROGEN    OP    UREA. 

The  nitrogen  of  urea  may  best  be  considered  from  the  standpoint 
of  the  percentage  of  the  total  nitrogen  which  it  represents.  The 
average  percentage  of  nitrogen  of  urea  for  the  fore  period  was  80.7 
per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen  (Series  D,  II H) ;  for  the  low  benzoate 
period,  80.7  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  80.8  per  cent;  for 
the  after  period,  81.6  per  cent.  Here  we  have  an  example  of  close 
uniformity  in  the  nitrogen  of  urea  for  the  various  periods  of  the 
observation,  a  uniformity  undisturbed  by  the  high  benzoate  dosage. 
As  these  percentages  fall  wholly  within  the  physiological  Umits, 
their  further  discussion  in  the  present  connection  would  have  no 
significance. 

NITROGEN    OF    AMMONIA. 

If  we  look  at  the  table  for  nitrogen  of  ammonia  in  this  case  (Series 
B,  II  H)  we  see  that  the  actual  excretion  of  nitrogen  of  ammonia  for 
the  fore  period  was  0.82  gram;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.76 
gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.88  gram;  for  the  after  period, 
0.86  gram.  The  average  percentages  of  nitrogen  of  ammonia  are  as 
follows  (Series  D,  II  H) :  For  the  fore  period,  5.9  per  cent  of  the 
total  nitrogen;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  5.5  per  cent;  for  the 
high  benzoate  period,  5.5  per  cent;  for  the  after  period,  5.4  per  cent. 
There  exists  here  a  close  uniformity  for  the  various  periods,  both  in 
the  actual  nitrogen  of  ammonia  and  in  the  percentages  of  the  total 
nitrogen,  which  fall  well  within  the  limits  of  the  normal.  It  is  quite 
plain,  therefore,  that  the  use  of  sodium  benzoate  has  exercised  no 
disturbing  influence  on  the  nitrogen  of  ammonia. 

"See  Atwater  and  Benedict,  Bulletin  136,  Office  of  Experiment  Station,  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  1903,  p.  118. 


586  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF   MAN. 


TOTAIi    PIRIN    NITROGEN. 


The  average  daily  output  of  purin  nitrogen  for  the  fore  period 
(Series  B,  II  11)  was  0.32  gram;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.31 
gram;  for  the  liigh  benzoate  period,  0.34  gram;  for  the  after  period, 
0.33  gram.  The  uniformity  shown  by  these  figures  is  reflected  also  in 
the  percentages  (Series  D,  II  H)  which  show,  for  the  fore  period,  an 
average  of  2.3  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen;  for  the  low  benzoate 
period,  2.3  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  2.1  per  cent;  for 
the  after  period,  2.1  per  cent.  It  is  unneccessary  to  comment  on 
these  entirely  normal  findings. 


NITROGEN    OF    URIC    ACID. 


The  average  daily  excretion  of  uric  acid  nitrogen  for  the  fore  period 
(Series  B,  II  H)  was  0.29  gram;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.27 
gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.29  gram;  for  the  after 
period,  0.28  gram.  This  close  uniformity  for  the  various  periods  is 
reflected  in  the  averages  of  percentages  (Series  D,  II  H),  which  are  as 
follows:  For  the  fore  period,  2.1  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen;  for 
the  low  benzoate  period,  2  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period, 
1.8  per  cent;  for  the  after  period,  1.8  per  cent.  It  is  safe  to  conclude 
from  these  entirely  normal  values  that  the  administration  of  sodium 
benzoate  was  without  appreciable  influence  on  the  excretion  of  uric 
acid. 

NITROGEN    OP    CREATININ. 

The  average  daily  output  of  nitrogen  of  creatinin  for  the  fore  period 
(Series  B,  II  H)  was  0.59  gram;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.67 
gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.80  gram;  for  the  after  period, 
0.79  gram.  There  is  here  an  evident  rise  in  the  creatinin  from  the 
fore  period  to  the  two  benzoate  periods,  this  rise  being  maintained 
during  the  after  period.  It  is  possible  that  a  portion  of  the  rise  may 
be  referable  to  the  use  of  sodium  benzoate,  it  being  noteworthy  that 
the  highest  creatinin  output  corresponds  to  the  high  benzoate  period. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  rise  in  creatinin  may  be  due  to  the  moderate 
increase  in  the  nitrogen  intake  during  the  liigh  benzoate  period. 
This  appears  the  more  probable  view. 

Looking  at  the  nitrogen  of  creatinin  from  the  standpoint  of  per- 
centages (Series  D,  II  H)  we  see  only  slight  increase  from  one  period 
to  another.  During  the  fore  period  the  average  percentage  was  4.3 
per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen;  during  the  low  benzoate  period,  4.9 
per  cent;  during  the  high  benzoate  period,  5  per  cent;  and  during  the 
after  period,  5  per  cent.  "We  may,  therefore,  say  that  the  rise  in 
creatinin  during  the  benzoate  periods  is  noticeable  also  in  these  per- 
centages though  the  change  is  less  marked  than  when  considered 
from  the  standpoint  of  actual  creatinin  excretion. 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATK   OX    TIIK    liUMAN    BODY.         587 


NITROGEN    OK    ItlPPURlC    ACID. 


The  nitrogen  of  hi])puric  acid,  as  wouUI  Ix^  cxpoctod,  iis(\s  during 
tho  bcnzoatc  periods.  The  table  (Series  E,  II  H)  clearly  shows  the 
influence  of  benzoic  acid  intake  u])on  the  hip])urie  acid  output  for 
the  various  periods.  It  is  seen  from  tliis  table  that  the  daily  average 
if  benzoic  acid  calculated  fi'om  the  nitrogen  of  the  hippuric  acid 
eliminated  in  the  urine  was  0.G7O1  gram  for  the  fore  period;  for  the 
low  benzoate  period  it  had  risen  to  1.0120  grams;  if  we  deduct  from 
this  amount,  representing  the  daily  average  for  the  low  benzoate 
period,  the  amount  representing  the  daily  average  for  the  fore  ])eriod, 
we  get  0,3419  gi'am  as  the  average  daily  amount  of  benzoic  acid 
excreted  referable  to  the  intake  of  sodium  benzoate  during  the  low 
benzoate  period.  Agam  referring  to  the  table,  we  see  that  the  daily 
average  amount  of  benzoic  acid  ingested  during  the  low  benzoate 
period  was  0.3813  gram.  In  other  words,  there  is  here  a  close  and 
satisfactory  correspondence  between  the  rise  m  hipjmric  acid  output 
due  to  sodium  benzoate  and  the  actual  amount  of  sodium  benzoate 
ingested. 

Fc)r  the  high  benzoate  |)eriocl  we  see  that  the  average  dail}^  amount 
of  benzoic  acid  ingested  was  1.5730  grams,  whereas  the  calculated 
amount  excreted  referable  to  the  administration  of  sodium  benzoate 
amounted  to  1.5689  gi*ams.  Here  again  we  see  a  close  and  satis- 
factory correspondence  between  the  actual  amount  of  benzoate 
taken  and  the  amount  of  liippuric  acid  excreted  and  referable  to  this 
intake. 

For  the  after  period  the  daily  average  excretion  of  benzoic  acid 
amounted  to  0.0546  gram. 

UNDETERMINED    NITROaEN. 

In  regard  to  the  undetermined  nitrogen  we  find  the  daily  aver- 
age for  the  fore  period  amounted  to  0.87  gram  (Series  B,  II  H) ;  for 
the  low  benzoate  period,  0.78  gram;  for  the  liigh  benzoate  period, 
0.75  gram;  for  the  after  period,  0.85  gram.  The  slightness  of  these 
variations  for  the  diflFerent  periods  is  reflected  also  in  the  percent- 
ages of  total  nitrogen  (Series  D,  II  H),  the  average  percentage  for 
the  fore  period  being  6,2  per  cent;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  5.7 
percent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  4.7  per  cent;  for  the  after 
period,  5.4  per  cent.  No  further  comment  need  be  made  on  these 
^  results,  as  they  are  obviously  indicative  of  entirely  physiological 
conditions  which  are  in  no  M'ise  disturbed  through  the  use  of  sodium 
benzoate. 

TOTAL    SULPHUR. 

The  daily  average  of  the  total  output  of  sulphur  for  the  fore  period 
was    1.003  grams  (Series  B,  II  H);   for   the  low   benzoate   period, 


588  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 

1,032  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  1.173  grains;  for  the 
after  period,  1.112  grams.  There  is  thus  a  moderate  rise  in  the 
total  sulj)hur  output  from  the  fore  period  to  the  low  benzoate  period, 
and  a  still  further  rise  from  the  low  to  the  high  benzoate  period. 
During  the  after  period  there  is  a  distinct  falling  off.  While  the 
total  amount  of  sulphur  in  the  urine  in  health  varies  in  general 
with  the  total  nitrogen,  the  correspondence  is  not  absolute  and  our 
figures  fall  well  within  the  limits  of  normal  variation. 

INORGANIC    SULPHUR. 

In  regard  to  the  inorganic  sulphur,  we  see  that  for  the  fore  period 
the  daily  average  output  is  0.804  gram  (Series  B,  II  H) ;  for  the  low 
benzoate  period,  0.807  gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.945 
gram;  for  the  after  period,  0.902  gram.  The  rise  in  inorganic  sul- 
phur from  the  low  to  the  liigh  benzoate  period  is  distinct,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  similar  rise  in  the  total  sulphur,  and  what  has  been  said 
in  relation  to  the  latter  appUes  also  to  the  former.  An  examination 
of  the  table  showing  percentages  (Series  D,  II  H)  indicates  that  the 
inorganic  sulphur  was  not  disturbed  by  the  use  of  sodium  benzoate, 
for  during  the  fore  period  the  average  percentage  of  the  inorganic 
sulphur  was  80  per  cent  of  the  total  sulphur;  during  the  low  benzoate 
period,  78.2  per  cent;  during  the  high  benzoate  period,  80.5  per 
cent;  and  during  the  after  period  81  per  cent. 

ETHEREAL   SULPHUR. 

The  average  daily  excretion  of  ethereal  sulphur  for  the  fore  period 
was  0.052  gram  (Series  B,  II  H) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.058 
gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.063  gram;  and  for  the  after 
period,  0.052  gram.  The  rise  from  the  fore  period  to  the  benzoate 
periods  is  so  small  that  it  can  not  be  regarded  as  possessing  any  sig- 
nificance. Nevertheless  the  fall  in  the  after  period  to  precisely  the 
same  average  level  as  that  during  the  fore  period  is  an  indication  that 
the  ethereal  sulphates  were  slightly  increased  during  each  of  the  ben- 
zoate periods,  presumably  through  the  slight  increase  in  the  intestinal 
putrefaction.  The  percentages  (Series  D,  II H)  relating  to  the  ethereal 
sulphur  simply  confirm  the  remarlvs  just  made  on  the  basis  of  the 
actual  output  of  ethereal  sulphur.  The  slight  rise  in  ethereal  sul- 
phur during  the  benzoate  periods  is  reflected  also  in  the  ratio  exist- 
ing between  inorganic  and  ethereal  sulphur.  These  changes  are  no 
greater  than  the  fluctuations  noted  in  health  and  are  well  within 
normal  limits.  There  is  no  reason  to  ascribe  them  to  the  use  of 
sodium  benzoate. 

NEUTRAL    SULPHUR. 

The  average  daily  output  of  neutral  sulphur  for  the  fore  period  was 
0.147  gram  (Series  B.  II  H) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.167  gram; 


I 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON   THE    HUMAN    BODY.         589 

for  the  lii^h  l)en/oal(>  period,  0.1G5  gram;  for  the  after  period,  0.158 
gram.  These  figures  i)oint  to  a  veiy  slight  rise  in  the  neutral  sul])hur 
during  the  henzoate  j)eriod — a  rise,  however,  well  within  the  limits  of 
the  normal  and  ])ro])al)ly  devoid  of  physiological  significance.  The 
average  percentages  of  the  neutral  sulphur  for  the  fore,  low  benzoate, 
high  benzoate,  and  after  periods,  are  14.9  per  cent,  16.2  per  cent, 
14.1  per  cent,  and  14.3  per  cent  of  the  total  sulphur  (Series  D,  II H). 

PHOSPHATE    PHOSPHORUS. 

The  table  giving  the  average  daily  excretion  of  phosphorus  in  the 
form  of  phosphates  shows  an  average  value  of  1.12  grams  daily  for  the 
fore  period  (Series  B,  II  H) ;  1.16  grams  for  the  low  benzoate  period; 
1.35  grams  for  the  high  benzoate  period;  and  1.26  grams  for  the 
after  period.  These  slight  variations  in  the  phosphorus  output  for 
the  different  periods  are  well  within  the  physiological  limits. 


There  was  in  this  case  a  moderate  but  distinct  rise  in  the  intensity 
of  the  indican  reactions  during  the  high  benzoate  period  (Series  A, 
II  H) .  There  is  no  reason  to  regard  the  rise  in  indican  as  possibly 
dependent  on  an  increased  intake  of  protein  during  this  period,  as 
the  protein  intake  (see  Series  F,  II  H)  was  nearly  uniform  wath 
the  period  preceding  the  liigh  benzoate.  Nor  is  there  any  reason  to 
think  that  the  increase  of  indican  was  dependent  on  any  alteration 
in  the  quahty  of  the  protein  ingested,  as  the  diet  tables  do  not  sup- 
port any  such  view.  The  possibiht}'  that  the  indican  was  increased 
as  the  residt  of  using  considerable  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  must 
be  admitted. 

TMDOLACETTC    ACTP. 

Frequent  examinations  were  made  for  the  presence  of  indolacetic 
acid.  It  was  found  to  be  present  at  all  times.  The  reactions  were 
commonly  strong  but  hardly  pathological.  There  was  no  evidence 
that  the  color  reactions  for  indolacetic  acid  in  the  urine  were  in 
any  way  influenced  by  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 

AROMATIC    OXYACIDS. 

Frequent  examinations  were  made  for  the  presence  of  aromatic 
oxyacids.  Strong  color  reactions  were  obtainable  at  nearh-^  all  times 
during  the  experiment,  but  these  reactions  were  hardly  of  patho- 
logical intensity.  There  was  no  evidence  that  the  color  reactions  for 
aromatic  oxyacids  of  the  urine  were  in  any  way  influenced  by  the 
ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 


590  SODIUM    BKNZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


CllLORlNK    AS    SODIUM    CHLORIDE. 


Durino;  the  fore  period  tlie  averajrc  daily  excretion  of  chlorine 
(calculated  as  sodium  chloride)  was  10.2  grams  (Series  B,  II 11) ; 
during  the  low  benzoate  period,  12.7  grams;  during  the  high  ben- 
zoate  period,  13.6  grams;  and  during  the  after  period,  12.2  grams. 
The  rise  fi'om  the  fore  period  to  the  low  benzoate,  the  high  benzoate, 
and  the  after  periods,  is  clearly  referable  to  increased  appetite  and  has 
its  explanation  in  a  slight  change  in  the  food  ingested  during  these 
periods. 

THE    FECES. 


The  average  daily  weight  of  the  fresh  feces  for  the  fore  period  was 
124.1  grams  (Series  B,  II  H) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  131.6 
grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  121.1  grams;  and  for  the  after 
period,  116.7  grams.  These  variations  are  too  small  to  be  in  any 
way  significant,  and  need  not  be  further  discussed. 


The  average  daily  weight  of  the  dried  feces  for  the  fore  period  was 
23.6  grams;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  27.2  grams;  for  the  high 
benzoate  period,  28  grams;  and  for  the  after  period,  25.3  grams. 
The  shght  rise  in  the  weight  of  the  dry  feces  which  is  observable  in 
the  benzoate  periods  and  the  after  period  is  due  to  the  slight  increase 
in  food  which  has  been  alread}^  mentioned. 


The  average  percentage  of  water  of  the  fresh  feces  for  the  fore 
period  was  81;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  79.3;  for  the  high  ben- 
zoate period,  76.9;  and  for  the  after  period,  78.3.  The  variations 
in  the  water  content  of  the  feces  are  unimportant  and  require  no 
comment. 

TOTAL    NITROGEN. 

The  average  total  nitrogen  of  the  dried  feces  for  the  fore  period 
amounted  to  1.29  per  cent  (Series  F,  II  H) ;  for  the  low  benzoate 
period,  to  1.41  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  to  1.51  per 
cent;  for  the  after  period,  to  1.56  per  cent.  These  results  vary  with 
the  intake  of  nitrogen  of  the  food  and  are  within  the  limits  of  normal 
variation.  ^ 

ETHEREAL    EXTRACT. 

The  average  daily  weights  of  the  ethereal  extracts  of  the  dried 
feces,  including  the  fatty  acids  of  the  soaps,  for  the  various  periods 
are  as  follows  (Series  G,  II  H):  For  the  fore  period,  3.84  grams;  for 
the  low  benzoate  period,  5.50  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period, 
6.27  grams;  for  the  after  period,  6.67  grams. 


ACTION    OF   SODfuM    BENZOATK    OX    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         591 
FAT  BALANCE. 

The  f«?atures  of  the  fat  intake  and  output  which  call  for  coinuK'nt 
are  the  same  as  those  mentioned  under  (\ise  I  K,  viz: 

THE    DAILY    AVEKA(}E    INTAKE    OF    FAT. 

It  is  noteworthy  in  this  case  that  the  total  daily  intake  of  fat  was 
f  considerably  less  in  the  fore  period  than  in  any  of  the  subsequent 
periods  (Series  G,  II  II).  Duriiif::  the  fore  period  the  average  daily 
intake  was  100.5  "grains;  durin^;  the  low  benzoate  period,  142.2  ^rams; 
durins:  the  hi^jh  benzoate  period,  131.4  orrams;  and  during  the  after 
period,  151.1  <j:rams. 

THE   PEllC'ENTAGES  OF    NEUTRAL    FATS,  FREE  FATTY'  ACIDS,  AND   FATTY 
ACIDS    OF    SOAPS    IN    THE    FECES    AT    DIFFERENT    PERIODS. 

If  we  compare  the  percentao;es  of  neutral  fats,  free  fatty  acids,  and 
fatty  acids  of  soaps  in  the  feces  for  the  different  experimental  periods, 
we  see  that  they  show  only  moderate  variations,  all  of  wdiich  are  well 
witliin  the  Umits  observed  in  normal  persons.  The  variations  observed 
are  too  small  and  too  irregular  to  suggest  that  they  are  related  to  the 
use  of  sodium  benzoate. 

THE    AVERAGE    PERCENTAGE     OF    TOTAL     FATS     ABSORBED     FROM     THE 
DIGESTIVE    TRACT   (bURNED    OR    ASSIMILATED). 

The  average  percentages  of  total  fats  absorbed  from  the  chgestive 
tract  for  the  various  periods  were  as  follows:     (Series  G,  II  H.) 

Per  cent. 

Fore  period 96.  7 

Low  benzoate  period 96. 1 

High  benzoate  period 95.  6 

After  period 95.6 

The  correspondence  in  fat  absorption  for  the  different  periods  is 
so  close  as  to  exclude  the  possibility  of  deducing  from  these  figures 
any  disturbing  influences  of  the  benzoate  taken  upon  the  fat  absorp- 
tion either  during  the  low"  period  or  the  high  period. 

GENERAL  URINARY  EXAMINATION. 
ALBUMIN. 

At  no  time  in  the  course  of  the  experiment  could  albumin  be 
detected  in  the  urine,  even  in  traces.  Examinations  were  made  with 
great  frequency  and  regularity. 

SUGAK. 

At  no  time  in  the  course  of  the  experiment  could  sugar  be  detected 
in  the  urine.  Examinations  were  made  with  great  frequency  and 
regularity. 


592  SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

SEDIMENTS. 

Calcium  oxalate  and  epithelial  cells  were  frequently  noted  in  the 
urinary  sediments.  Urates  were  rarely  observed.  Phosphates  were 
frequentlj^  seen.     Casts  were  not  seen. 

EpitheUal  cells,  leucocytes,  and  crystaUine  sediments  were  not 
noted  more  frequentl}^  during  the  benzoate  periods  than  during  the 
fore  and  after  periods. 

The  urines  were  well  preserved  in  a  cool  place,  were  examined 
within  twenty-four  hours  after  being  passed,  and  were  subjected  to 
frequent  and  regular  microscopical  examinations. 

SPECIAL  URINARY  EXAMINATION  FOR  BENZOIC  ACID. 

During  the  high  benzoate  period  the  urine  was  subjected  to  chem- 
ical procedures  designed  to  detect  the  presence  of  benzoic  acid  or 
benzoates.  It  was  impossible  to  detect  the  presence  of  benzoic  acid 
in  the  urine. 

SPECIAL  CHEMICAL  EXAMINATION  OF  THE  FECES. 

The  data  relating  to  the  feces,  comprised  under  the  above  title 
pertain  to  the  reaction,  the  color,  the  consistence,  the  mercuric  chlo- 
ride reaction  for  hydrobilirubin,  the  ^^-dimethylamido-benzaldehyde 
reaction  for  indol  and  skatol,  and  the  quantitative  determination  of 
hydrogen  sulphide. 

The  reaction  of  the  feces  was  sometimes  acid  to  Utmus,  some- 
times neutral,  but  generally  alkaline.  The  reaction  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  influenced  by  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 

The  color  of  the  feces  was  usually  brown,  sometimes  greenish  or 
grayish.  At  times,  owing  to  the  ingestion  of  lampblack  or  charcoal, 
for  purposes  of  demarcation,  the  stools  were  black  or  very  dark. 
The  color  of  the  feces  appears  to  have  been  uninfluenced  by  the  taking 
of  sodium  benzoate. 

The  consistence  of  the  feces  varied  usually  within  normal  limits. 
There  were  a  few  diarrheal  stools.  The  daily  variations  in  the  water 
content  of  the  feces  may  be  found  in  the  tables  relating  to  Case  II  H, 
Series  A.  The  taking  of  sodium  benzoate  apparently  stands  in  no 
causal  relation  to  the  consistence  of  the  feces. 

The  reaction  for  hydrohiliruhin  was  usually  slight  and  only  occa- 
sionally strong.  The  different  periods  of  the  experiment  show  no 
distinct  differences  in  the  intensity  of  this  reaction.  There  is  no 
indication  that  this  reaction  has  been  in  this  case  influenced  either 
by  the  benzoate  of  the  low  period  or  by  the  benzoate  of  the  high 
period. 

The  reaction  for  indol  was  usually  slight  or  moderate,  occasionally 
strong.     The   reactions    appear   to   have   been   of   about   the   same 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         593 

average  grade  of  intensity  in  all  the  periods,  yet  the  record  of  strong 
reactions  is  somewhat  more  frequent  for  tlie  high  benzoate  period  than 
for  the  other  periods.  It  must  be  admitted  that  there  is  a  possibihty 
that  these  rehitively  strong  reactions  have  been  in  some  way  occa- 
sioned by  the  hirge  doses  of  sodium  benzoate.  While  these  reactions 
are  not  of  such  intensity  as  to  indicate  a  pathological  degree  of  putre- 
faction, they  may  possibly  be  indicative  of  a  tendency  to  physiolog- 
ical variations  in  an  undesirable  direction. 

HYDROGEN    SULPHIDE. 

Quantitative  determinations  were  made  of  the  hydrogen  sulphide 
content  of  the  feces  from  September  5  to  the  end  of  the  experiment 
(Series  I,  II  H).  The  figures  obtained  in  the  present  instance  fall 
well  within  the  limits  of  the  normal.  They  indicate  only  small  per- 
centages of  hydrogen  sulphide,  both  in  the  high  benzoate  period 
and  in  the  after  period.  We  are  thus  justified  in  concluding  that  the 
fixation  of  hydrogen  sulphide  in  the  feces  in  this  subject  w^as  not 
influenced  by  the  use  of  large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate. 

Note. — In  addition  to  this  chemical  examination,  the  feces  were 
subjected  to  microscopic  stud}',  to  determine  whether  there  were  any 
alterations  in  their  character  indicating  a  diminished  absorption  of 
foodstuffs  (e.  g.,  meat  fiber,  fats,  etc.)  during  the  benzoate  periods. 
No  changes  of  this  character  were  detectable.  Moreover,  no  increase 
in  mucus  was  observable  and  no  increase  in  cellular  elements  (includ- 
ing leucocytes)  derived  from  the  intestinal  w-all. 

BACTERIOLOGICAL  EXAMINATION   OF   THE   FECES. 

The  bacteriological  study  of  the  feces,  by  the  "methods  employed 
in  that  investigation  (see  corresponding  section  of  Case  I  H) ,  yielded 
the  following  results: 

(1)  The  feces  in  the  benzoate  periods  showed  no  determinable 
changes  in  bacterial  flora  as  compared  with  the  fore  period  and  the 
after  period,  especially  no  definite  change  in  respect  to  organisms  of 
the  B.  coli  and  B.  lactis  aerogenes  types,  or  in  respect  to  bacteria  of 
the  B.  aerogenes  capsulatus  types.  A  definite  increase  in  coccal  types 
was  not  determinable  in  Gram-stained  fields  and  plating  methods 
were  not  employed  in  their  connection. 

(2)  During  the  high  benzoate  period  there  was  an  increase  in 
the  numbers  of  coccal  organisms  growing  in  dextrose-bouillon  fer- 
mentation tubes  inoculated  with  the  mixed  fecal  flora.  This  increase 
in  coccal  forms  coincided  with  the  period  in  which  w'as  observed 
a  diminution  in  the  gas  production  by  the  mixed  fecal  flora. 

(3)  The  extent  of  this  diminution  in  the  gas  production  by  tlie 
mixed  fecal  flora  is  represented  in  Series  K,  II H,  w  hich  shows  well 
the  depression  in  gas  formation  incidental  to  the  high  benzoate  period 

70111— No.  88—09 38 


594  aUDIUM    13EJSZUATE   AKD   THE    HEALTH    UE    MAN. 

and  also  the  prompt  recovery  in  gas  production  after  the  cessation  of 
the  benzoate. 

(4)  In  this  case  the  fermentation  tube  sediments  showed  fre- 
quently the  presence  of  moderate  numbers  of  organisms  of  the 
B.  hifdus  type.  They  apparently  bore  no  relation  to  the  benzoate 
mtake.  The  presence  of  this  type  of  bacteria  in  moderate  numbers 
is  not  rare  in  adults,  and  is  to  be  regarded  as  physiological. 

CALORIC  VALTTES  OF  THE  FOODSTUFFS. 

In  Case  II  II  the  daily  average  for  the  caloric  value  of  the  food 
ingested  was  as  follows :   (Series  H) . 

Calories. 

For  the  fore  period 2, 470 

For  the  low  benzoate  period 3,  311 

For  the  high  benzoate  period 3,  244 

For  the  after  period 3,  274 

The  calories  for  the  fore  period  are  rather  low  for  a  man  of  con- 
siderably more  than  average  weight,  but  the  caloric  values  of  the 
food  for  the  remaining  periods  are  adequate  for  such  a  person  leading 
an  indoor  life,  with  only  moderate  muscular  exertion. 

SPECIAL  CLINICAL  DATA. 

WEIGHT. 

The  variations  in  weight  in  Case  II  H  are  readily  seen  from  the  in- 
spection of  the  chart  (Series  J,  II  H)  where  they  are  graphically 
represented.  The  fall  in  weight  during  the  middle  of  July  and 
again  during  the  end  of  August  is  probably  to  be  connected  with  the 
digestive  disorders  alreadj"  mentioned.  A^Tiat  should  be  especially 
noted  is  the  fact  that  the  weight  of  the  subject  rose  during  the  liigh 
benzoate  period.  Taking  the  experimental  period  as  a  whole,  it 
shows  a  distinct  rise  in  the  weight  of  the  subject.  (See  also  Series  A, 
II  H.) 

EXAMINATION    OF    THE    BLOOD. 

HEMOGLOBIN. 

The  hemoglobin  curve  (Series  L,  Chart  III)  in  this  case  shows  some 
irregularities,  but  on  the  whole  a  tendency  to  a  rise  in  the  hemoglobin 
percentage.  An  injurious  influence  from  the  ingestion  of  benzoate 
can  not  be  detected. 

RED    BLOOD    CELLS. 

The  red  blood  cell  counts  show  no  important  alterations  in  the  vari- 
ous periods.  The  curve  shows  that  the  normal  counts  of  the  fore 
period  are  maintained  throughout  the  experiment.  No  influence  from 
the  benzoate  is  discernible  m  this  curve.     (Series  L,  Chart  III.) 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         595 


WHITE    Bl-OOn    (  KM-8. 


I 

I    The  white  blood  cells  show  considerable  lluctuations  in  numbers,  but 

"the  variations  shown  by  the  curve  fall  within  physiological  limits. 
Comparinjz;  this  curve  with  the  curves  from  the  other  subjects  we  fmd 
II  >  sign  of  any  characteristic  referable  to  the  action  of  benzoate. 
( S(>ries  L,  Chart  III.) 

The  differential  leucocyte  count  shows  only  variations  within  j^hys- 
iological  limits.     (Series  L,  Charts  I  and  II.) 

FREE    HYDROCHLORIC    ACID. 

The  curve  showing  the  course  of  the  gastric  secretion  of  free  hydro- 
cliloric  acid  reveals  a  slight  rise  during  the  low  benzoate  period  and 
a  considerable  rise  during  the  high  benzoate  period.  Comparison 
with  similar  curves  from  the  remaining  subjects  indicates  that  tliis 
rise  of  hydrochloric  acid  in  the  high  benzoate  period  was  a  charac- 
teristic occurrence.     (Series  L,  Chart  III.) 


fc 


SUMMARY  OF  CONCLUSIONS  RELATIVE  TO  CASE  II  H. 


In  stating  the  conclusions  derivable  from  this  investigation  rela- 
tive to  the  action  of  sodium  benzoate  on  the  human  body,  it  is  nec- 
essary to  distinguish  between  the  effects  of  small  doses  (under  0.5 
gram  daily)  and  the  effects  of  large  doses  (over  0.5  gram  daily). 

ACTION    OF    SMALL    DOSES    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE. 

It  may  be  stated  that  no  action  fi'om  small  doses  of  sodium  ben- 
zoate was  detectable  by  the  methods  employed  in  this  investigation 
in  respect  to  the  following  features: 

(1)  The  general  health  of  the  subject,  as  indicated  by  the  subjec- 

tive and  objective  signs. 

(2)  The  composition  of  the  urine  (with   one   exception,  viz,  the 

physiological  effect  on  the  hippuric  acid  excretion). 

(3)  The  composition  of  the  feces. 

(4)  The  absorption  of  fats  and  the  fat  balance. 

(5)  The  character  of  the  bacteria  of  the  intestinal  tract. 

(6)  The  weight  of  the  body. 

(7)  The  hemoglobin  of  the  blood. 

(8)  The  red  blood  cells. 

(9)  The  white  blood  cells. 

The  observed  rise  in  hippuric   acid  of  the  urine  was  such  as  to 
•e  expected  from  the  well-kno^^^l  metabolism  of  benzoic  acid  in  the 
animal  organism. 


596  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

ACTION    OF    LARGE    DOSES    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE. 

It  may  be  stated  that  no  definite  physiological  consequences  of 
large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  were  detectable  by  the  methods 
employed  in  this  investigation,  except  in  the  following  respects: 

(1)  There  was  a  considerable  or  large  rise  in  the  liippuric  acid 
excretion,  such  as  would  be  expected  from  the  doses  of  sodium 
benzoate  ingested. 

(2)  There  was  an  increase  of  the  indican  of  the  urine,  not  great 
but  unmistakable.  This  rise  is  possibly  attributable  to  an  action 
of  the  sotUum  benzoate — perhaps  a  slight  irritant  action  in  the  gastro- 
enteric tract,  so  altering  the  secretions  and  bacteria  as  to  favor 
intestinal  putrefaction.  The  behavior  of  the  ethereal  sulphates  indi- 
cates that  the  rise  in  intestinal  putrefaction  is  slight. 

(3)  There  was  a  depression  of  the  gas-producing  function  of  the 
mixed  fecal  bacteria  in  dextrose  bouillon. 

(4)  There  was  a  moderate  but  apparently  unmistakable  rise  in 
the  proportion  of  coccal  bacteria  observed  in  the  fermentation  tube 
sediments  derived  from  the  inoculation  of  the  mixed  fecal  flora. 

(5)  There  was  a  distinct  rise  in  the  free  hydrochloric  acid  of  the 
gastric  juice. 

CASE  III  0. 
GENERAL  MEDICAL  NOTES. 

The  subject  of  this  experiment,  a  laboratory  worker,  was  4.3  years 
of  age,  in  good  health,  and  of  good  and  regular  habits.  During  pre- 
vious summers  his  weight  liad  remained  practically  uniform,  with 
only  occasional  slight  digestive  disorders.  He  remained  in  excellent 
condition  throughout  the  course  of  the  experiment,  despite  the  fact 
that  he  was  obhged  to  lead  an  unusually  active  and  tiring  life. 
There  were  no  digestive  or  nervous  disorders  at  any  time.  There 
was,  on  the  contrary,  some  improvement  in  general  condition  toward 
the  end  of  the  experiment,  at  the  time  of  the  high  benzoate  period. 

This  case  differs  from  cases  I  R  and  IV  L  in  that  the  dosage  of 
sodium  benzoate  during  the  low  benzoate  period  is  higher  than  in 
either  of  these  cases,  the  amount  of  sodium  benzoate  taken  during 
the  low  benzoate  period  being  0.45  gram  throughout  the  greater  part 
of  the  period,  resembling  in  this  regard  Case  II  H.  Moreover,  in  this 
case  the  low  benzoate  period,  lasting  fifty-three  days,  was  immediately 
preceded  by  a  period  of  seven  days  during  wliich  the  subject  took 
daily  0.6  gram  of  sodium  ])enzoate.  It  has  arbitrarily  been  agreed 
in  these  experiments  to  regard  dosages  under  0.5  gram  as  small 
doses,  and  doses  of  over  0.5  gram  as  large  doses;  but  since  the  period 
during  which  0.6  gram  daily  was  given  lasted  only  seven  days,  there 


i 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    HKNZOATE   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         597 

is  no  objection  to  fusin<]j  this  period  with  tlie  subsequent  period  of 
fifty-three  days  and  consi tiering  the  residts  in  their  entiret}'^  for  this 
period. 

ANALYTICAL  DATA  RELATING  TO  THE  URINE  AND  FECES. 

THE    URINE. 

VOLUME. 

The  daily  vohime  of  the  urine  (Series  A,  III  O)  varied  between 
915  and  2,530  e.  c.  For  reasons  similar  to  those  already  mentioned 
ill  connection  with  the  urinary  volume  in  the  other  experimental 
subjects,  it  is  not  possible  to  attribute  significance  to  the  urinary 
volume  in  relation  to  the  present  investigation. 

SPECIFIC    GRAVITY. 

The  specific  gravity  (Series  A,  III  O)  varied  between  1.016  and 
1.029.  The  variations  have  no  significance  in  relation  to  the  present 
investigation. 

TOTAL    NITROCIEN. 

The  average  daily  total  nitrogen  of  the  urine  during  the  fore 
period  of  tliirty  days  amounted  in  this  subject  to  12.89  grams 
(Series  B,  III  O);  for  the  low  benzoate  period, '^  to  14.5  grams;  for 
the  liigh  benzoate  period,^  to  14.95  grams;  for  the  after  period  (four- 
teen days),  to  14.28  grams.  The  variations  in  the  total  nitrogen  in 
this  case,  therefore,  are  small.  The  slight  rise  observed  in  the  ben- 
zoate and  after  periods  is  explicable  by  the  greater  amount  of  nitro- 
genous food  ingested. 

NITROGEN    BALANCE. 

The  data  relating  to  the  nitrogen  ])alance  in  this  case  are  given 
in  table  (Series  F,  III  O).  They  show  very  narrow  variations  in  the 
average  daily  nitrogen  balance  for  the  different  periods.  Thus,  for 
the  fore  period  we  see  a  negative  balance  (i.  e.  a  lesser  nitrogen 
intake  than  output)  of  0.11  gram;  for  the  low  benzoate  period  a 
negative  balance  of  0.26  gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period  a  posi- 
tive balance  of  0.96  gram;  for  the  after  period  a  positive  balance 
of  0.24  gram. 

The  daily  nitrogen  intake  with  the  food  for  the  various  periods 
is  as  follows: 

Grams. 

Fore  period 14  0(i 

Low  benzoate  period 15.  S3 

High  benzoate  period 18.  67 

After  period 16.  66 

o  The  length  of  this  period,  using  the  term  in  thf  sense  mentioned  abcne,  was  sixty 
days. 

b  The  duration  of  this  period  was  thirty  days. 


598  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

There  is  no  evidence,  derivable  from  data  given  in  this  table,  that 
there  was  any  disturbance  in  nitrogenous  metabolism  during  any  of 
the  periods  of  tliis  experiment. 

NITROGEN    OF    UREA. 

If  we  consider  the  nitrogen  of  urea  in  percentages  of  the  total 
nitrogen,  we  find  that  the  average  nitrogen  of  urea  for  the  fore  period 
amounted  to  79.7  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen  (Series  D,  III  O) ;  for 
tlic  low  benzoate  period,  to  81.9  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate 
period,  to  82.6  per  cent;  and  for  the  after  period,  to  81.5  per  cent. 
These  variations  are  so  slight  that  they  call  for  no  comment.  They 
show  no  indication  of  any  disturbance  referable  to  the  use  of  sodium 
benzoate. 

NITROGEN    OK   AMMONIA. 

The  daily  average  excretion  of  nitrogen  of  ammonia  for  the  fore 
period  was  0.90  gram  (Series  B,  III  O) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period, 
0.90  gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.74  gram,  and  for  the  after 
period,  0.82  gram.  These  variations  are  all  well  within  the  physio- 
logical hmits.  Looking  at  the  nitrogen  of  ammonia  from  the  stand- 
point of  percentages  (Series  D,  III  O)  we  find  that  for  the  fore  period 
the  average  nitrogen  of  ammonia  amounted  to  7  per  cent  of  the  total 
nitrogen;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  to  6.2  per  cent;  for  the  high 
benzoate  period,  5  per  cent ;  for  the  after  period,  5.7  per  cent.  The 
variations  here  are  very  small,  and  of  course  lie  well  within  the  range 
of  fluctuations  observed  under  physiological  conditions. 

TOTAL    PURIN    NITROGEN. 

In  regard  to  the  purin  nitrogen  (Series  B,  III  O)  we  find  for  the 
fore  period  a  daily  average  of  0.26  gram;  for  the  low  benzoate  period, 
0.24  gram;  for  the  liigh  benzoate  period,  0.26  gram;  for  the  after 
period,  0.25  gram.  The  variations  are  extremely  small,  and  both 
these  variations  and  the  total  quantities  excreted  fall  '^'itliin  the  limits 
of  the  normal.  Regarding  the  purin  nitrogen  from  the  standpoint 
of  percentages  of  the  total  nitrogen  (Series  D,  III  O)  we  find  that 
for  the  fore  period  the  average  purin  nitrogen  was  2  per  cent  of  the 
total  nitrogen;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  1.7  per  cent;  for  the 
high  benzoate  period,  1.7  per  cent;  for  the  after  period,  1.8  per  cent. 


i 


NITROGE.V    OF    URIC    ACID. 


The  average  daily  excretion  of  nitrogen  of  uric  acid  (Series  B,  III  O) 
during  the  fore  period  was  0.19  gram;  during  the  low  benzoate 
period,  0.20  gram;  during  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.20  gram;  dur- 
ing the  after  period,  0.19  gram.  There  is  here  a  noteworthy  degree 
of  consistency  in  the  uric  acid  excretion  as  expiessetl  in  the  averages 
for  the  various  periods.     A  consideration  of  the  uric  acid  excretion 


ii 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         599 


in  terms  of  percentages  (Series  D,  III  O)  shows  the  same  notewortliy 
uniformity,  for  during  the  fore  period  the  average  uric  acid  nitrogen 
was  1.4  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen;  during  the  low  benzoate 
period,  1.3  per  cent;  during  the  high  benzoate  period,  1.4  per  cent; 
during  the  after  period,  1.4  per  cent. 


NITROGEN    OK    CREATININ. 


The  average  daily  creatinin  nitrogen  (Series  B,IIIO)  output  during 
the  fore  period  amounted  to  0.45  gram ;  during  the  low  benzoate  period, 
to  0.53  gram ;  during  the  high  l^enzoate  period,  to  0.59  gram ;  during  the 
after  period,  to  0.59  gram.  In  terms  of  percentages  (Series  D,  III  O) 
the  average  creatinin  nitrogen  for  the  dilTerent  periods  is  as  follows: 
For  the  fore  period,  3.5  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen;  for  the  low 
benzoate  period,  3.7  per  cent ;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  4  per  cent ; 
for  the  after  period,  4.2  per  cent^  We  note,  then,  a  slight  rise  in 
creatinin  during  both  benzoate  periods,  and  this  rise  is  maintained 
during  the  after  period.  The  slight  increase  is  probably  to  be 
attributed  to  a  slight  increase  in  the  intake  of  meat  food. 


NITROGEN    OF    HIPPURIC    .\CID. 


The  average  daily  excretion  of  nitrogen  of  hippuric  acid  (Series  B, 
III  O)  for  the  fore  period  was  0.07  gram;  for  the  low  benzoate  period, 
O.lSgram;  for  theliiglibenzoateperiod,0.33gram;  for  the  after  period, 
0.10  gram.  The  rise  in  hippuric  acid  is  of  course  dependent  on  the 
intake  of  benzoic  acid.  The  influence  of  tliis  intake  on  the  hippuric  acid 
output  is  indicated  in  a  special  table  (Series  E,  III  O).  Reference  to 
this  table  shows  that  the  benzoic  acid  calculated  from  the  average 
daily  amount  of  sodium  benzoate  ingested  amounted  to  0.3961  gram. 
The  daily  average  increase  of  benzoic  acid  calculated  from  the  nitro- 
gen of  the  liippuric  acid  excreted  in  the  urine  for  this  same  period 
amounted  to  0.600  gram.  The  calculated  amount  is  thus  in  excess 
of  the  actual  amount  ingested.  Tliis  increase  ma}'  be  due  in  part  to 
an  actual  increase  in  liippuric  acid  during  the  low  benzoate  period, 
dependent  on  an  increased  consumption  of  protein  food.  During  the 
high  benzoate  period  the  average  moiety  of  benzoic  acid  ingested 
amounted  to  1.573  grams  dail}'.  The  average  daily  amount  calcu- 
latod  from  the  nitrogen  of  liippuric  acid  excreted  for  the  same  period, 
and  referable  to  the  ingested  sodium  benzoate  is  1.86  grams.  Here 
also  there  is  a  moderate  excess  in  the  calculated  amount  as  com- 
pared with  the  quantity  ingested,  and  tlus  can  probably  be  regarded 
as  being  due  in  part  to  increased  intake  of  protein  material. 


UNDETERMINED    NITROGEN. 


The  daily  average  of  undetermined  nitrogen  excreted  for  the  fore 
period  amounted  to  0.88  gram  (Series  B,  III  O) ;  for  the  low  benzoate 
period  to  0.80  gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period  to  0.67  gram;  for 


600  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

the  after  period  to  0.87  gram.  In  tliis  case  there  was  a  fall  in  the 
undetermined  nitrogen  during  the  high  benzoate  period.  As  the 
undetermined  nitrogen  is  obtained  by  difference,  this  variation,  as 
already  pointed  out,  possesses  no  significance  in  itself. 

TOTAL   SULPHUR. 

The  average  daily  total  output  of  sulphur  for  the  fore  period  was 
0.969  gram  (Series  B,  III  O);  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  1.060 
grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  1.044  grams;  for  the  after  period, 
1.003  grams.  The  variations  here  are  too  slight  to  make  any  com- 
ment necessary. 

INORGANIC    SULPHUR. 

The  daily  average  excretion  of  inorganic  sulphur  for  the  fore  period 
amounted  to  0.729  gram  (Series  B,  III  O);  for  the  low  benzoate 
period  to  0.840  gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period  to  0.825  gram; 
for  the  after  period  to  0.799  gram.  If  we  consider  these  figures 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  percentages  (Series  D,  III  O)  we  find 
that  the  average  inorganic  sulphur  is  as  follows :  For  the  fore  period, 
77.0  per  cent  of  the  total  sulphur;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  79.3 
percent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  79.1  per  cent;  for  the  after 
period,  79.6  per  cent.  There  is  here  a  noteworthy  uniformity  and 
further  comment  is  unnecessary. 

ETHEREAL   SULPHUR. 

The  daily  averages  of  ethereal  sulphur  are  as  follows:  For  the  fore 
period,  0.070  gram  (Series  B,  III  O);  for  the  low  benzoate  period, 
0.075  gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.073  gram;  for  the  after 
period,  0.086  gram.  The  variations  in  ethereal  sulphur  are  too  slight 
to  call  for  comment. 

The  ratio  between  inorganic  and  ethereal  sulphur  is  for  the  fore 
period,  10.6  (Series  D,  III  O);  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  11.3;  for 
the  high  benzoate  period,  11.6;  for  the  after  period,  9.6.  Looking  at 
the  matter  from  the  standpoint  of  the  ratios  we  might  regard  the 
higher  ratios  as  pointing  to  a  slight  fall  in  putrefaction  during  the 
benzoate  periods,  but  the  differences  are  so  slight  that  they  must  be 
considered  as  devoid  of  significance. 

NEUTRAL   SULPHUR. 

The  average  daily  output  of  neutral  sulphur  for  the  fore  period  was 
0.149  gram  (Series  B,  IIIO);  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.145 
gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.146  gram;  for  the  after  period, 
0.118  gram.  The  close  correspondence  in  the  output  of  neutral 
sulphur  for  the  fore  period  and  the  benzoate  periods  is  worthy  of 
note. 


ACTION    OK   SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON    THE    UUMAN    liODY.         601 
PHOSPHATE    PHOSPHORUS. 

The  daily  avera<i:e  output  of  phosphorus  in  the  form  of  phosphates 
for  the  fore  period  amounted  to  0.91  gram  (Series  B,  IIIO);  for  the 
low  benzoate  period,  to  1.05  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  to 
1.04  grams;  for  the  after  period,  to  1  gram.  These  variations  are 
well  w-'thin  the  normal  limits. 

INIHCAN. 

The  indican  reactions  in  this  case  showed  a  moderate  rise  in  their 
intensity  during  the  high  benzoate  period  (Series  A,  III  O).  As  the 
protein  intake  for  this  period  was  somewhat  higher  than  for  any 
other  period,  the  rise  in  the  indican  is  possibly  attributable  to 
increased  intestinal  putrefaction  due  to  this  cause,  but  it  is  possible 
that  the  increased  intensity  of  the  reactions  was  in  someway  dependent 
on  the  high  dosage  with  sodium  benzoate. 

INDOLACETIC    ACID. 

Frequent  examinations  were  made  for  the  presence  of  indolacetic 
acid.  It  was  found  to  be  present  at  all  times.  The  reactions  were 
commonly  strong,  but  hardly  pathological.  There  was  no  e"\adence 
that  the  color  reactions  for  indolacetic  acid  in  the  urine  were  in  any 
way  influenced  by  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 

AROMATIC    OXYACIDS. 

Frequent  examinations  were  made  for  the  presence  of  aromatic 
oxyacids.  Strong  color  reactions  were  obtainable  at  nearly  all  times 
during  the  experiment,  but  these  reactions  were  hardly  of  pathological 
intensity.  There  was  no  evidence  that  the  color  reactions  for  aro- 
matic oxyacids  in  the  urine  were  in  any  way  influenced  by  the  inges- 
tion of  sodium  benzoate. 

CHLORINE    AS    SODIUM    CHLORIDE. 

During  the  fore  period  there  was  a  daily  average  excretion  of  chlo- 
rine (calculated  as  sodium  chloride)  amounting  to  11.7  grams  (Series 
B,  IIIO);  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  13.5  grams;  for  the  high  ben- 
zoate period,  14.6  grams,  and  for  the  after  period,  12.9  grams.  A 
slight  rise  is  thus  observable  during  the  benzoate  periods,  due  to  the 
increased  use  of  salt  with  the  food,  and  this  may  be  regarded  as  an 
indication  of  somew^hat  increased  appetite  and  corresponding  increase 
in  the  food  taken. 

THE    FECES. 


The  weight  of  the  fresh  feces  for  the  fore  period  showed  a  daily 
average  of  100.6  grams  (Series  B,  III  O) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period, 
143.2  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  128.4  grams,  and  for  the 
after  period,  125.4  grams. 


602  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


The  dried  feces  showed  an  average  daily  weight  of  19.4  grams  for 
the  fore  period  (Series  B,  III  O);  25.6  grams  for  the  low  benzoatc 
period;  24.9  grains  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  and  23.1  grams  for 
the  after  period.  A  definite  rise  in  the  average  weight  of  the  dried 
feces  corresponds  to  the  increased  intake  of  food  during  the  benzoate 
periods  and  the  after  period. 


The  average  percentage  of  water  of  the  fresh  feces  for  the  fore  period 
was  80.7  (Series  B,  III  O) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  82.1 ;  for  the 
high  benzoate  period,  80.6;  for  the  after  period,  81.5. 

TOTAL    NITROGEN. 

The  average  total  nitrogen  of  the  dried  feces  for  the  fore  period 
amounted  to  1.26  per  cent  (Series  F,  III  O);  for  the  low  benzoate 
period,  to  1.63  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  to  1.62  per 
cent;  for  the  after  period,  to  1.43  per  cent.  These  variations  are 
roughly  parallel  with  the  variations  in  the  intake  of  nitrogen  of  the 
food. 

ETHEREAL    EXTRACT. 

The  average  daily  weights  of  the  ethereal  extracts  of  the  dried  feces 
including  the  fatty  acids  of  the  soaps  for  the  various  periods  were  as 
follows  (Series  G,  III  O) :  For  the  fore  period,  4.74  grams;  for  the  low 
benzoate  period,  6.26  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  5.60 
grams;  for  the  after  period,  6.50  grams. 

FAT  BALANCE. 

The  data  relating  to  the  fat  balance  (Series  G,  III  O)  are  less  full 
in  this  case  than  in  Case  I  E  or  Case  II  H,  the  analyses  having  been 
made  for  certain  periods  only.  There  is  nothing  noteworthy  about 
the  daily  average  intake  of  total  fats  for  the  different  periods  for  which 
the  data  exist,  the  difference  in  the  quantities  being  unimportant. 

The  percentages  of  neutral  fats,  free  fatty  acids,  and  fatty  acids  of 
soaps  of  the  feces  show  no  important  variations  for  the  different 
periods.  The  after  period  shows  a  rise  in  the  percentage  of  free  fatty 
acids  as  compared  with  the  values  for  the  preceding  periods.  Tliia 
rise  is  at  the  expense  of  the  neutral  fats,  to  a  slighter  extent  at  the 
expense  of  the  soaps.  But  as  these  variations  are  well  within  the 
limits  of  the  normal  they  call  for  no  comment. 

If  we  look  at  the  daily  average  of  the  fat  absorbed,  there  is  evident 
the  same  close  correspondence  for  the  various  periods  that  was 
observable  in  Cases  I  R  and  II H.     The  figures  are  as  follows : 


ft 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         603 

Per  cent. 

Fore  period  j(  1 1 ) 95. 5 

Low  bonzoate  period  (VII) 95. 0 

Low  bonzoate  period  (X) 94.  9 

High  benzoate  period  (XIII) 94. 0 

nigh  benzoate  period  (XV) 95.  6 

After  period  (XVII) 93.  7 

GENERAL  URINARY  EXAMINATION. 

ALBUMIN. 

At  no  time  in  the  course  of  the  experiment  could  albumin  be 
detected  in  the  urine,  even  in  traces.  Examinations  were  made  with 
great  frequency  and  regularity. 

SUGAR. 

At  no  time  in  the  course  of  the  experiment  could  sugar  be  detected 
in  the  urine.  Examinations  were  made  with  great  frequency  and 
regularity. 

SEDIMENTS. 

Calcium  oxalate  and  epithelial  (;ells  were  frequently  noted  in  the 
urinary  sediments,  but  not  more  often  during  the  benzoate  periods 
than  during  the  fore  and  after  periods.  Phosphates  were  frequently 
seen;  uric  acid  only  occasionally.     Casts  were  not  observed. 

The  urines  were  well  preserved  in  a  cool  place,  were  examined 
witliin  twenty-four  hours  after  being  passed,  and  were  subjected  to 
frequent  and  regular  microscopical  examination. 

SPECIAL  URINARY   EXAMINATION  FOR  BENZOIC  ACID. 

During  the  liigh  benzoate  period  the  urine  was  subjected  to  chem- 
ical procedures  to  detect  the  presence  of  benzoic  acid  orbenzoates.  It 
was  impossible  to  detect  the  presence  of  benzoic  acid  in  the  urine. 

SPECIAL  CHEMICAL  EXAMINATION  OF  THE  FECES. 

The  data  relating  to  the  feces  and  comprised  under  the  above  title 
pertain  to  the  reaction,  the  color,  the  consistence,  the  mercuric 
cliloride  reaction  for  hydrobilirubin,  the  2^-dimethylamido-benzalde- 
hyde  reaction  for  indol  and  skatol,  and  the  quantitative  determination 
of  hydrogen  sulpliide. 

The  reaction  of  the  feces  was  commonly  alkaline  to  litmus,  but  at 
times  acid  and  often  neutral.  The  reaction  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  influenced  by  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 

The  color  of  the  feces  was  usually  brown,  sometimes  yellow,  occa- 
sionall}^  black  from  lampblack  used  for  demarcation.  The  color  of 
the  feces  appears  to  have  been  uninfluenced  by  the  use  of  sodium 
benzoate. 


604  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

The  consistence  of  the  feces  varied  within  normal  Uniits.  Diar- 
rheal movements  were  ver}^  rare.  (The  daily  variations  in  the  water 
content  of  the  feces  may  be  found  in  tlie  tables  relating  to  Case  III 

0,  Series  A.)  The  taking  of  sodium  benzoate  apparently  had  no 
effect  on  the  consistency  of  the  feces. 

The  hydrohilinibin  reaction  of  the  feces  was  usually  slight,  moderate, 
or  negative,  very  rarely  strong.  The  different  periods  of  the  experi- 
ment show  no  distinct  differences  in  the  intensity  of  this  reaction. 
There  is  no  indication  that  the  reaction  has  been  in  this  case  influ- 
enced by  the  benzoate  whether  taken  in  moderate  doses  or  larger 
doses. 

The  iiidol  reaction  was  usually  slight  to  moderately  strong,  seldom 
strong.  There  is  no  indication  that  the  intensit}^  of  this  reaction 
was  in  any  way  influenced  by  thie  taking  of  sodium  benzoate,  since 
the  color  reactions  for  the  different  periods  show  little  variation. 

HYDROGEN    SULPHIDE. 

Quantitative  determinations  were  made  of  the  hydrogen  sulphide 
of  the  feces  from  September  5  to  the  end  of  the  experiment  (see  Series 

1,  III  O).  The  figures  obtained  in  the  present  instance  fall  well 
witliin  the  limits  of  the  normal.  They  indicate  usually  moderate 
percentages  of  hydrogen  sulphide,  seldom  high  percentages.  We  are 
justified  in  concluding  that  the  fixation  of  hydrogen  sulpliide  in  the 
feces  in  this  subject  was  not  influenced  by  the  use  of  large  doses  of 
sodium  benzoate. 

Note. — In  addition  to  this  chemical  examination  the  feces  were 
subjected  to  microscopic  study  to  determine  whether  there  were  any 
alterations  in  their  character  indicating  a  diminished  absorption  of 
foodstuffs  (e.  g.,  meat  fiber,  fats,  etc.)  during  the  benzoate  periods. 
No  changes  of  this  character  were  detectable.  Moreover,  no  increase 
in  mucus  was  observable  and  no  increase  in  cellular  elements  (including 
leucocytes)  derived  from  the  intestinal  wall. 

BACTERIOLOGICAL  EXAMINATION  OF  THE  FECES. 

The  bacteriological  examination  of  the  feces  was  conducted  along 
the  same  lines  as  in  Case  I  R  and  Case  II  H.  The  direct  study  of  the 
Gram-stained  feces  showed  no  significant  variations  in  the  flora  of 
the  intestine.  Slight  alterations  in  type  occurred,  but  they  appar- 
ently ranged  within  physiological  limits.  No  changes  were  noted 
that  could  be  brought  into  relation  with  the  ingestion  of  sodium 
benzoate.  On  the  other  hand,  the  studj''  of  fermentation  tube  sedi- 
ments showed  an  increase  in  the  coccal  types  of  bacteria  as  compared 
Nvith  the  others.  This  increase  in  coccal  forms  corresponded  roughly 
with  the  depression  in  gas  formation  by  the  mixed  fecal  bacteria, 
which  was  noted  in  this  case.  This  depression  in  the  gas  making 
function  of  the  bacteria  is  graphically  given  in  Series  K,  III  O.     It  is 


I 

V  ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         605 

■  worthy  of  notice  that  immediately  after  tlie  cessation  of  the  benz(^- 
atc  dosaj^^o  there  was  a  recovery  of  the  gas  forming  powers  of  the 
fecal  bacteria. 

A  further  experiment  was  conducted  with  great  care  in  this  case 
to  determine  whether  the  depression  in  the  gas  forming  function  of 
the  fecal  flora  was  accidental  or  due  to  the  sodium  benzoate.  The 
subject  was  kept  on  a  very  imiform  diet,  and  while  on  this  diet  he 
took  three  grams  of  sodium  benzoate  daily.  The  use  of  sodium 
benzoate  was  again  followed  by  a  striking  decline  in  the  gas  forma- 
tion by  the  mixed  fecal  flora,  amounting  to  a  complete  extinction  of 
this  function  for  a  time.  There  was,  however,  a  gradual  recovery  of 
this  function  desj)ite  the  continuation  of  the  relatively  high  benzoate 
dosage  mentioned  above. 

In  the  course  of  the  experiment  efforts  were  made  by  Dr.  A.  I.  Ken- 
dall to  detect  any  variations  in  the  nature  of  the  fecal  bacteria  which 
might  appear  in  connection  with  the  use  of  sodium  benzoate.  Aerobic 
and  anaerobic  plate  cultures  were  made  with  this  end  in  view,  but 
no  decisive  results  were  obtained.  No  evidence  was  found  of  a 
decline  in  the  number  of  fecal  bacteria  of  the  B.  coli  type.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  appeared  a  slight  increase  in  the  numbers  of  the 
coccal  types  of  bacteria  during  the  time  of  the  benzoate  dosage,  but 
this  change  was  not  sufficiently  marked  to  be  certainly  significant. 

It  is  thus  clear  that  large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  strongly  tentl 
-  to  depress  the  ability  of  the  fecal  bacteria  to  form  gas.  The  expla- 
nation of  this  fact  is  not  at  present  clear.  The  depression  in  gas 
formation  is  certainly  not  due  to  the  presence  of  sodium  benzoate 
in  the  feces,  since  it  was  not  possible  to  recover  benzoic  acid  in 
amounts  sufficient  to  cause  such  an  effect.  But  it  may  be  due  to 
some  action  of  the  benzoate  on  the  bacteria  of  the  digestive  tract  at 
higher  levels  than  the  colon,  or  to  an  action  on  the  digestive  juices. 

Wliether  the  depression  of  the  gas-forming  function  of  the  fecal 
bacteria  is  to  be  regarded  as  a  physiological  variation  which  is 
functionally  desirable  or  undesirable  or  is  a  matter  of  indifference, 
it  is  impossible  to  state  at  present. 

CALORIC  VALUES  OF  THE  FOODSTUFFS. 

In  Case  III  O  the  daily  averages  for  the  caloric  value  of  the  food 
ingested  were  as  follows  (Series  H,  III  O) : 

Calories. 

For  the  fore  period 2, 019 

For  the  low  benzoate  period 2,  763 

For  the  high  benzoate  period 2, 817 

For  the  after  period 2,  764 

These  caloric  values  are  somewhat  low  for  the  fore  period,  but  ade- 
quate in  the  remaining  periods  for  a  man  not  much  above  the  average 
weight,  leading  an  indoor  life  and  moderately  active  in  muscular 
exercise. 


606  SUDIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH   OF    MAN. 

SPECIAL  CLINICAL  DATA. 
WEIGHT. 

In  this  case  it  is  noticeable  that  there  was  a  fall  in  weight  during 
the  fore  ])eriocl  when  no  benzoate  was  taken.  (Series  J,  III  O.)  The 
fall  can  reasonably  be  attributed  to  unusually  prolonged  and  hard  hours 
of  work  at  the  outset  of  the  warm  season.  About  the  middle  of  July 
there  developed  a  tendency  to  gain  in  weight  and  early  in  August 
this  tendency  became  established,  and  is  shown  in  the  gradual  but 
almost  unbroken  rise  in  weight  during  the  remainder  of  the  low 
benzoate  j^eriod  and  during  the  entire  high  benzoate  period.  This 
ability  of  the  subject  to  gain  weight  during  the  high  benzoate  period 
is  worthy  of  note.  There  was  some  further  gain  during  the  after 
period,  so  that  at  the  end  of  the  experiment  the  weight  approximated 
that  at  the  beginning  of  June.  Thus  there  was  a  complete  recovery 
in  weight  despite  distinctly  adverse  conditions  of  labor.  (See  also 
Series  A,  III  O.) 

EXAMINATION    OF    THE    BLOOD. 

HEMOGLOBIN. 

From  the  hemoglobin  curve  in  Chart  No.  Ill  (Series  Ij)  it  is  clear 
that  the  hemoglobin  was  maintained  at  a  rather  uniform  level 
tlii'oughout  the  course  of  the  experiment,  with  a  moderate  rise 
toward  the  end  of  the  experiment.  No  evidence  of  any  influence  of 
sodium  benzoate  is  discernible. 

REP    BLOOD    CELLS. 

The  curve  for  the  red  blood  cells  shows  a  rise  for  the  low  benzoate 
period,  but  in  general  rather  uniform  results  for  the  entire  experi- 
mental period.  There  is  no  indication  of  any  depressing  effect  of  the 
benzoate  on  the  red  blood  cell  count.     (Series  L,  Chart  III.) 

WHITE    BLOOD  CELLS. 

The  curve  for  the  white  blood  cells  shows  considerable  irregularity, 
including  a  rise  in  the  low  benzoate  period,  followed  by  a  drop, 
followed  in  turn  by  a  considerable  rise  during  the  high  benzoate 
period.  Whether  the  benzoate  had  any  influence  in  causing  these 
irregularities  must  be  considered  doubtfid  in  view  of  the  absence  of 
anything  characteristic  in  any  of  the  curves  drawn  from  the  four 
subjects  and  in  view  of  the  fluctuations  seen  in  healthy  mdividuals. 
(Series  L,  Chart  III.) 

The  differentml  leucocyte,  count  shows  only  variations  within  physio- 
logical limits.     (Series  L,  Charts  I  and  II.) 

FREE    HYDROCHLORIC    ACID. 

The  curve  representing  the  free  hydrochloric  acid  in  the  gastric 
juice  shows  a  distinct  rise  during  the  high  benzoate  period,  which 


ACTION    OK    SODIIM     BKNZOATE    ON    THE    IIUMAK    BODY.  ()07 

briii<;s    tho    values   to   a  j)()int  previously   reached   early   in   the  ex- 
periment.     (Series  L,  Chart  TIT.) 

SUMMARY  OF  CONCLUSIONS  RELATIVE  TO  CASE  III  O. 

In  statinijc  the  conclusions  derivable  from  this  investigation  rela- 
ti\o  to  the  action  of  sodium  benzoate  on  the  human  body,  it  is  neces- 
saiy  to  distinguish  between  the  cfTccts  of  small  doses  (under  0.5  gram 
daily)  anil  the  eU'ects  of  large  doses  (over  0.5  gram  daily). 

ACTION    OF    SMALL    DOSES    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE. 

It  may  be  stated  that  no  action  from  small  doses  of  sodium  ben- 
zoate was  detectable  by  the  methods  employed  in  this  investigation 
in  respect  to  the  following  features: 

(1)  The  general  health  of  the  subject,  as  indicated  by  the  sub- 
jective and  objective  signs. 

(2)  The  composition  of  the  urine  (with  one  exception,  viz,  the 
physiological  effect  on  the  hippuric  acid  excretion). 

(3)  The  composition  of  the  feces. 

(4)  The  absorption  of  fats  and  the  fat  balance. 

(5)  The  character  of  tho  bacteria  of  the  intestinal  tract. 

(6)  The  weight  of  the  body. 

(7)  The  hemoglobin  of  the  blood. 

(8)  The  red  blood  cells. 

(9)  The  white  blood  cells. 

The  observ^ed  rise  in  hippuric  acid  of  the  urine  was  such  as  to  be 
expected  from  the  well-known  metabolism  of  benzoic  acid  in  the 
animal  organism. 

ACTION    OF    LARGE    DOSES    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE. 

It  may  be  stated  that  no  definite  physiological  consequences  of 
large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  were  detectable  by  tlie  methods 
employed  in  this  investigation,  except  in  the  following  respects: 

(1)  There  was  a  considerable  or  large  rise  in  the  hippuric  acid 
excretion,  such  as  would  be  expected  from  the  doses  of  sodium  ben- 
zoate ingested. 

(2)  There  was  an  increase  of  the  indican  of  the  urine,  not  great, 
but  unmistakable.  This  rise  is  possibly  attributable  to  an  action  of 
the  sodium  benzoate — perhaps  a  slight  irritant  action  in  the  gastro- 
enteric tract,  so  altering  the  secretions  and  bacteria  as  to  favor  intes- 
tinal putrefaction. 

(3)  There  was  a  depression  of  the  gas-producing  function  of  the 
mixed  fecal  bacteria  in  dextrose  bouillon. 

(4)  There  was  a  moderate  but  apparently  unmistakable  rise  in 
the  proportion  of  coccal  bacteria  obsen'ed  in  the  fermentation  tube 
sediments  derived  from  the  inoculation  of  the  mixed  fecal  flora. 

(5)  There  was  a  distinct  rise  in  the  free  hydrochloric  acid  of  the 
gastric  juice. 


608  aODiUM    BENZUATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    Ol-'    MAIS'. 

CASE  IV  I. 
GENERAL  MEDICAL  NOTES. 

Tho  subject  of  this  experiment  was  a  physician,  28  years  of  age,  of 
good  habits,  and  of  good  general  health.  His  weight  during  previous 
summers  had  fluctuated  within  narrow  limits  without  any  accom- 
panying digestive  disorders.  During  the  fortnight  preceding  the 
beginnmg  of  the  benzoate  experiment  his  weight  varied  between  66 
and  68  kilos,  the  weight  having  spontaneously  declined  during  this 
time  (see  graphic  weight  chart,  Series  J,  IV  L). 

In  this  case  considerable  information  was  collected  m  relation  to 
the  composition  of  the  urine,  the  chemical  and  bacteriological  prop- 
erties of  the  feces,  etc.  These  observations  accord  closely  with  those 
on  the  fore  and  after  periods  of  the  experiment. 

It  should  be  stated  that  this  subject  experienced  discomfort,  pain, 
and  various  signs  of  disturbed  digestion  after  the  passage  of  the 
stomach  tube  for  purposes  of  gastric  examination.  During  the  first 
two  weeks  m  August  he  complained  of  disturbed  digestion,  malaise, 
and  inaptitude  for  work,  which  he  attributed  to  the  benzoate  taken. 
The  physicians  in  charge  were  unable  to  satisfy  themselves  that 
these  symptoms  were  dependent  on  the  benzoate  ingested,  but  be- 
lieved them  to  be  due  to  other  causes.  The  disturbances  complained 
of  were  followed  by  an  acute  attack  of  frontal  sinusitis.  It  should 
be  obsei-ved  that  during  the  high  benzoate  period  there  was  a  gradual 
improvement  in  physical  condition;  on  September  15  there  was  diar- 
rhea, but  after  this  time  the  general  condition  and  the  state  of  diges- 
tion were  excellent. 

ANALYTICAL  DATA  RELATING  TO  THE  URINE  AND  FECES. 

THE    URINE. 


The  daily  volume  of  urine  (Series  A,  IV  L)  in  this  case  ranged 
between  561  and  1,810  c.  c.  There  is  no  evidence  that  any  influence 
was  exerted  on  the  volume  of  the  urine  by  the  ingestion  of  sodium 
benzoate. 

SPECIFIC    GRAVITY. 

The  specific  gravity  of  the  urine  (Series  A,  IV  L)  varied  between 
1.019  and  1.036,  and  the  variations  can  not  be  brought  into  relation 
with  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 

TOTAL    NITROGEN. 

In  this  case  the  average  daily  output  of  total  nitrogen  for  the  fore 
period  amounted  to  16.55  grams  (Series  B,  IVL);  for  the  low  benzo- 
ate period,  to  13.63  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  to  14.9  grams; 


ACTION    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         609 

for  the  after  period,  to  13.6  grams.  It  should  be  noted  tliat  the 
nitrogen  excretion  (hning  the  fore  period  was  rather  high  as  com- 
pared witli  that  of  the  other  subjects,  especially  if  we  consider  tliem 
from  the  standpoint  of  their  weights. 

NITROdEN    BALANCE. 

The  data  rehxting  to  the  nitrogen  balance  in  this  case  are  given  in 
table  Series  F,  IV  L.  They  show  for  the  fore  period  an  average  daily 
negative  balance  (i.  e.,  a  lesser  nitrogen  intake  than  output)  of  1.56 
grains,  for  the  low  benzoate  period  a  negative  balance  of  2.14  grams, 
for  the  high  benzoate  period  a  negative  balance  of  1.99  grams,  for  the 
after  period  a  positive  balance  of  1.42  grams. 

The  daily  nitrogen  intake  with  the  food  was  as  follows: 

Grams. 

Fore  period 16.  00 

Low  benzoate  period 13.  60 

High  beuzoate  period 17.  06 

After  period 16.  74 

There  is  no  evidence,  derivable  from  data  given  in  this  table  that 
there  was  any  disturbance  in  nitrogenous  metabolism  during  any  of 
the  periods  of  the  experiment. 

NITROGEN    OF    UREA. 

We  may  consider  the  nitrogen  of  urea  from  the  standpoint  of  per- 
centages of  total  nitrogen  (Series  D,  IV  L).  We  find  for  the  fore 
period  an  average  of  86.8  per  cent;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  82.8 
per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  84.1  per  cent;  for  the  after 
period,  83.5  per  cent.  These  variations  being  within  the  limits  of  the 
normal,  and  being  in  themselves  slight,  call  for  no  comment. 

NITROGEN    OF    AMMONIA. 

The  daily  average  excretion  of  nitrogen  of  ammonia  was  0.70  gram 
for  the  fore  period  (Series  B,  IV  Ij),  0.59  gram  for  the  low  benzoate 
period,  0.52  gram  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  and  0.55  gram  for 
the  after  period.  Looking  at  the  nitrogen  of  ammonia  from  the 
standpoint  of  percentages  (Series  D,  IV  L),  we  find  that  for  the  fore 
period  the  ammonia  nitrogen  amounted  to  4.2  per  cent  of  the  total 
nitrogen;  for  the  low  benzoate  period  to  4.3  per  cent;  for  the  liigh 
benzoate  period  to  3.5  per  cent;  and  for  the  after  period  to  4  per 
_cent.  The  variations  in  percentages  between  the  different  periods 
are  slight  and  unimportant. 

TOTAL    PURIN    NITROGEN. 

Considering  the  daily  average  purin  nitrogen,  we  find  that  tliis 
amounted  to  0.28  gram  for  the  fore  period  (Series  B,  IV  L),  0.26  gram 
for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.27  gram  for  the  liigh  benzoate  period, 
70111— No.  88—09 39 


610  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 

and  0.25  gram  for  the  after  period.  These  figures  indicate  a  close 
uniformit}'  in  the  piirin  nitrogen  excretion  throughout  the  different 
periods.  Considering  these  values  from  the  standpoint  of  percent- 
ages (Series  D,  IV  L),  we  find  that  for  the  fore  period  the  average 
purin  nitrogen  was  1.6  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen;  for  the  low 
benzoate  period,  1.9  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  1.8  per 
cent;  for  the  after  period,  1.9  per  cent.  These  slight  variations  can 
not  be  regarded  as  other  than  wholly  insignificant  in  connection 
with  the  present  investigation. 

NITROGEN    OF    URIC    ACID. 

The  average  daily  excretion  of  uric  acid  nitrogen  for  the  fore  period 
was  0.22  gram  (Series  B,  IV  L) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.22 
gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.23  gram;  and  for  the  after 
period,  0.21  gram.  Looked  at  from  the  standpoint  of  percentages 
(Series  D,  IV  L),  we  find  only  slight  and  insignificant  variations 
for  the  different  periods,  since  the  average  uric  acid  nitrogen  for  the 
fore  period  was  1.3  percent  of  the  total  nitrogen;  for  the  low  ben- 
zoate period,  1.6 percent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  1.5  percent; 
for  the  after  period,  1.5  per  cent. 

NITROGEN    OF    CREATININ. 

The  daily  average  output  of  creatinin  nitrogen  for  the  fore  period 
was  0.46  gram  (Series  B,  IV  L) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.59 
gram;  for  the  liigh  benzoate  period,  0.69  gram;  for  the  after  period, 
0.66  gram.  The  distinct  rise  in  nitrogen  of  creatinin  during  the  ben- 
zoate periods  is  noteworthy,  inasmuch  as  it  is  a  concomitant  of  the 
fall  in  total  nitrogen.  The  rise  in  nitrogen  of  creatinin  is  even  more 
noteworthy  when  we  look  at  it  from  the  standpoint  of  percentages 
(Series  D,  IV  L) ,  for  we  see  that  while  for  the  fore  period  the  average 
was  2.8  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen,  it  was  4.3  per  cent  for  the  low 
benzoate  period,  4.6  per  cent  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  and  4.9  per 
cent  for  the  after  period.  A  reference  to  the  table  of  caloric  values 
of  the  food  (Series  H,  TV  L)  shows  that  the  average  daily  intake  of 
protein  for  the  low  benzoate  period  (85.1  grams)  was  less  than  that 
for  the  fore  period  (100  grams).  On  the  other  hand,  the  protein 
intake  for  the  high  benzoate  period  was  greater  (106.8  grams  daily) 
than  during  either  of  the  preceding  periods.  While  there  is  thus  no 
definite  ratio  between  the  creatinin  excretion  and  the  total  protein 
intake,  it  is  likely  that  the  explanation  in  the  creatinin  fluctuations 
is  to  be  found  in  the  variations  in  the  quantity  of  meat  ingested. 

NITROGEN    OF    HIPPURIC    ACID. 

The  nitrogen  of  hippuric  acid  is  best  considered  in  connection  with 
Table  IV  L,  Series  E.  From  this  table  we  see  that  the  average 
daily  amount  of  benzoic  acid  ingested,  calculated  from  the  sodium 


I 


ACTION'    OF    aUDIL'M    BEJSZUATE    UJSI    THE    HUMAIS    BODY.         (ill 


benzoate,  amounted  to  0,2541  gram  for  the  low  benzoate  period;  wo 
see  also  that  the  benzoic  acid  excreted  during  this  period,  and 
attributable  to  the  benzoic  acid  intake,  amounted  to  0.1 85S  gram. 
For  the  high  benzoate  period  the  benzoic  acid  intake  M^as  1.5730 
grams,    and   the   calculated   amount    excreted  attributable    to    this 


intake  amounted  to   1.4295  grams. 


UNDETERMINED    NITROGEN. 


The  average  daily  output  of  undetermined  nitrogen  for  the  fore 
period  was  0.76  gram  (Series  B,  IV  L) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period, 
0.82  gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.63  gram;  for  the  after 
period,  0.67  gram.  The  variations  are  here  too  small  to  call  for  com- 
ment. The  average  percentage  of  the  undetermined  nitrogen  for 
the  fore  period  was  4.2  per  cent  of  the  total  nitrogen;  for  the  low 
benzoate  period,  6  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  4.1  per 
cent;  for  the  after  period,  5  per  cent. 


TOTAL    SULPHUR. 


The  average  tlaily  total  excretion  of  sulphur  for  the  fore  period  was 
1.253  grams  (Series  B,  IV  L);  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  1.024 
grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  1.101  grams;  for  the  after 
period,  0.977  gram.     The  variations  here  are  inconsiderable. 


INORGANIC    SULPHUR. 


The  daily  average  output  of  inorganic  sulphur  for  the  fore  i)eriod 
was  1.035  grams  (Series  B,  IV  L);  for  the  low  benzoate  period, 
0.814  gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  0.879  gram;  for  the  after 
period,  0.789  gram.  We  note  here  a  fall  similar  to  that  observed 
for  the  total  sulphur.  Considering  the  inorganic  sulphur  in  percent- 
ages of  total  sulphur  (Series  D,  IV  L),  we  see  that  the  variations  of 
the  averages  from  period  to  period  are  unimportant,  being  82.7  per 
cent  for  the  fore  period,  79.5  per  cent  for  the  low  benzoate  period, 
79.8  per  cent  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  and  80.7  per  cent  for  the 
after  period. 

ETHEREAL   SULPHUR. 

;  The  average  daily  excretion  of  ethereal  sulphur  for  the  fore  jieriod 
was  0.053  gram  (Series  B,  IV  L) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  0.055 
gram;  for  the  high  benzoate  j)erio(l,  0.058  gram;  for  the  after  period, 
0.048  gram.  The  variations  here  are  small  and  insignificant.  In 
the  fore  period  the  average  ratio  between  inorganic  and  ethereal 
sulphur  was  19.7  (Series  D,  IV  L);  in  the  low  benzoate  i)eriod,  14.7; 
in  the  high  benzoate  period,  15.1;  in  the  after  period,  17.1.  These 
changes  are  so  small  and  fall  so  well  within  physiological  limits  that 
no  significance  can  properly  be  attached  to  them. 


612  SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


NEUTRAL   SULPHUR. 


The  average  daily  output  of  neutral  sulphur  amounted  to  0.165 
gram  for  the  fore  ])oriod  (Series  B,  IV  L),  0.155  gram  for  the  low 
benzoate  period,  0.164  gram  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  and 
0.140  gram  for  the  after  period.  Looking  at  the  neutral  sulphur 
from  the  standpoint  of  its  percentage  of  the  total  sulphur  we  find 
that  during  the  fore  period  the  average  was  13.1  per  cent;  for  the 
low  benzoate  period,  15.1  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period, 
14.9  per  cent;  for  the  after  period,  14.4  per  cent.  These  variations 
are  small  and  fall  well  within  the  variations  observed  under  strictly 
physiological  conditions  and  they  therefore  call  for  no  comment. 


PHOSPHATE    PHOSPHORUS. 


The  average  daily  phosphorus  in  the  form  of  phosphates  of  the 
urine  for  the  fore  period  was  1.51  grams  (Series  B,  IV  L) ;  for  the 
low  benzoate  period,  1.2  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  1.28 
grams ;  for  the  after  period,  1 .09  grams.  These  fluctuations  are  within 
normal  limits. 

INDICAN. 

There  was  in  this  case  a  slight  rise  in  the  intensity  of  the  indican 
reactions  of  the  urine  during  the  high  benzoate  period  (Series  A, 
IV  L) .  As  the  protein  intake  for  this  period  was  somewhat  higher 
than  for  any  other  period,  the  rise  in  the  indican  is  possibly  attribu- 
table to  increased  intestinal  putrefaction  due  to  this  cause,  but  the 
possibilit}^  remains  that  the  increased  intensity  of  the  reactions  was 
dependent  on  the  high  dosage  with  sodium  benzoate. 

INDOLACETIC    ACID. 

Frequent  examinations  were  made  for  the  presence  of  indolacetic 
acid.  It  was  found  to  be  present  at  all  times.  The  reactions  were 
commonl}"  slight,  sometunes  moderately  strong.  There  was  no  evi- 
dence that  the  color  reactions  for  indolacetic  acid  in  the  urine  were 
in  any  way  influenced  by  the  mgestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 


i 


AROM.'X.TIC    OXYACID.«. 


Frec^uent  examinations  were  made  for  the  presence  of  aromatic 
oxyacids.  Color  reactions  were  obtainable  at  all  times  during  the 
experiment.  The  reactions  were  commonly  slight,  sometimes  moder- 
ately strong.  There  was  no  evidence  that  the  color  reactions  for 
aromatic  oxyacids  in  the  urine  were  in  any  way  influenced  by  the 
ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 


CHLORINE    AS    .SODIUM    CHLORIDE. 


The  average  daily  chlorine  excretion  calculated  as  sodium  chloride 
was  11.6  grams  for  the  fore  period  (Series  B,  IV  L),  11.1  grams  for  , 


1 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         613 

the  low  benzoute  period,  11.5  grains  for  the  high  benzoalc  period, 
aiul  11.9  grains  for  the  after  period.  There  is  thus  great  uniformity 
for  the  different  periods. 

TUE    FECES. 


Tlie  chiily  average  weight  of  the  fresh  feces  for  the  fore  period  was 
211.0  grams  (Series  B,  IV  L) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  154.2 
grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period,  138.9  grams;  and  for  the  after 
period,  138.5  grams. 

DRIED. 

The  daily  average  weight  of  the  dried  feces  for  the  fore  period  was 
34.4  grams  (Series  B,  IV  L) ;  for  the  low  benzoate  period,  28.9  grams; 
for  the  high  benzoate  period,  26.5  grams;  and  for  the  after  period,  25.6 
grams. 

ib  WATEK. 

The  percentage  of  water  in  the  fresh  feces  was  nearly  the  same  in 
the  different  periods  (83.7,  81.3,  81.7,  81.2  per  cent,  Series  D,  IV  L); 
in  other  words,  the  weights  of  the  moist  feces  were  very  nearly  pro- 
portional to  the  solids. 

TOTAL   NITROGEN. 

The  average  total  nitrogen  of  the  dried  feces  for  the  fore  period 
amounted  to  1.81  per  cent  (Series  F,  IV  L);  for  the  low  benzoate 
period  to  1.59  per  cent;  for  the  high  benzoate  period  to  1.63  per 
cent;  for  the  after  period  to  1.47  per  cent.  These  variations  are 
seen  to  follow  rather  closely  the  variations  of  the  intake  of  nitrogen 
with  the  food. 

ETHEREAL    EXTRACT. 

The  average  daily  weights  of  the  ethereal  extracts  of  the  dried 
feces  including  the  fatty  acids  of  the  soaps  for  the  various  periods 
were  as  follows  (Series  G,  IV  L):  For  the  fore  period,  6.45  grams; 
for  the  low  benzoate  period,  5.09  grams;  for  the  high  benzoate  period, 
4.60  grams;  for  the  after  period,  3.73  granas. 

FAT  BALANCE. 

In  this  case  (Series  G,  IV  L)  the  daily  average  intake  of  fat  varies 
rather  wideh^  in  the  different  periods,  e.  g.,  from  79.5  grams  for  the 
low  benzoate  period  to  122.6  grams  in  the  high  benzoate  period. 

The  fat  of  the  feces  shows  only  moderate  variations  for  the  different 
periods  in  respect  to  the  percentage  of  neutral  fats,  free  fatty  acids, 
and  fatty  acids  of  soaps.  The  figures  for  these  various  forms  of  fat 
all  lie  W' ithin  the  limits  of  the  normal .  There  is  no  evidence  that  either 
small  or  large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  exerted  any  influence  on  the 
percentage  of  neutral  fats,  fatty  acids,  or  soaps  appearing  in  the  feces> 


614  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALT}!    OF    MAN. 

The  data  bearing  on  the  absorption  of  fat  from  the  intestine  show 
nothuig  worthy  of  special  comment.  The  proportion  of  fat  absorbed 
in  the  difVerent  periods  varies  somewhat  more  widely  than  in  the  other 
cases.  Nevertheless  the  variations  are  small  and  fail  to  give  any 
evidence  that  either  the  small  or  largo  doses  of  benzoate  exerted  any 
influence  on  the  fat  absorption.  The  percentage  of  fat  absorbed 
during  the  different  subperiods  is  as  follows: 

Per  cent. 

Fore  period  (II) 95.  5 

Low  benzoate  period  ( VII ) 92.  6 

Low  benzoate  period  (X) 94.  5 

High  benzoate  period  (XIII  i 95.  8 

High  benzoate  period  (XV  i 96.  4 

After  period  (XVII) 95.  6 

GENERAL  URINARY  EXAMINATION. 
ALBUMIN. 

At  no  time  in  the  course  of  the  experiment  could  albumin  be 
detected  in  the  urine,  even  m  traces.  Examinations  were  made 
with  frequency  and  regularity. 

SUGAR. 

At  no  time  in  the  course  of  the  experiment  could  sugar  be  detected 
in  the  urine.     Examinations  were  made  frequently  and  regularly. 

SEDIMENTS. 

Calcium  oxalate  and  phosphates  were  frequently  observed  as  uri- 
nary sediments,  but  no  more  often  during  the  benzoate  periods  than 
during  the  fore  period  and  the  after  period.  Epithelial  cells  were 
seldom  abundant  and  urates  were  rare.     Casts  were  not  observed. 

The  urines  were  well  preserved  in  a  cool  place,  were  examined 
within  twenty-four  hours  after  being  passed,  and  were  subjected  to 
frequent  and  regular  microscopical  examinations. 

SPECIAL  URINARY  EXAMINATION  FOR  BENZOIC  ACID. 

During  the  high  benzoate  period  the  urine  was  subjected  to  chem- 
ical procedures  designed  to  detect  the  presence  of  benzoic  acid  or 
benzoates.  It  was  impossible  to  detect  the  presence  of  benzoic  acid 
in  the  urine. 


i 


SPECIAL  CHEMICAL  EXAMINATION  OP  THE  FECES. 


The  data  relating  to  the  feces  and  comprised  under  the  above 
title  pertain  to  the  reactions,  the  color,  the  consistence,  the  mercuric 
chloride  reaction  for  hydrobilirubin,  the  p-dimethylamido-benzalde- 
hyde  reaction  for  indol  and  skatol,  and  the  quantitative  determination 
of  hydrogen  sulphide. 


ACTION   OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    THE   HUMAN    BODY.         615 

The  rojictioii  of  tlio  feces  was  usually  alkaline  to  litmus,  very  seldom 
acid.  The  reaction  does  not  appear  to  have  l)een  influenced  by  the 
ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 

The  color  of  the  feces  was  usually  l)rown,  often  yellow  or  yellow- 
brown,  sometimes  black  from  himpblack  or  charcoal  used  for  demar- 
cation. The  color  of  the  feces  appears  to  have  been  uninfluenced  by 
the  takinu^  of  the  sodium  l)enzoate. 

The  consistence  of  the  feces  varied  usually  within  normal  limits 
but  with  a  distinct  tendency  to  soft  movements  with  occasional 
diarrhea."  It  does  not  appear  that  the  consistency  of  the  feces  w^as 
mflucnced  by  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate,  since  the  consist- 
ency of  the  feces  was  not  diminished  during  the  high  benzoate  period 
as  compared  with  the  after  periods. 

The  reaction  for  hydrohiliruhin  was  very  variable,  being  sometimes 
shght,  sometimes  moderate,  sometimes  strong  or  veiy  strong.  It 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  influenced  by  the  use  of  sodium  ben- 
zoate. It  may  be  mentioned  that  in  studies  on  this  subject  made 
independently  of  the  present  investigation,  and  some  time  previously, 
a  distinct  tendency  was  noted  toward  the  development  of  strong 
hydrobilirubin  reactions. 

The  reaction  for  indol  was  usually  slight  or  moderate.  The  reac- 
tions are  perhaps  a  little  stronger  in  the  high  benzoate  period  than 
in  the  remaining  periods.  All  these  reactions  are,  however,  well 
within  the  limits  observed  in  persons  in  what  is  considered  the  best 
of  health.  The  color  reactions  frequenth^  showed  the  blue  tint  point- 
ing to  the  presence  of  skatol.  This  peculiarity  had  been  noticed 
in  this  subject  during  a  long  period  of  study  prior  to  the  present 
investigation.  It  is  not  connected,  therefore,  with  the  ingestion  of 
sodium  benzoate. 

HYDROGEN    SULPHIDE. 

Quantitative  determinations  were  made  of  the  hydrogen  sulphide 
of  the  feces  from  September  5  to  the  end  of  the  experiment  (see 
Series  I,  IV  L).  The  figures  obtained  in  the  present  instance  fall 
well  within  the  limits  of  the  normal.  They  indicate  only  small  per- 
centages of  hydrogen  sulphide,  both  in  the  high  benzoate  period  and 
in  the  after  period.  We  are  thus  justified  in  concluding  that  the 
fixation  of  hydrogen  sulphide  in  the  feces  of  this  subject  was  not 
influenced  by  the  use  of  large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate. 

Note. — In  addition  to  this  chemical  examination,  the  feces  were 
subjected  to  microscopic  study  to  determine  whether  there  were  any 
alterations  in  their  character  indicating  a  diminished  absorption  of 
foodstuffs  (e.  g.,  meat  fiber,  fats,  etc.)  during  the  benzoate  periods. 

a  The  daily  variations  in  the  water  content  of  the  feces  may  be  found  in  the  tables 
relating  to  Case  IV  in  Series  A. 


616  yODIUM    BENZOATE    AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

No  changes  of  tliis  character  were  detectable.     Moreover,  no  increase    i 
in  mucus  was  observable  and  no  increase  in  cellular  elements  (includ- 
ing leucocytes)  derived  from  the  intestinal  wall. 

BACTERIOLOGICAL  EXAMINATION  OF  THE  FECES. 

The  bacteriological  examination  of  the  feces  in  this  case  was  carried 
on  along  the  same  lines  as  already  mentioned  in  the  cases  already 
discussed.  Both  the  direct  examination  of  the  feces  and  the  study 
of  the  fermentation  tube  sediments  showed  the  presence  of  consid- 
erable numbers  of  cocci.  This  peculiarity  was  noted  throughout 
the  benzoate  experiment,  but  was  somewhat  emphasized  about  the 
time  of  the  high  benzoate  period.  As,  however,  this  same  peculiarity 
has  been  noticed  in  a  large  number  of  examinations  made  in  the  year 
preceding  the  dosage  with  benzoate,  it  can  be  attributed  to  conditions 
wholly  distinct  from  the  examination  itself.  The  only  possibiHty 
of  an  influence  on  the  coccal  forms  of  the  feces,  exerted  by  the  ben- 
zoate, relates  to  the  high  benzoate  period.  It  is  possible  that  the 
moderate  increase  in  coccal  forms,  noted  at  this  time,  was  brought  . 
about  by  the  rather  large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate.  No  other  alter- 
ations in  bacterial  types  was  observable  by  the  methods  employed  in 
the  investigation. 

As  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  Series  K,  IV  L,  there  was  observed 
the  smallest  gas  formation  by  the  fecal  flora  at  the  time  of  the  high 
benzoate  dosage.  It  is  probable  that  the  somewhat  prolonged  ten- 
dency to  low  gas  formation,  noted  at  this  time,  was  at  least  inameasure 
attributable  to  the  rise  in  the  dose  of  sodium  benzoate. 

CALORIC  VALUES  OF  THE  FOODSTUFFS. 

The  daily  average  for  the  caloric  value  of  the  food  ingested  was 
as  follows  (Series  H,  lY  L) : 

Calories. 

For  the  fore  period 2,  411 

For  the  low  benzoate  period 2,  357 

For  the  high  benzoate  period 2,  982 

For  the  after  period 2, 567 

These  calorific  values  were  adequate  but  not  excessive  for  a  man 
not  much  above  the  average  weight,  leading  an  indoor  life  and  mod- 
erately active  in  muscular  exercise. 

SPECIAL  CLINICAL  DATA. 
WEIGHT. 

The  variations  in  weight  in  Case  IV  L  are  readily  seen  from  the 
inspection  of  Series  J,  IV  L,  where  they  are  graphically  represented. 

The  weight  of  the  subject  showed  a  fall  from  about  68  kilograms  to 
about  66  kilograms  before  the  low  benzoate  period  was  begun.     The 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         617 

occurrence  of  clij^ostive  disorder  in  this  sul)ject  has  ah'cady  been  men- 
tioned. There  was  ji  sUght  tendency  to  a  rise  in  weiglit  during  the 
high  benzoate  period,  despite  some  digestive  disorder.  (See  also 
Series  A,  IV  L.) 

EXAMINATION    OF    TJIE    BLOOD. 

HEMOOLOBIN. 

The  curve  for  hemoglobin  (Series  L,  Chart  IV)  shows  a  slight  tend- 
ency to  rise  during  the  liigh  benzoate  period.  There  is  no  evidence 
that  the  benzoate  has  had  anv  deleterious  influence  on  the  hemo- 
globin. 

KED    BLOOU    CELLS. 

The  curve  representative  of  the  numbers  of  the  red  blood  cells 
shows  a  sUght  tendency  to  rise  during  the  high  benzoate  period. 
There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  ingestion  of  benzoate  has  had 
any  unfavorable  influence  on  the  red  blood  cells.     (Series L,  Chart  III.) 

WHITE    BLOOD   CELLS. 

The  wliite  blood  cell  curve  shows  only  unimportant  irregularities, 
which  can  not  be  connected  with  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate. 
(Series  L,  Chart  III.) 

The  differential  leucocyte  count  shows  variations  only  within  the 
physiological  limits.     (Series  L,  Charts  I  and  II.) 

FREE    HYDROCHLORIC    ACID. 

The  curve  showing  the  free  hydrochloric  acid  of  the  gastric  juice 
shows  a  rather  marked  rise  during  the  high  benzoate  period.  As  a 
comparable  rise  is  evident  in  all  the  other  subjects,  we  are  disposed 
to  connect  it  with  the  ingestion  of  sodium  benzoate.  (SeriesL,  Charts 
III  and  IV.) 

SUMMARY  OF  CONCLUSIONS  RELATIVE  TO  CASE  IV  L. 

In  stating  the  conclusions  derivable  from  this  investigation  relative 
to  the  action  of  sodium  benzoate  on  the  human  body  it  is  necessary 
to  distinguish  between  the  effects  of  small  doses  (under  0.5  gram 
daily)  and  the  effects  of  large  doses  (over  0.5  gram  daily). 

ACTION   OF   SMALL    DOSES    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE. 

It  may  be  stated  that  no  action  from  small  doses  of  sodium  ben- 
zoate was  detectable  by  the  methods  employed  in  this  investigation 
in  respect  to  the  following  features: 

(1)  The  general  health  of  the  subject  as  indicated  by  the  sub- 

jective and  objective  signs. 

(2)  The  composition  of  the  urine  (with  one  exception,  viz,  the 

physiological  effect  on  the  hippuric  acid  excretion). 

(3)  The  composition  of  the  feces. 


618  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

(4)  The  absorption  of  fats  and  the  fat  balance. 

(5)  The  character  of  the  bacteria  of  the  intestinal  tract. 

(6)  The  wei<>:ht  of  the  body. 

(7)  The  hemoglobin  of  the  blood. 

(8)  The  red  blood  cells. 

(9)  The  white  blood  cells. 

The  observed  rise  in  hippuric  acid  of  the  urine  was  such  as  was  to 
be  expected  from  the  well-known  metabolism  of  benzoic  acid  in  the 
animal  organism. 

ACTION    OF    LARGE   DOSES  OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE. 

It  may  be  stated  that  no  definite  physiological  consequences  of 
large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  were  detectable  by  the  methods  em- 
ployed in  this  investigation,  except  in  the  following  respects: 

(1)  There  was  a  considerable  or  large  rise  in  the  hippuric  acid 
excretion,  such  as  would  be  expected  from  the  doses  of  sodium  ben- 
zoate ingested. 

(2)  There  was  an  increase  of  the  indican  of  the  urine,  not  great  but 
mimistakable.  This  rise  is  possibly  attributable  to  an  action  of  the 
sodium  benzoate  (perhaps  a  slight  irritant  action  in  the  gastro-enteric 
tract),  so  altering  the  secretions  and  bacteria  as  to  favor  intestinal 
putrefaction.  The  behavior  of  the  ethereal  sulphates  indicates  that 
the  rise  in  intestinal  putrefaction  is  slight. 

(.3)  There  was  a  depression  of  the  gas-producing  function  of  the 
mixed  fecal  bacteria  in  dextrose  bouillon. 

(4)  There  was  a  moderate  but  apparently  unmistakable  rise  in  the 
proportion  of  coccal  bacteria  observed  in  the  fermentation  tube  sedi- 
ments derived  from  the  inoculation  of  the  mixed  fecal  flora. 

(5)  There  was  a  distinct  rise  in  the  free  hydrochloric  acid  of  the 
gastric  juice. 

SUMMARY  OF  CONCLUSIONS  RELATIVE  TO  THE   GROUP  OF  PER- 
SONS (FOUR  CASES)  ON  WHICH  THIS  INVESTIGATION  IS  BASED. 

In  stating  the  general  conclusions  relative  to  the  action  of  sodium 
benzoate  on  the  human  body  it  is  necessary  to  distinguish  between 
the  effect  of  small  doses  (under  0.5  gram  daily)  and  the  eflfect  of 
large  doses  (over  0.5  gram  daily). 

ACTION    OF    SMALL    DOSES    OF    SODIUM   BENZOATE 

The  following  general  conclusion  may  be  drawn:  No  action  from 
small  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  was  detectable  by  the  methods  used 
in  this  investigation  in  respect  to  the  following  physiological  features: 

(1)  The  general  health  of  the  subject  as  indicated  by  subjec- 

tive and  objective  signs. 

(2)  The  composition  of  the  urine  (mth  one  exception,  viz,  the 

physiological  effect  on  the  hippuric  acid  excretion). 


_  ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATK    ON    THE    KUMAN    BODY.         019 

(3)  Tlio  composition  of  tho  fec(>s. 

(4)  Tho  absorption  of  fats  and  tho  fat  balance. 

(5)  The  character  of  the  bacteria  of  the  intestinal  tract. 

(6)  The  weiglit  of  the  body. 

(7)  Tlie  heino<xlobin  of  the  blood. 

(8)  The  red  blood  cells. 

(9)  The  white  l)lootl  cells. 

The  observed  rise  in  hippuric  acid  of  the  urine  was  such  as  was  to 
be  expected  from  tlie  well-known  metabolism  of  benzoic  acid  in  the 
animal  organism. 

The  methods  used  in  this  investigation  are  confidently  believed  to 
be  sufficiently  varied  in  sco})e  and  sufficiently  searching  in  their  specific 
qualities  to  have  revealed  significant  modifications  of  normal  physi- 
ological processes  had  such  modifications  been  induced  by  the  use  of 
small  doses  of  sodiuin  benzoate. 

The  only  noteworthy  modification  of  a  physiological  process  which 
was  detected  was  the  rise  in  the  excretion  of  hippuric  acid.  This  rise 
can  not  be  regarded  as  having  any  pathological  significance,  since  it 
falls  well  within  physiological  limits  of  function,  such  as  are  observ- 
able after  the  free  use  of  natural  food  (e.  g.,  certain  fruits  and  berries) 
rich  in  benzoic  acid.  Moreover,  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  process 
of  synthesis  of  benzoic  acid  and  glycocoll  to  hippuric  acid  entails  any 
direct  or  indirect  effects  of  a"  detrimental  nature  on  any  part  of  the 
human  organism,  even  when  the  quantity  of  benzoic  acid  ingested  is 
larger  than  that  employed  in  our  ''low  benzoate"  period,  or  indeed  in 
our  ''high  benzoate"  period.  And,  finally,  there  is  no  reason  to  sup- 
pose that  the  sj^nthesis  and  excretion  of  hippuric  acid  in  the  amounts 
observed  in  our  "low  benzoate"  experiments  has  any  injurious  effect 
on  the  organism  even  when  excretion  in  such  amounts  is  prolonged 
for  months  or  years. 

The  failure  to  detect  significant  departures  from  any  physiological 
processes  may  safely  be  taken  as  a  practical  certainty  that  none  of  the 
experimental  subjects  who  submitted  themselves  to  our  investigation 
derived  any  injurious  effects  therefrom.  The  fact  that  the  com- 
posite curves  made  from  our  subjects  to  indicate  the  body  weight  and 
the  hemoglobin  percentage  show  a  rise  both  in  weight  and  in  hemo- 
globin for  the  entire  benzoate  experiment  (low  benzoate  period  and 
high  benzoate  period)  is  a  practical  and  obvious  confirmation  of  this 
conclusion  derived  from  two  important  indices  of  physiological  well 
being  or  health. 

ACTION    OF    LARGE    DOSES    OF    SODIUM    BENZOATE. 

It  may  be  stated  that  no  definite  physiological  consequences  of 
large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate  were  detectable  by  the  methods 
employed  in  this  investigation  except  in  the  following  instances: 


620  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

(1)  There  was  a  considerable  or  large  rise  in  the  hippuric  acid 
excretion,  such  as  would  be  expected  from  the  doses  of  sodium  ben- 
zoate  ingested.  The  significance  of  this  rise  has  been  discussed  at 
suflicient  length  in  the  preceding  section  dealing  with  small  doses  of 
sodium  benzoate. 

(2)  There  was  an  increase  of  the  indican  of  the  urine,  not  great 
but  unmistakable.  This  rise,  discernible  in  all  four  subj-ects,  seems 
attributable  to  an  action  of  the  sodium  benzoate,  as  other  known 
factors  in  the  experimental  conditions  fail  to  satisfactorily  account 
for  it.  It  is  perhaps  attributable  to  a  slight  irritant  action  on  the 
gastroenteric  tract,  so  altering  the  secretions  or  bacteria  (or  both) 
as  to  favor  intestinal  putrefaction. 

(3)  There  was  a  depression  of  the  gas-forming  function  of  the  mixed 
fecal  bacteria. 

(4)  There  was  a  moderate  but  apparently  unmistakable  rise  in  the 
proportion  of  coccal  bacteria  observed  in  the  fermentation  tube 
sediment  derived  from  the  inoculation  of  the  mixed  fecal  flora.  The 
precise  significance  of  this  phenomenon  and  of  the  depression  in 
gas  production  noted  in  paragraph  (3)  is  not  known,  but  both  condi- 
tions are  frequently  associated  with  slight  or  pronounced  inflam- 
matory affections  of  the  gastro-enteric  tract. 

(5)  There  was  a  distinct  rise  in  the  free  hydrochloric  acid  of  the 
gastric  juice.  In  relation  to  this  feature.  Dr.  J.  S.  Thacher  makes  the 
following  comments: 

Ou  reviewing  the  findings,  one  result  appears  rather  striking,  the  marked  and,  after 
the  first  few  weeks,  fairly  continuous  increase  in  the  amount  of  free  hydrochloric 
acid.  The  observations  which  I  have  included  among  the  charts  showing  the  effect 
of  the  addition  of  benzoate  of  soda  to  specimens  of  gastric  contents  demonstrated,  as 
was  to  be  expected,  that  the  direct  effect  of  such  addition  is  to  diminish  the  amount 
of  free  hydrochloric  acid.  The  low  figures  for  free  hydrochloric  acid  in  the  early 
weeks  and  their  later  increase  might  possibly  be  accounted  for  in  part  by  the  nervous 
disturbance  associated  with  the  unaccustomed  procedure  of  gastric  expression  and  the 
later  diminution  of  this  disturbance  as  the  subject  became  accustomed  to  the  pro- 
cedure, but  I  do  not  believe  that  this  can  account  for  the  great  and  steady  increase 
in  the  amounts  of  free  hydrochloric  acid.  (Excerpt  from  letter  of  Dr.  J.  S.  Thacher. 
dated  December  16,  1908.) 

If  it  were  necessary  to  give  an  opinion  as  to  the  cause  of  the  devia- 
tions, for  the  most  part  slight  deviations,  from  physiological  functions, 
wliich  should  account  for  the  phenomena  noted  in  paragraphs  2, 
3,  4,  and  5,  we  would  offer  the  hypothesis  that  the  phenomena  in 
question  are  best  accounted  for  on  the  supposition  that  the  gastro- 
enteric muscosa  in  some  part  of  its  course  had  been  subjected  to 
slight  stimulant  or  irritative  action  and  that  this  action  was  exerted 
by  the  continued  use  of  rather  large  doses  of  sodium  benzoate. 


AOTION    UF   SODIUM    BENZOATK    ON    THE    UUMAM    bODY.         021 
METHODS. 


URINE. 


PRELIMINARY    PUOCEDURE. 


Each  24-hour  sample  was  collected  in  a  bottle  containing  5  c.  c. 
of  a  10  per  cent  solution  of  tln'uiol  in  chloroform.  The  samples 
during  collection  and  (hiring  the  period  of  analysis  were  kept  as  much 
as  possible  in  a  refrigerator." 

Witli  few  exceptions,  the  urines  were  collected  for  periods  of  48 
and  I'l  hours.  All  analyses  were  made  in  duplicates  on  a  uniform 
sample  covering  the  j^eriod  of  collection.  The  results  recorded  are 
uniformly  based  on  a  volume  representing  a  24-hour  collection. 
When  the  period  of  collection  was  48  hours  or  longer,  the  results 
recorded  represent  the  average  for  24  hours. 


TOT.M;    NITRO<iEN. 


The  total  nitrogen  was  estimated  according  to  the  Kjeldahl  method 
by  digesting  5  c.  c.  of  the  urine  with  20  c.  c.  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid,  a  small  quantity  of  copper  sulphate  and  10  grams  of  potassium 
sulphate;  chstilling  alkaline  with  sodium  hydroxide  into  quarter  nor- 
mal hydrochloric  acid ;  titrating  with  quarter  normal  ammonia,  using 
a  few  drops  of  an  alcoholic  solution  of  alizarin  as  indicator. 


UREA    NITROGE>f. 


The  urea  nitrogen  was  estimated  according  to  the  method  of  Folin 
(Ajnerican  Journal  of  Physiology,  Vol.  XIII,  p.  45,  1905),  digesting 
one  and  one-half  to  two  hours,  and  distilling  in  somewhat  more 
strongly  alkaline  solution. 

«To  test  the  question  of  decomposition  the  ammonia  of  a  given  urine  thus  treated 
was  estimated  by  Folin 's  method  on  successive  dates.  The  following  table  shows 
the  titrations  of  the  excess  of  acid,  having  used  the  same  amount  for  each  determi- 
nation, with  the  quarter  normal  NH4OH  solution: 


June  17. 

Juno  18. 

June  19. 

June  20. 

June  22. 

I 
n 

c.  c. 
3.8.') 
4.0 

C.  f . 
3.85 
3.90 

c.c. 
3.90 
3.90 

c.c. 
3.95 

c.  c. 
4.0 

In  regard  to  the  use  of  chloroform  as  possibly  affecting  the  chlorine  estimation  portions 
of  a  freshly  voided  sample  of  urine  gave  in  titration,  3.95  c.  c.  and  3.95  c.  c,  NH^CNS 
solution;  portions  of  the  same  sample  treated  with  chloroform  gave  after  two  days,  3.95 
c.  c.  and  4  c.  c.  NH^CNS  solution;  after  five  days  the  titration  with  NH4CNS  solution 
amounted  to  3.9  c.  c.  and  4  c.  c.  The  decomposition  of  chloroform,  under  the  pre- 
vailing conditions,  with  liberation  of  hydrochloric  acid,  is  therefore  a  slow  one  and 
not  of  importance  in  the  present  investigation. 


622  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

AMMONIA    NITROGEN. 

According  to  Folin  (loc.  citj. 

TOTAL   PURIN    NITROGEN. 

The  uric  acid  nitrogen  was  estimated  according  to  the  method  of 
Folin  (loc.  cit.)  and  the  remaining  purin  nitrogen  according  to  the 
method  of  Kriiger  and  Schmidt  (Zeitschrift  fiir  physiologische 
Chemie,  Band  XLV,  p.  1,  1905),  by  precipitating  the  total  purin 
bodies  with  sodium  bisulphite  and  copper  sulphate  solutions,  decom- 
posing ^vith  sodium  sulphide,  oxidizing  the  uric  acid  with  manga- 
nese choxide,  precipitating  the  remaining  purin  bodies  with  sodium 
bisulpliite  and  copper  sulphate  solutions,  and  estimating  the  nitrogen 
of  the  precipitate  by  the  Kjeldahl  method,  using  tenth  normal  acid 
and  alkali  and  alizarin  as  indicator. 

URIC    ACID   NITROGEN. 

According  to  Folin  (loc.  cit.). 

CREATININ    NITROGEN. 

According  to  Folin  (loc.  cit.). 

HIPPURIC   ACID    NITROGEN. 

To  1 00  c.  c.  of  urine  evaporated  practically  to  dryness  on  the  water 
bath  are  added  1.0  gram  of  acid  sodium  phosphate,  NaHjPO^,  and 
about  15  grams  of  calcium  sulphate  (gypsum).  The  finely  powdered 
mass  after  being  thoroughly  dried  in  the  oven  is  transferred  to  an 
extraction  thimble,  and  extracted  2  hours  with  a  rapid  flow  of  ethyl 
acetate  in  a  Soxhlet  extractor.  The  ethyl  acetate  extract  measuring 
about  100  c.  c,  completely  transferred  to  a  separating  funnel,  is 
washed  by  shaking  vigorously  with  four  successive  portions  of  1 0  c.  c. 
saturated  sodium  chloride  solution.  The  washed  ethyl  acetate 
solution  is  transferred  to  a  Kjeldahl  flask,  25  c.  c.  of  water  are  added, 
the  ethyl  acetate  removed  by  distillation,  and  the  nitrogen  of  the 
hippuric  acid  residue  determined  by  the  Kjeldahl  method,  using  tenth 
normal  acid  and  alkali,  and  alizarin  as  indicator. 

UNDETERMINED   NITROGEN. 

The  undetermined  nitrogen  represents  the  difference  between  the 
total  nitrogen  and  the  sum  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  following  bodies: 
Urea,  ammonia,  purin,  creatinin,  and  hippuric  acid. 

TOTAL   SULPHUR. 

Ten  cubic  centimeters  of  urine  are  completely  oxidized  in  a  300 
c.  c.  Kjeldahl  flask  with  15  c.  c.  fuming  nitric  acid  according  to  the 
method  of  Schulz  (Pfluger's  Archiv.,  vol.  121,  p.  114).     The  total 


ACTION   OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN    BODY.         623 

sulphur  ill  the  ash,  after  dissolvmo;  m  dilute  hydrochloric  acid  and 
diluting,  is  determined  according  to  Folin's  method  (Journal  of  Bio- 
logical Chemistry,  vol.  1,  p.  131,  1906). 

INORGANIC   SULPHUR. 

According  to  Folin  (loc.  cit.). 

ETHERKAL    SULPHUR. 

According  to  Folin  (loc.  cit.). 

NEtJTRAL    SULPHUR. 

The  neutral  sulphur  was  estimated  by  subtracting  the  sum  of  the 
inorganic  and  ethereal  sulphur  from  the  total  sulphur. 

PHOSPHATE    PHOSPHORUS. 

The  phosphorus  was  estimated  according  to  the  method  described 
in  Neubauer  und  Vogel's  Analyse  des  Hams,  1890,  page  730,  by 
titrating  with  uranium  nitrate  in  the  presence  of  sodium  acetate  and 
acetic  acid,  using  cochineal  as  indicator. 


According  to  Folin  (American  Journal  of  Physiology,  Vol.  XIII, 
p.  45,  1905). 

CHLORINE    AS    SODIUM    CHLORIDE. 

Volhard's  method  (Neubauer  und  Vogel,  Analyse  des  Hams,  1890, 
p.  705). 

ALBUMIN. 

The  tests  employed  for  the  detection  of  albumin  were  as  follows: 
The  heat  test,  made  by  heating  a  portion  of  the  clear  urine  with  a 
drop  of  nitric  acid,  also  by  treating  the  hot  clear  urine  with  a  drop  of 
trichloracetic  acid  in  a  darkened  room  holding  the  test  tube  before  a 
highly  illuminated  slit;  the  contact  test,  made  by  bringing  the  clear 
urine  in  contact  with  nitric  acid  and  also  with  trichloracetic  acid  with- 
out mixing. 

SUGAR. 

The  presence  of  reducing  substances  in  the  urine  was  tested  for  by 
heating  the  urine  with  Fehling's  solution. 

FECES. 

The  periods  during  which  the  feces  were  collected  conformed  to  the 
urinary  periods  and  food  periods,  and  were  ascertained  by  marking 
with  lampblack. 


624  SODIUM    BENZOATE  AND  THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 


The  feces  of  one  day  were  intimately  mixed  and  divided  into  three 
equal  portions.  One  portion,  slightly  acidified  with  sulphuric  acid 
and  evaporated  to  dryness  on  the  water  bath  and  dried  in  the  oven, 
was  used  for  the  estimation  of  total  nitrogen  and,  incidentally,  of, 
water.  A  second  unacidified  ])ortion  was  likewise  evaporated  to 
drjTiess  and  used  for  the  estimation  of  total  ether  extract,  including 
neutral  fats,  free  fatty  acids,  and  the  fatty  acids  of  soaps,  and  uIsm 
water.  The  percentage  of  water  of  fresh  feces  recorded  in  the  tables 
is  the  average  of  these  two  estimations  on  each  sample.  The  third 
portion  was  used  for  qualitative  tests,  including  hydrobilinibin  and 
indol,  for  the  quantitative  estimation  of  hydrogen  sulphide,  and  for 
the  bacteriological  examination. 

TOTAL   NrrROGEX. 

Aliquot  portions,  usually  one-tenth,  of  the  finely  divided,  dried 
feces  from  the  acidified  samples  collected  during  a  given  period  were 
weighed  out  and  added  together.  Duplicate  analyses  for  total  nitro- 
gen were  made  on  the  intimately  mixed  samples  thus  obtained  by 
the  Kjeldahl  method,  digesting  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid, 
copper  sulphate,  and  potassium  sulphate. 

TOTAL    ETHER    EXTRACT,    NEUTRAL    FATS,    AND    FREE    FATTY   ACIDS. 

Representative  samples  from  aliquot  portions  of  the  nonacidified 
dried  feces  for  the  given  periods  were  likewise  obtained,  and  the 
method  employed  for  the  estimation  of  the  total  ether  extract,  includ- 
ing neutral  fats,  free  fatty  acids,  and  fatty  acids  of  soaps,  was  essen- 
tially that  described  by  F.  Miiller  (Zeitschr.  f.  klinische  Medicin, 
vol.  12,  p.  45,  1887),  and  was  as  follows:  1 

Two  grams  of  finely  divided  and  thoroughly  dried  feces  were 
extracted  in  a  Soxhlet  condenser  18  to  20  hours  with  Kahlbaum's 
low-boiling  petroleum  ether.  The  ether  extract,  representing  the 
neutral  fats  and  free  fatty  acids,  was  thoroughly  dried  and  weighed. 
This  extract  was  then  dissolved  in  petroleum  ether  and  alcohol  and 
the  free  fatty  acids  estimated  by  titrating  with  a  standard  solution  of 
potassium  hydroxide  in  alcohol,  using  phenolphthalein  as  indicator. 
The  free  fatty  acids  thus  measured  were  calculated  as  stearic  acid. 

The  contents  of  the  extraction  thimble,  containing  the  soaps,  were 
treated  with  a  dilute  solution  of  hydrochloric  acid  and  evaporated 
to  dryness.  The  finely  divided  and  thoroughly  dried  residue  w;i- 
extracted  with  petroleum  ether  as  before,  and  the  dried  extract  repre- 
senting the  fatty  acids  of  the  soaps  was  weighed.  This  weight  added 
to  the  weight  of  the  first  extract  represents  the  weight  of  the  total  ether 
extract,  or  "total  fats"  recorded  in  the  tables. 


ACTION   OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN   BODY.         625 

Duplicate  analyses  were  made  throughout,  with  the  exception  of 
those  subperiods  in  the  case  of  Subjects  III  O  and  IV  L  during  which 
the  food  was  not  collected,  when  single  analyses  only  were  made. 

HYDROBILIRUBIN. 

According  to  Schmidt  (Verhandl.  d.  Congresses  f.  inn.  Medicin, 
vol.  13,  p.  320,  1895). 

A  few  grams  of  the  fresh  feces  are  rubbed  up  in  a  mortar  with  a 
solution  of  mercuric  chloride,  and  the  presence  and  intensity  of  the 
reaction  notetl  by  the  pink  or  salmon  color  developed  on  standing. 


Ten  grams  of  fresh  feces  in  100  c.  c.  water  acidified  with  sul- 
phuric acid  are  distilled,  and  the  distillate  treated  with  a  few  drops 
of  dimethylamido-benzaldehyde  solution  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  a 
pink  coloration  showing  the  presence  of  indol,  a  blue  or  violet  color 
showing  the  presence  of  skatol. 

HYDROGEN    SULPHIDE. 

A  stream  of  air  properly  washed  is  drawn  through  a  suspension  of 
finely  divided  fresh  feces  in  water  acidulated  with  sulphuric  acid, 
then  through  a  calcium  chloride  tube  containing  cotton,  and  finally 
through  a  solution  of  lead  acetate  acidulated  with  acetic  acid.  The 
precipitated  lead  sulphide  is  filtered,  dried,  and  weighed. 

BACTERIOLOGICAL    EXAMINATION. 

The  methods  employed  are  described  in  the  section  on  the  "Bac- 
teriological examination  of  the  feces"  relating  to  Subject  I  R. 

FOOD. 

TOTAL    NITROGEN. 

The  total  nitrogen  of  the  foods  was  estimated  by  the  Kjeldahl 
method,  oxidizing  with  concentrated  sulphuric  acid,  copper  sul- 
phate, and  potassium  sulphate,  distilling  with  concentrated  sodium 
hydroxide  and  titrating  with  quarter-normal  hydrochloric  acid  and 
ammonia,  using  alizarin  as  indicator. 

Duplicate  analyses  were  made  throughout. 

For  estimating  the  total  nitrogen  of  all  the  food  material  for  the 
different  periods  two  distinct  methods  were  employed  during  the 
course  of  the  experiment.  For  Periods  I  to  V,  inclusive,  for  both 
Subjects  I  R  and  II  H  nitrogen  estimations  on  the  foodstufi's  for 
each  day  were  made. 

For  all  other  periods  for  the  four  men,  including  also  Period  V  of 
Subjects  I  R  and  II  H,  composite  samples  of  the  food  material  were 
70111— No.  88—09 40 


626 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


obtained  by  taking  aliquot  portions,  usually  one-fifth,  of  each  food- 
stuff consumed  and  putting  it  aside  preserved  with,  sodium  fluoride 
in  a  jar.  At  tlie  close  of  the  period  the  contents  of  the  jar  were  ren- 
dered uniform  by  being  passed  through  a  fine  meat  chopper  and  the 
total  mass  weighed  without  loss.  Uniform  samples  were  taken  for 
the  estimation  of  total  nitrogen.  In  Period  V,  Subjects  I  R  and 
II  H,  the  two  methods  gave  the  followdng  results: 


Total  nitrogen  by  analysis  of  Individual  foods. 
Total  nitroRen  of  composite  samples 


Subject  I  R. 


97.0 
96.7 


Subject  U  H. 


nil 

111.7 


Closel}"  agreeing  results  by  use  of  the  two  methods  are  reported 
in  Bulletin  No.  117,  Office  of  Experiment  Stations,  U.  S.  Department 
of  Agriculture  (1902),  pages  42  and  43. 

TOTAL   ETHER   EXTRACTS,    NEUTRAL  FATS,    AND   FREE   FATTY  ACIDS. 

Portions  of  the  composite  samples  were  evaporated  to  dryness,  and 
the  finely  divided  and  thoroughly  dried  residue  extracted  with 
Kahlbaum's  low-boiling  petroleum  ether,  following  the  same  pro- 
cedure as  that  employed  on  dried  feces  for  the  estimation  of  total 
ether  extract,  mcluding  neutral  fats  and  free  fatty  acids. 

CALORIC    VALUE. 

In  Subperiods  I  to  V,  inclusive,  for  Subjects  I  R  and  II  H,  the 
fuel  value  for  the  subperiods  was  calculated  from  the  individual  foods 
consumed  by  data  obtained  from  Bulletin  No.  28,  Office  of  Experi- 
ment Stations,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  (1906).  For  the 
other  periods  the  total  weight  of  dried  food,  less  the  ash,  was  cal- 
culated from  composite  samples.  The  proteins  were  calculated  by 
multipl3'ing  the  nitrogen  content  by  6.25.  The  carbohydrates  were 
considered  to  be  represented  by  the  residue  after  subtracting  the 
proteins,  ether  extracts,  and  ash.  It  was  assumed  that  1  gram  of 
protein  as  well  as  1  gram  of  carbohydrate  yields  4.1  calories,  and 
1  gram  of  fat,  9.3  calories. 


APPENDIX. 

It  is  essential  to  the  completeness  of  this  report  to  append  the  daily  food  charts, 
showing  the  daily  intake  of  food.  In  the  case  of  Subjects  I  R  and  II  II  the  quantities 
of  the  A-arious  foods  are  given  for  the  entire  time  covered  by  the  investigation.  For 
Subjects  III  O  and  IV  L  the  data  given  relate  to  a  part  only  of  the  experimental 
period.  The  arrangement  of  the  data  relating  to  the  nitrogen  of  the  food,  where  such 
data  are  given,  is  self-explanatory. 

DAILY  FOOD  CHARTS. 


Subject  I  R. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


Weight 
of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  I. 

June  IS,  1908. 

Soup 

Beef 

Potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Vegetables 

Cake 

Strawberries 

Bananas 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 


June  16,  190S. 

Soup 

Beef 

Potatoes 

Eggs 

Bacon 

Tomatoes 

Green  peas 

Ice  cream 

Cereal 

Straw  lorries 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Coffee 

Tea 


June  17,  1908. 

Soup 

Chicken 

Beef 

Potatoes 

Lettuce 

Pickles 

Cheese 

Custard 

Cereal 

Bananas 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Milk 


Grams. 

188.8 

115.9 

151.1 

80.4 

40.7 

48.6 

17.3.0 

110.2 

72.6 

14.6 

220.0 


243.0 

152.5 

186.8 

97.1 

40.2 

89.7 

19.1 

138.6 

100.5 

111.3 

134.0 

28.0 

220.0 

113.2 

140.0 


188.0 

47.8 

96.5 

125.7 

16.0 

77.0 

8.2 

109.2 

142.0 

103.5 

188.4 

27.6 

16.0 

168.0 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


1.15 

6.90 
.89 
.14 
22 

hl3 
.17 
.21 

1.31 
.16 
.59 


4.17 
.32 

2.11 

2.14 
.14 
.84 
.77 
.30 
.18 

1.31 
.16 
..59 
.06 
.02 


.24 

4.70 

5.06 

.29 

.19 

.11 

2.32 

.98 

.31 

.21 

1.31 

.16 


.59 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 

2.10 

8.03 

1.35 

.11 

.09 

.55 

.31 

.23 

.95 

.02 

1.31 


15.05 


.67 

6.37 
.54 

2.05 
.86 
.13 
.16 

1.06 
..30 
.20 

1.76 
.04 

1.31 
.07 
.03 


15.55 


.45 
2.24 
4.88 
.36 
.03 
.09 
.19 
1.07 
.44 
.22 
2.47 
.05 


1.00 
13.49 


Subject  I  R. 


Date  and  kind  of  food.      ^q{^!^^ 


SUBPERIOD  I— Con. 

June  IS.  1908. 

Soup 

Chicken 

Pork  chops 

Potatoes 

Green  peas 

Tomatoes 

Salad 

Rice 

Sauce 

Peaches 

Strawberries 

Cereal 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 


June  19, 1908. 

Soup 

Beefsteak 

Cold  boiled  ham 

Fried  eggs 

Potatoes 

Corn  flakes 

Tomatoes 

Lettuce 

Pickles 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Cereal 

Peaches 

Bananas 

Strawberries 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 


June  20,  1908. 

Soup 

Lamb  chops 

Liver 

Bacon 

Eggs 

Steak 

Potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Lettuce 


Grams. 
174.1 
82.2 
32.9 
97.0 
51.5 
56.8 
66.2 
42.5 
38.3 
148.7 
149.3 
86.8 
440.0 
221.3 
39.2 
19.4 


180. 0 

70.0 

37.1 

86.5 

172.0 

78.5 

58.7 

30.5 

54.0 

45.2 

121.0 

154.0 

116.0 

142.5 

740.0 

226.0 

67.6 

18.6 


244.6 
129.2 
43.3 
15.0 
44.4 
40.1 
96.0 
75.2 
38.8 


Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 


0.45 
4.72 
3.99 
.33 
.84 
.14 
.19 
.32 
.60 
.11 
.18 
.32 
.59 
1.31 
.16 


.22 

4.51 

3.66 

2.14 

..37 

1.00 

.14 

.19 

.12 

.78 

.33 

.11 

.21 

.16 

.59 

1.31 

.16 


.20 

4.89 

4.09 

2.62 

2.10 

4.57 

.22 

.14 

.19 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 

0.79 

3.88 

L31 

.32 

.43 

.09 

.12 

.13 

.23 

.17 

.27 

.28 

2.62 

2.90 

.06 


13.60 


.40 
3.16 
1.36 
1.83 
.63 
.79 
.09 
.06 
.07 
.35 
.40 
.17 
.24 
.26 
4.40 
2.96 
.11 


.50 
6.31 
1.77 

.38 

L83 
.21 
.11 

.07 


627 


628  SODIUM    BENZOATE  AND   THE   HEALTH    OF   MAN. 

Daily  food  c/wrte— Continued. 


Subject  I  B. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  I— Con. 
June  20,  /90S— Cont'd. 


Pickles 

Ice  cream 

Cake 

Cereal 

Peaches 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Strawberries . 


June  21,  1908. 


Soup 

Roast  beef. . . 

Potatoes 

String  lieans . 

Lettuce 

Pickles 

Ice  cream 

Cake 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Coffee 

Sugar 


June  22,  1008. 


Soup 

Steak 

Roast  beef. . . 
Lamb  chops . 

Potatoes 

String  beans . 

Tomatoes 

Lettuce 

Cream  puff . . 

Pickles 

Cereal 

Strawberries . 

Peaches 

MUk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 


SUBPERIOD  II. 
June  2S,  1908. 


Soup 

Lamb  roast. . 
Lamb  chops . 

Potatoes 

Strawberries . 

Peaches 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 


Per 

,,,  .  .J  I    cent 
^V«'Bhtl  nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


of  food. 


Orams. 
55.5 
50.0 
84.0 
169.8 
223.7 
640.0 
135.8 
21.0 
65.0 
125.0 


290.0 

151.0 

134.1 

62.0 

39.5 

26.5 

151.  6 

29.0 

470.0 

96.5 

20.7 

80.0 

20.0 


212.2 
52.5 
34.6 
31.6 
151.7 
10.0 
48.9 
44.5 
82.0 
51.7 
174.2 
154.3 
100.8 
660.0 
134.  4 
47.0 
14.5 


0.13 
.58 
.79 
.22 
.11 
.59 

1.31 
.16 


213.6 

73.4 

57.1 

194.9 

186.0 

153.5 

660.0 

93.0 

34.1 

21.4 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


,16 


Grams. 

0.07 

.29 

.66 

.38 

.25 

3.81 

1.78 

.03 


Subject  I  R. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


Weight 
of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  II— Con. 
June  24,  1908. 


.20 

4.18 

.22 

.21 

.19 

.12 

.58 

1.11 

.60 

1.30 

.16 

.06 


.49 

4.03 

3.71 

4.20 

.3.5 

.21 

.14 

.19 

1.06 

.12 

.37 

.18 

.11 

.60 

1.31 

.16 


.21 
4.64 
4.64 
.23 
.18 
.11 
.49 
1.31 
.16 


.20 


Soup 

Steak 

Roast  lamb. 

Potatoes 

Tomatoes . . . 
Pickles . 


15.59 


.58 
6.33 
.29 
.13 
.07 


.32 

2.80 

1.26 

.03 

.05 


12.82 


1.03 

2.12 

1.28 

1.33 

.54 

.02 

.07 

.09 

.87 

.06 

.63 

.28 

.11 

3.93 

1.76 

.07 


14.19 


.46 
3.33 

2.65 
.44 
.34 
.17 
3.24 
1.22 
.06 


Corn  flakes . 

Peaches 

Strawberries . 
Blackberries . 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter , 

Sugar 


June  25,  1908. 


Soup 

Lamb 

Ham 

Eggs 

Potatoes 

String  beans . 

Lettuce 

Corn  flakes . . 

Ice  cream 

Tarts 

Blackberries . 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 


June  26,  1908. 


Soup 

Fish 

Hamburg  steak. . . 
Boiled  potatoes. . . 
Creamed  potatoes. 

Fried  onions 

Cabbage 

Tomatoes 

Cream  puff 

Pears 

Peaches 

Com  flakes 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 


11.91 


Grams. 

156.5 
92.7 
47.6 

194.4 
66.5 
55.2 


Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Creampuff 65.3 


27.8 
134.5 
182.5 
117.5 
880.0 
164.0 
50.3 
22.0 


0.24 

4.33 

4.64 

.30 

.14 

.12 

.95 

1.07 

.11 

.18 

.21 

.49 

1.31 

.16 


Grams. 

0.38 

4.01 

2.21 

.59 

.10 

.07 

.62 

.31 

.15 

.33 

.24 

4.31 

2.15 


230.0 
98.3 
33.0 
84.0 

265.9 
63.0 

103.5 
24.7 

143.0 
79.0 

128.5 

660.0 

109.4 
40.8 


180.0 

96.6 

102.2 

193.1 

139.5 

27.3 

30.5 

72.8 

76.8 

31.0 

134.5 

29.5 

220.0 

142.5 

51.0 

55.7 


.49 

4.  .35 

3.91 

2.11 

.29 

.24 

.19 

1.07 

.34 

.50 

.21 

.49 

L31 

.16 


15.55 


1.13 

4.27 

1.29 

1.77 

.78 

.15 

.11 

.26 

.49 

.40 

.27 

3.23 

1.43 

.07 


June  27,  1908. 

Soup 

Chicken 

Boiled  ham 

Lamb  chops 

Poiatoos 

Tomatoes 

Peaches  and  custard 

Peaches 

Blackberries 

Cereal 

Milk 


215.0 
95.3 
22.5 
67.2 
209.6 
105.0 
151.3 
98.4 
104.6 
162.8 
440.0 


.32 

3.33 

3.56 

.26 

.34 

.34 

.35 

.14 

.27 

.10 

.11 

1.07 

.49 

1.31 

.16 


15.65 


.58 

3.22 

3.64 

.51 

.47 

.09 

.10 

.11 

.83 

.31 

.15 

.32 

1.08 

1.87 


13.36 


.33 

.72 

4.59 

4.37 

4.71 

1.07 

4.69 

3.15 

.47 

.99 

.14 

.15 

.94 

1.42 

.11 

.11 

.21 

.22 

,40 

.64 

.49 

2.16 

ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN    BODY.         629 
Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  I  R. 


Bate  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  II— Con. 

JuneZr,  1908— Con. 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 


June  S8,  1908 

Soup 

Chicken 

Gravy 

Potatoes .'. 

Beans 

Lettuce 

Jelly 

Cream 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 


SUBPERIOD  III. 

July  3,  1908. 

Soup 

Lamb  chops 

Roast  lamb 

String  beans 

Baked  potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Com  flakes 

Raspberries 

Peaches 

Muskmelon 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 


July  4,  1908. 

Soup 

Lamb  chops 

Potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Cucumber 

Com  flakes 

Peaches 

Raspberries 

Milk 

Cheese 

Bread 

Butter 


Weight 
of  food. 


Qrams. 
133.4 
39.0 
83.5 


229.0 

132.9 
29.0 
82.0 
64.6 
30.2 

122. 6 
23.8 

220.0 
78.2 
20.5 


203.0 
62.9 
50.6 
60.8 
66.0 
125.0 
22.0 
115.0 
101.0 
130.4 
980.0 
170.7 
66.3 
95.0 


July  5,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Lamb  chops 

Fried  potatoes 

Turnips 

Lettuce 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Milk 


199.0 

83.0 

50.2 

97.0 

36.2 

33.0 

440.0 

105.7 

660.0 

55.1 

179.5 

12.0 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


1.31 
.16 


211.5 
58.5 
38.2 
47.3 
94.0 
16.5 

134.1 
95.3 
19.1 
19.0 

220.0 


.55 

4.52 

6.25 

.21 

.64 

.14 

1.07 

.12 

.11 

.10 

.49 

1.31 

.16 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 
1. 75 
.06 


.45 

1.05 

4.42 

5.88 

.48 

.15 

.70 

.57 

.28 

.18 

.19 

.06 

.18 

.22 

.14 

.03 

.49 

1.08 

1.31 

1.02 

.16 

.03 

.49 


10.27 


1.11 

2.84 

2.66 

.02 

.42 

.16 

.23 

.13 

.10 

.13 

4.80 

2.24 

.11 


Subject  I  R. 


14.95 


.M 

1.08 

4.75 

3.94 

.64 

.32 

.14 

.14 

.11 

.04 

1.07 

.35 

.11 

.13 

.16 

.17 

.49 

3.23 

4.99 

2.75 

1.31 

2.35 

.16 

.02 

14.  52 


.M 

1.15 

5.  51 

3.22 

5.50 

2.10 

i.o;^ 

.49 

.21 

.20 

.19 

.03 

.11 

.15 

1.31 

1.51 

.16 

.03 

1.08 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


Weight 
of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  III— Con. 

July  I!,  i:h)S. 

Soup 

Roast  beef 

Ham 

Potatoes 

Beets 

Cauliflower 

Lettuce 

Fried  eggs 

Onions 

Com  flakes 

Orange 

Peaches 

Bananas 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


July  7,  1908. 

Soup 

Steak 

Roast  beef 

Mashed  potatoes 

French  fried  potatoes. 

Carrots 

Onions,  fried 

Tart 

Com  flakes 

Raspberries 

Blackberries 

Bananas 

Bread 

Butter 

MUk 

Sugar 


Qrams. 

214.3 
83.8 
23.5 

160.0 
58.2 

126.4 
8.3 
45.8 
21.0 
26.0 
85.0 

123.0 

115.6 

201.2 
69.0 

930.0 
90.5 


July  8,  1908. 

Soup 

Chicken 

Gravy 

lyamb  chops 

String  beans 

Potatoes 

Rice 

Tomatoes 

Lettuce 

Cream  pull 

Com  flakes 

Blackberries 

Orange 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 


July  9,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Steak 

BoUed  potatoes . . . 

Fried  potatoes 

Com 

String  beans 

Tomatoes 


163.0 
52.5 
40.5 
78.2 
75.5 
35.5 
37.0 
82.9 
22.0 
94.5 

126.2 
90.0 

158.7 
42.0 

735.0 
60.0 


Per 
cent 
nitro- . 
gen  of 
food. 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


206.0 
72.5 
44.7 
81.5 
25.0 

183.5 
57.0 
57.5 
44.9 
71.7 
26.5 

120.5 
98.0 

122.0 

173.0 
58.5 

880.0 


230.5 
119.5 
78.5 
8L0 
86.5 
44.7 
42.1 
63.5 


0.  32 

3.88 

4.43 

.39 

.36 

.37 

.19 

2.11 

.16 

1.07 

.13 

.11 

.21 

1.31 

.16 

.49 


.56 

5.23 

5.23 

.42 

.85 

.21 

.69 

.57 

1.07 

.16 

.21 

.21 

1.31 

.16 

.49 


Qrams. 

0.71 

3.25 

1.01 

.62 

.21 

.47 

.02 

.97 

.03 

.28 

.11 

.14 

.24 

2.64 

.11 

4.56 


.51 

5.14 
.50 

3.93 
.28 
.38 
.38 
.14 
.19 
.70 

1.07 
.21 
.13 
.11 

1.31 
.16 


.42 

4.24 

4.26 

.27 

.75 

1.0 

.21 

.14 


630  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEAI.TH    OF    MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  I  R. 


Date  and  kiiKl  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  III— Con 

July  9,  1908— Cont'd. 

Custard 

Com  flakes 

Peaches 

Blackberries 

Bread 

Butter 

MUk 

Sugar 

Sponge  cake 


SUBPERIOD  IV. 

July  10,  1908. 

Soup 

Baked  bluefish 

Minced  lamb 

Roast  lamb 

Fried  eggs 

Mashed  potatoes , 

Boiled  potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Cucumber 

Cherry  pie 

Cake 

Com  flakes 

Stewed  peaches 

Blackberries 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


Weight 
of  food. 


Grams. 
130.  (i 

24.0 
132.0 
156.8 
132.3 

62.6 
660.0 

75.0 

24.0 


July  It,  1908. 

Soup 

Boiled  ham 

Beefsteak 

Gravy 

Boiled  potatoes 

Creamed  potatoes. . 

Fried  onions 

Tomatoes 

Lettuce 

Huckelberry  pie. . . 

Cherry  sauce 

Vanilla  wafers 

Com  flakes 

Cantaloupe 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


July  12,  1908. 


Soup 206.0 

Roast  beef 89.  5 

Mashed  potatoes 84.  9 

Tomatoes 10.6 

Boiled  onions 5.  4 

Custard 120.1 

Milk 1  440.0 

Bread I  114.7 

Butter i  17.0 


Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 


178.2 
79.3 
113.5 
37.8 
80.0 
105.5 
123.0 
102.9 
64.7 
124.0 
20.5 
25.0 
123.5 
139.0 
180.0 
55.2 
880.0 
65.0 


241.0 

39.5 

63.2 

9.5 

77.2 

117.0 
45.5 
55.0 
34.5 

120.5 

114.0 
14.5 
28.0 

117.5 

103.2 
52.0 

880.0 
61.0 


0.98 
1.07 
.11 
.21 
1.31 
.16 
.49 


1.22 


.28 

4.69 

2.83 

4.33 

2.05 

.38 

.25 

.14 

.13 

.46 

1.66 

1.07 

.07 

.21 

1.31 

.16 

.49 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 

1.28 
.26 
.15 
.33 

1.73 
.10 

3.23 


.83 

3.65 

3.76 

.47 

.30 

.28 

.34 

.14 

.19 

.58 

.14 

1.28 

1.07 

.10 

1.31 

.16 

.49 


.30 
3.67 
.35 
.14 
.16 
.88 
.49 
1.31 
.16 


.29 


18.27 


.49 

3.72 

3.21 

1.64 

1.64 

.40 

.31 

.15 

.08 

.56 

.34 

.26 

.08 

.29 

2.36 

.09 

4.31 


Subject  I  R. 


2.0 

1.44 

2.38 
.05 
.23 
.33 
.16 
.08 
.07 
.70 
.16 
.18 
.30 
.11 

1.35 
.08 

4.30 


13.92 


.61 
3.28 
.30 
.02 
.01 
1.05 
2.16 
1.50 
.03 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  IV— Con. 
July  12,  1908— Cont'd. 


Sugar 

CucumlxT. 


July  13,  1908. 


Soup 

Veal  cutlets 

Roast  beef 

Mashed  potatoes 

Fried  potatoes 

Cauliflower  and  gravy. 

Beets 

Sponge  cake 

Shredded  wheat 

Peaches 

Rhubarb 

Pineapple 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Milk 


Lamb  chops . 

Broiled  ham 

Boiled  eggs 

Potatoes 

Corn 

Cucumbers 

Lettuce 

Rhubarb  pie 

Huckleberry  tart. 

Corn  flakes 

Cantaloupe 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 


Weight 
of  food. 


Grams. 
22.4 
22.9 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


July  14.  1908 

Soup 

Steak 

Gravy 

Eggs 

Mashed  potatoes. . 

Green  peas 

Fried  onions 

Cranberry  pie 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 


139.0 
78.3 
52.3 

123.5 
44.5 
66.2 

103.8 
59.0 
20.0 

100.0 

127.7 

118.4 
92.0 
38.0 
40.0 

600.0 


July  15.  1908. 
Bean  soup 196.  5 


171.0 

71.5 

7.0 

38.0 

116.8 
27.0 
40.0 

134.4 

400.0 
57.5 
44.5 


July  16,  1908 

Soup 

Chicken 

Gravy 

Beefsteak 

Potatoes 


78.0 
40.3 
07.1 

215.0 
51.5 

203.0 
29.0 

130.0 
82.3 
23.5 

14&5 

110.4 

117.4 
34.0 

660.0 


.35 
5.14 
428 
.35 
.75 
.36 
.37 
1.35 
1.66 
.11 
.60 
.08 
L31 
.16 


.49 


.33 
4.12 
.38 
2.10 
.30 
.13 
.65 
.57 
.49 
L31 
.16 


.63 
5.03 
5.53 
2.11 
.27 
.13 
.13 
.19 
.53 
.63 
1.07 
.10 
.11 
1.31 
.16 
.49 


152.  7 

.33 

59.0 

3.35 

41.0 

.21 

73.0 

406 

234.5 

.47 

ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY. 
Daily  food  charts-  Coiitiinu'd. 


G31 


Subject  I  B,. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUB  PERIOD  IV— Con 

July  16,  190S—Con. 

Boiled  onions 

Carrots 

Tomatoes 

Rice 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Peaches 

Milk 

Weak  tea 

Bread 

Butter 


SUBPERIOD  V. 

July  17,  1908. 

Soup 

Codfish 

Clam  broth 

Clams 

Halibut 

Boiled  ham 

Mashed  potatoes 

Creamed  potatoes 

Boiled  onions 

Cucumbers 

Stewed  plums 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 

Huckleberrj'  pie 


July  18,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  beef 

Bologna 

Mashed  potatoes. . 

Fried  potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Cucumbers 

Lettuce 

Ice  cream 

Cream  puff 

Com  flakes 

Peaches 

Pear 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


July  19,  1908. 

Bologna 

Cheese 

Pickle 

Milk 

Bread 


Weight 
of  food. 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Orams. 

9C..  5 

40.5 

tlO.  7 

80.  5 

61.  C 

102.0 

220.  0 

250.0 

231.5 

61.0 


199.5 
94.1 
46.3 
21.5 
85.2 
28.5 

107.0 
90.5 
88.5 
75.0 
85.5 

103.0 

1(18.  0 
80.4 

440.0 
19.5 

110.6 


181.7 
70.8 
21.5 

126.2 
48.5 
80.0 
22.5 
31.0 

104.0 
67.5 
24.6 

131.0 
05.5 

152.0 
85.5 

440.0 
51.5 


48.8 
52.0 
46.5 
900.0 
48.8 


0.37 
.17 
.14 
.24 
.70 
.11 
.49 
.10 

1.31 
.16 


.40 
3.94 
.21 
2.10 
4.11 
4.69 
.27 
.34 
.29 
.13 
.11 
.11 
1.31 
.16 
.49 


.39 


.38 
4.40 
2.45 
.26 
.34 
.14 
.13 
.19 
.66 
.92 
1.07 
.11 
.05 
1.31 
.16 
.49 


2.45 

4.23 

.10 

.49 

1.31 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 

0.35 
.07 
.09 
.21 
.43 
.12 

1.08 
.25 

3.03 
.10 


12.35 


.80 

3.71 

.10 

.45 

3.50 

1.38 

.28 

.30 

.26 

.10 

.10 

.12 

2.20 

.13 

2.15 


.42 
16.00 


.69 
3.12 
.53 
.32 
!l7 
.11 
.03 
.06 
.09 
.62 
.26 
.15 
.03 
1.99 
.14 
2.15 


11.06 


1.19 
2.20 
.04 
4.41 
1.26 


9.10 


Subject  I  R. 


Date  an<l  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  V-Con. 

July  -SO,  1908. 

Sou]) 

Ro;isl  lamb 

Mashed  potatoes 

Boiled  potatoes 

lUUter  heans 

Sour  pickle 

Chocolate  dclair 

Com  flakes 

Peaches 

Cantaloupe 

Bread 

Milk 

Butter 

Sugar 

Beefsteak 


July  21,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  beef 

Soft-shelled  crab.. 

Minced  lamb 

Mashed  potatoes . . 
Creamed  potatoes. 

Macaroni 

Sour  pickles 

Nut  cake 

Slewed  plums 

Corn  flakes 

AN  atermclon 

Cantaloupe 

Bread...' 

Milk 

Butter 

Sugar 


July  2?,  1908. 

Soup 

Veal  cutlets 

Pigeon 

Mashed  potatoes . . 
Fried  potatoes. . . . 

Boiled  onions 

Carrots 

Gravy 

Huckleberry  pie... 

Sponge  cake 

Com  flakes 

Rhubarb 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 

Sour  pickle 


July  2.1,  1908. 

Soup 

Steak 

Bologna 

Mashed  potatoes . . 


Weight 
of  food. 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Orams. 

182.5 
76.5 

119.0 

140.9 
55.0 

102.2 
55.0 
25.0 

122.3 
93.0 

101.5 

660.0 
66.0 
34.0 
91.5 


167.2 

64.2 

75.0 

11.3 

116.0 

110.5 

74.5 

60.0 

27.6 

92.7 

21.9 

218.6 

97.0 

158.4 

660.0 

108.0 

47.5 


249.9 
88.0 
77.7 
109.0 
65.5 
61.7 
50.5 
26.2 
84.7 
24.3 
29.8 
107.0 
102.5 
150.1 
85.4 
814.0 
39.0 
44.5 


198.0 
77.5 
75.0 
99.7 


0.60 

4.62 
.28 
.33 
.25 
.10 
.98 

1.07 
.11 
.10 

1.31 
.49 
.16 


4.01 


.41 

3.52 

1.96 

1.99 

.37 

.37 

1.12 

.10 

1.00 

.11 

1.07 

.06 

.10 

1.31 

.46 

.16 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 
1.08 
3.54 
.33 
.46 
.13 
.10 
.56 
.27 
.14 
.09 
1.33 
3.24 
.11 


.40 
4.42 
4.40 
.29 
.54 
.36 
.17 
.46 
.56 
1.44 
1.07 
.06 
.11 
1.31 
.16 
.49 


.10 


.89 
4.40 
2.06 

.28 


632  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  I  B. 

Subject  I  R. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPERIOD  V— Con. 
JulyZS,  1908— Con. 

Grams. 

106.0 
91.5 
32.5 
90.8 
03.5 
19.0 

122.5 

172.6 
70.7 
52.0 

880.0 

0.25 
.37 
.10 
.57 
.94 

1.07 
.11 

1.31 
.16 

Grams. 

0.26 
.34 
.03 
.52 
.60 
.20 
.24 

2.26 
.11 

SUBPERIOD  VI— Con. 

July  27,  1908— Con. 
Butter 

Grams. 
76.0 
235.8 
21.5 
38.3 
26.5 
77.9 
138.6 
19.5 
50.0 
14.6 
95.5 

Grams. 

Beets 

Peaches 

Corn  flakes 

Pie.. 

Bologna 

Rhubarb 

Beets 

Corned-beef  hash 

Ketchup 

Buttt'r     . 

Cake 

Sugar 

Cold  slaw 

Milk. 

.iO 

4.31 

Tomato  soup 

62.8 
150.5 
25.0 
28.5 
42.0 

15.86 

Mashed  potatoes 

SUBPERIOD  VI. 

174.7 

69.9 

060.0 

102.6 

23.0 

33.5 

56.7 

56.0 

26.0 

98.8 

232.2 

202.0 

41.5 

18.3 

243.5 

247.2 

!  Gravy..'.'. 

[  Sweet  pickles 

July  24,  1908. 
Bread . 

July  28,  1908. 
Cantaloupe...         .  . 

313.0 
160.5 
88.0 
400.0 
67.1 
30.4 
24.5 
89.5 
194.0 
30.5 
88.5 
140.5 
200.2 
24.9 
34.0 
58.0 
54.0 
64.5 

Butter 

Milk 

Peaches 

Butter 

Com  flakes 

Milk 

Sugar 

Stewed  clams  .       

Clam  broth 

Ham. 

Sponge  cake 

Stewed  plums..          .   . 

Spanish  mackerel 

Pickles...             

Soup. 

Cucunil)er  salad 

Coffee 

String  beans 

Watermelon 

Potatoes 

Gravv...                 

July  25,  1908. 

176.4 
72.1 

620.0 
22.0 

245.5 
23.9 
45.5 
48.2 
7.0 
46.5 
34.0 
15.0 
41.5 

195.7 
94.8 
56.2 
68.5 

108.9 

147.0 

Bread 

July  29,  190S. 

Butter 

64.5 

30.6 

28.5 

220.0 

204.7 

166.9 

46.5 

77.7 

123.0 

24.0 

29.0 

25.8 

125.2 

102.9 

Milk 

Sugar 

Peaches 

Butter 

Cornflakes 

Sugar 

Round  beefsteak 

Milk                   

Bologna 

Ketchup 

Gravy 

Spice  cake 

Lettuce 

Cucumbers.. 

Cake 

Soup 

Rice 

Corned  beef 



Cabbage 

July  30,  1908. 

Potatoes 

118.5 
40.7 
30.0 

440.0 

127.0 
26.0 

170.5 

1 

July  26,  1908. 

46.5 
49.0 
161.0 
880.0 
42.0 
55.5 

Butter                      

Ham 

Swiss  cheese 

Milk 

Bread 

Milk 

Force 

Pear 

Ice  cream 

78.0 

155.5 
10.0 
80.0 
71.9 

122.5 

July  27,  1908. 

157.9 

57.4 

020.0 

Rice.    . 

Bread 

Sugar 

Milk 

ACTION    OP  SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN    BODY.         633 
Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  I  R. 

Subject  I  R. 

Date  aiid  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

TVr 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPERIOD  VII. 

July  31,  1908, 

Bread         

Grams. 

114.5 
50.7 

440.0 
23.0 

187.3 
47.7 
12.5 
22.0 
71.7 
51.0 

136.7 

103.2 
5.6 

130. 3 
23.5 
45.0 
49.0 
34.0 

Orams. 

SUBPERIOD  VII— 
Continued. 

August/,,  1908— Con. 

Chicken 

Orams. 
44.2 
18.5 

155.5 
36.5 
55.0 
77.0 
30.0 
60.0 
92.3 

139.0 
32.0 

Orams. 

Butter 

Milk 

Pork 

Mashed  potatoes 

Gravy 

String  beans 

Stewed  plums 

Cookies 

Fried  potato  cakes 

Spongecake 

August  5,  1908. 
Bread 

139.0 
47.0 
28.5 

770.0 

172.0 
33.5 
91.1 

204.0 
90.0 
86.0 
81.6 
20.0 
82.2 
48.0 

108.3 

Cake    

Butter 

Pickles • 

Milk 

August  1,  1908. 

129.0 
57.6 
27.0 

220.0 
26.0 
84.5 
57.5 

197.0 
84.7 

113.6 
80.7 
41.0 
80.6 
88.7 

Corn  flakes 

Bread 

Butter                     ...  - 

Soup                                .   . 

Milk                 

Baked  potatoes     

Creamed  potatoes 

Gravy . 

Citrate  fruit 

Cake 

August  6,  190S. 
Bread 

Rice 

130.0 
48.0 
04.5 
880.0 
149.0 
38.0 
196.0 
141.0 
55.0 
78.0 
74.0 
8.0 
46.0 
114.3 
135.4 
37.5 
139.5 

Butter 

Sugar 

220.0 

129. 1 

51.8 

220.0 

Milk 

August  2,  1908. 

Cantaloupe. 

Corn  flakes.               .  . 

Soup                         

Cake 

115.5 
44.0 
40.5 

600.0 

150.0 
23.8 

188.0 
43.5 
64.5 

110.5 
3.5 
40.5 
69.7 
79.0 
95.5 

264.0 

Green  peas 

Orange.. 

Scrambled  egg  and  ham . . 

x,-f\    

Coffee 

Cantaloupe 

SUBPERIOD  VIII. 

August  7,  1908. 

Com  flakes 

97.5 
43.5 
42.0 
880.0 
149.5 
144.5 
34.0 
197.0 
62.0 
135.0 
94.5 
22.0 
120.5 
116.0 
68.2 
141.7 

Soup 

Steak 

Macaroni  and  cheese 

Fried  potatoes 

Gravy 

Butter. 

Fried  onions 

Sugar.  . 

HuckIeV>erry  pie 

Milk                       

Roast-beef  hasti 

Cantaloupe 

Poached  egg 

Watermelon 



August  4,  1908. 

Fried  halibut     

::::::::::::::: 

Fried  potatoes 

Bread 

136.5 
44.3 

Butter 

Sugar 

31.5 
880.0 
139.5 

21.0 
209.5 

Beets 

Milk 

Watermelon 

Com  flakes 

Coffee 

Soup 

634  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  I  B. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIODVIII- 
Continiu'd. 

Augiist  8,  1 90S. 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Milk 

Cantaloupe 

Soup 

Steak 

Boiled  potatoes 

Gravy 

Fried  onions 

Peaches 

Cake  (sponge) 

August  9,  1908. 

Bread 

Salmon 

Tongue 

Milk 

August  10, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Milk 

Cantaloupe 

Force 

Tomatoes 

Soup 

String  beans 

Mashed  potatoes 

Fried  potatoes 

Veal  cutlets 

Gravy 

Milk 

Metropolitan  cake 

Ham 

Scrambled  eggs 

CoSee 

Orange 

August  11,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Milk 

Cantaloupe 

Soup 

Fried  codfish 

Baked  potatoes 

Pickles 

Apple  pie 

Bologna 

Beans 

Stewed  pear 

August  12,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Pear 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Mashed  potatoes 

Creamed  potatoes 

Squash 

Gravy 

Orange 

Milk 

Ijettuc>e 

Peach  pie 


Weight 
of  food. 


Grams. 

106.5 

45.5 

28.0 

0(iO.  0 

123.0 

218.5 

84.5 

97.0 

6.5 

104.0 

104.5 

18.5 


Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 


261.0 
82.5 
52.3 

440.0 


103.0 

40.5 

47.5 

730.0 

106.0 

29.4 

10.0 

214.2 

57.2 

135.8 

126.3 

73.2 

16.7 

290.0 

56.5 

36.3 

87.2 

128.0 

117.  5 


142.0 
55.0 
36.0 

440.0 

120.0 

208.0 
78.5 

110.5 
29.5 

129.7 
71.8 
88.4 

124.4 


60.7 
28.5 
117.5 
203.5 
118.0 
131.6 
132.8 
108.9 
10.0 
97.2 
440.0 
10.  5 
235.0 


AVeight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Subject  I  R. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  VIII— 
Continued. 

August  IS,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Com  flakes 

Milk 

Soup 

Beets 

Steak 

Baked  potatoes 

String  beans 

Gravy 

Cream  puff 

Ham 

Stewed  pears 

Cookies 

SUBPERIOD  IX. 

August  14,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Corn  flakes 

Milk 

Watermelon 

Lettuce 

Soup 

Halibut 

Potatoes 

Corned  beef 

Chocolate  eclair 

Peaches 

Sponge  cake 

Fried  eggs 

Bacon 

August  15,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Com  flakes 

Cantaloupe 

Sugar 

Milk 

August  17,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Corn  flakes 

Milk 

Peaches 

Pears 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Potatoes 

Spaghetti 

Gravy 

Fried  eggs 

Fried  potatoes 

Chocolate  cake 

August  18, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 

Peaches 

Corn  flakes 

Lettuce 

Soup 


Weight 
of  food. 


Grams. 
98.9 
33.2 
45.0 
27.0 

880.0 

198.5 
87.8 
43.1 

303.8 
58.8 
5.4 
09.0 
52.8 

145.3 
20.0 


102.6 

30.9 

20.4 
880.0 
270.0 

20.4 
240.5 

88.0 
150.0 
243.5 

32.0 
101.0 

40.5 
117.5 

15.0 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


93.9 

25.3 

31.3 

880.0 

233.2 

68.5 

195.0 

48.5 

110.5 

103.0 

7.5 

108.6 

77.8 

46.0 


40.5 
50.5 

440.0 
65.2 

103.2 
25.0 
39.4 

185.5 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         635 
Daily  food  charts — Contiuued . 


Subject  I  B. 


Date  and  kiiul  of  food. 


sr  15 PERIOD  IX— Con 

August  18,  J90S-Con. 

Steak 

Potatoes 

Gravy 

Fried  onions 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Bologna 

Stewed  plums 

A  ugust  19,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Watermelon 

Corn  tlake 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Potatoes 

Gra\-j- 

Corn 

Cake 

Lamb  chops 

Fried  potatoes 

Peach  pie 

August  20,  190S. 

Bread 

Butler 

Milk 

Peaches 

Soup 

Chicken 

Rice 

Sweet  potatoes 

Gravy 

Peach  pie 

Liverwurst 

Fried  potatoes 

Scrambled  eggs 

Custard 

SUBPERIOD  X. 

August  21,  190S. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Peaches 

Lettuce 

Soup 

Baked  blueflsh 

Mashed  potatoes 

String  beans 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Bologna 

Potato  salad 

Rice  pudding 

Pineapple 

August  22,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Peaches 

Com  flakes 

Soup 

Potatoes 


Weight 
of  food. 


Grams. 
67.4 
255.7 
10.0 
69.0 
28.5 
65.5 
125.2 


102.5 
07.0 

880.0 

380.3 
29.0 

197. 3 
58.5 
89.0 
17.3 

152.0 
30.5 
66.0 
44.5 

139.3 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


142.8 
57.0 
440.0 
136.5 
259.4 
57.5 
100.5 
101.0 
32.5 
92.0 
31.0 
52.5 
93.0 
110.5 


150.0 
64.3 

440.0 

105.  5 
25.2 

232.6 
82.0 

127.8 
46.9 
52.8 
53.2 

170.1 
91.0 
86.2 


116.5 
56.5 
880.0 
125.7 
28.0 
280.5 
132.5 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Orams. 


Subject  I  R. 


Palo  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  X— Con. 

August  22,  1908— Con. 

Lettuce 

Steak 

Gravy 

Apple  pie 

Pork  chops 

Sweet  potatoes 

Apple  sauce 

August  23,  1908. 

Bologna 

Bread 

Ham 

Cheese 

August  24.,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Orange 

Milk 

Lettuce 

Soup 

Veal  cutlets 

Mashed  potatoes 

Gravy 

Onions 

Peach  pie 

Ham 

Sweet  potatoes 

Scrambled  eggs 

Cofiee 

Sponge  cake 

August  25,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter •. 

Milk 

Cantaloupe 

Soup 

Cucumbers 

Chicken 

Potatoes 

Gravy 

String  beans 

Neopolitan 

Stewed  pears 

Lamb  chops 

Macaroni 

Cake 

August  26,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Soup 

Roast  beef 

Baked  potatoes 

Gravy 

Beets 

Com 

Peach  tart 

Bologna 

Fried  potatoes 

Boiled  eggs 

Coffee 

Sponge  cake 

Orange 


Weight 
of  food. 


Gravis. 
10.0 
67.0 
28.0 

142.0 
84.9 
95.0 

106.0 


92.0 

226.0 

62.8 

76.0 


163.3 
51.6 

127.2 

467.0 
34.4 

199.6 
67.7 
89.3 
19.9 
83.9 
97.3 
29.8 
80.8 
61.4 

153.4 
37.7 


134  5 
46.0 

660.0 

147.2 

192.5 
50.0 
90.5 

218.3 
28.7 
37.3 
51.6 

116.5 
60.5 

109.9 
31.5 


79.0 

41.8 

248.0 

216.2 

82.4 

98.5 

19.2 

110.2 

47.5 

48.5 

104.1 

48.9 

77.4 

118.0 

128.0 

130.0 


Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 


Weight 
nitrn- 
gen  of 
food. 


636  SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND  THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  I  R. 

Subject  I  R. 

Date  aiid  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPERIOD  X— Con. 

August  S7,  1908. 
Bread 

Grams. 
239.9 

60.1 
440.0 
127.5 
119.2 
228.5 

66.3 
101.6 
8.5 
153.3 
102.3 

95.5 

87.5 

Grams. 

SUBPERIOD  XI— Con. 

September  5,  1908. 
Bread 

Grams. 

116.8 

50.0 

660.0 

110.0 

209.5 

102.5 

67.9 

105.0 

19.0 

125.0 

53.9 

81.7 

43.4 

110.0 

Gramt. 

Butter.. 

Butter 

Milk...                  .   .   . 

Milk 

Peaches 

Soup 

Soup 

Stewed  onions. . . 

Steak 

Koast  lamb 

1 

Gravy 

Gravy 

1 

Custard 

Apple  pie 

I 

Lamb  chops. . . 

Ham 

...     .    1 

Creamed  potatoes 

Apple  pie 

Eggs 

( 

Chocolate  cake 

[ 

SUBPERIOD  XI. 
September  2,  1908. 

94  0 
33.0 
66.5 

660.0 

132.5 
89.3 
56.2 

155.0 
40.0 
82.6 
85.1 
39.5 

120.0 
45.7 

109.0 

September  6,  1908. 
Bread 

215.5 

189.2 

1,000.0 

Bread 

Ham 

Butter 

Milk 

Pear 

September  7,  1908. 
Bread 

Milk... 

193.0 

53.0 
660.0 

21.0 
121.8 
154.0 
192.2 

95.1 
135.0 
118.5 

25.0 
115.0 

44.0 

Stewed  pear . . 

T,amh  f>hop.<;     .  .  , 

String  beans 

Butter 

1 

Boiled  potatoes.    . 

Milk 

1 

Lettuce 

Com  flakes 

1 

Soup 

Peaches 

Apple  sauce  . 

Pears 

Steak 

Soup 

Veal  cutlets 

Onions 

Mashed  potatoes 

Apple  pie. . 

Macaroni 

September  3,  1908. 

151.9 

27.8 
45.0 

241.6 
40.0 
62.4 
80.9 
89.0 
24.5 

220.0 
49.3 
68.5 

Apple  pie 

Ham .     . 

September  8,  1908. 
Bread 

Butter 

144.7 
63.2 
66.0 

660.0 

210.8 
72.4 

126.0 
62.5 
93.3 
78.4 
25.0 
17.5 
90.0 
74.0 
31.0 

Soup 

Lettuce . 

Butter 

Veal  cutlets. . 

Custard  (cup) 

Mashed  potatoes 

Milk 

Macaroni 

Soup 

Gravy 

Steak 

i 

Milk 

Mashed  potatoes 

Neapolitan 

Turnips 

1 

Ham 

Beets 

1 

September  4,  1908. 

149.4 
50.0 

660.0 

134.4 

266.3 
37.4 
74.2 
53.2 

128.3 
61.3 
44.5 

111.0 
21.5 

140.5 

1 

Bread 

. 

Butter 

Peaches    

> 

Milk 

Cake 

SUBPERIOD  XII. 
September  9,  1908. 
Bread 

Soup 

110.1 

66.2 
660.0 

86.3 
211.0 

67.7 
124.6 

34.0 

Lettuce 

1 

Broiled  blueflsh 

String  beans 

Mashed  potatoes 

Butter 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Milk 

Steak 

Baked  potatoes 

Spongecake 

Peaches 

Fried  potatoes 

I 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN   BODY.         637 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  I  R. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XII- 
Continuod. 

September  9, 1908— Con. 

String  beans 

Gravy 

Lettuce 

Chocolate  6clair 

Pears 

Fried  eggs 

Bacon 

Peaches 

September  10, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Oranges 

Oatmeal 

Pears 

Soup 

Steak 

Carrots 

Mashed  potatoes 

Lettuce 

Tapioca 

Fried  hani 

Creamed  potatoes 

Apple  fritters 

September  11, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Eggs 

Eggs  (fried) 

Soup 

Halibut 

Spinach 

Sweet  potatoes 

Lettuce 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Lamb  chops 

Apple  sauce 

September  12, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Oatmeal 

Peaches 

Lettuce 

Soup 

Steak 

Turnips 

Mashed  potatoes 

Apple  pie 

September  13, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Soup 

Roast  beef 

Potatoes 

Gravy 

String  beans 

Ice  cream 

Ham 


Weight 
of  fooil. 


Orams. 
66.7 
20.0 
44.0 
45.0 
73.0 
84.1 
30.0 
65.5 


115.2 
53.3 
440.0 
117.7 
133.3 
32.0 
223.  2 
70.0 
108.0 
125.0 
34.0 
90.7 
40.0 
133.0 
66.0 


58.8 
28.0 

560.0 
99.2 
49.2 

208.5 

102.5 
95.7 
76.8 
70.4 

122.6 
40.0 

118.2 


117.0 
30.4 

660.0 

163.5 
99.7 
58.0 

187.8 
35.5 

104.9 
87.0 
81.5 


167.0 

17.5 

1,220.0 

198.6 
72.5 
95.5 
18.0 
56.3 
91.5 
79.6 


Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Orams. 


Subject  I  B. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XII— 

Continued. 

September  14, 1908. 

Bread 

Butler 

Milk 

Orange 

Cereal 

Lettuce 

Soup 

Lamb  chops 

Mashed  potatoes 

Gravy 

Onions 

Apple  pic 

Stewed  plum 

Bacon 

Scrambled  eggs 

Chocolate  cake 

September  15, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Baked  apple 

Cereal 

Soup 

Beets 

Rice 

Chicken 

Mashed  potatoes 

Gravy 

Peach  pie 

Pork  chops 

Apple  sauce 

Cake 

SUBPERIOD  XIII. 

September  16,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 

Milk 

Peaches 

Lettuce. .., 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

String  beans 

Sweet  potatoes 

Gravy 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Fried  eggs 

Ham 

Sponge  cake 

Creamed  potatoes 

September  17,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Cereal 

Cantaloupe 

Tomatoes 

Soup 

Ste& 

Mashed  potatoes 

Fried  potatoes 

Fried  onions 

Fried  eggs 


Weight 
of  food. 


Grams. 
96.7 
47.3 

660.0 
52.0 

208.2 
30.8 

247.6 
72.4 

188.9 
10.8 
85.5 

121.7 

112.6 

117.8 
82.9 
51.3 


Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 


73. 

28. 
660. 

81. 
240. 
192. 
110. 
122. 

43. 
109. 

28. 
154. 

62. 
139. 

44. 


80.0 
36.1 
144.3 
770.0 
265.5 
39.4 
192.1 
52.0 
63.5 
152.2 
27.7 
56.3 
89.5 
16.0 
36.5 
66.6 


78.0 
30.9 
660.0 
171.5 
124.2 
71.5 
210.5 
85.8 
120.0 
107.5 
61.5 
80.3 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 


638  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    OF   MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  I  R. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XIII— 
Continued. 

September  17, 1908— Con 

Bacon 

Coffee 

Cream  puff 

Peach  pudding 

September  18, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Cereal 

Baked  apples 

Cucumbers 

Soup 

Boiled  salmon 

Mashed  potatoes 

Turnips 

Fried  eggs 

Chocolate  eclair 

Cheese  cake 

Coffee 

September  19,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Cereal 

Stewed  plums 

Ham 

Soup 

Onions 

Chicken 

Mashed  potatoes 

Gravy 

Peach  pie 

Coffee 

September  20,  1908. 

Bre^d 

Butter 

Milk 

Soup 

Spinach 

Roast  beef 

Cake 

Coffee 

September  21,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Stewed  pears 

Oatmeal 

Lettuce 

Soup 

Lamb  chops 

Fried  onions 

Mashed  potatoes 

Gravy 

Apple  pie 

Coffee 

Creamed  oysters 

Chocolate  cake 

Apple  sauce 


Weifiht 
of  food. 


Grams. 
25.0 
111.7 
85.5 
141.1 


110.5 

27.4 

660.0 

181.0 

73.0 

63.0 

255.0 

105.8 

157.0 

109.0 

97.1 

54.2 

71.5 

125.5 


165.3 
45.0 

790.0 

174.0 
80.6 
73.9 

206.6 
61.0 

137.4 
97.6 
25.5 
58.5 
86.3 


35.7 
11.0 
270.0 
186.0 
100.8 
38.7 
43.5 
130.5 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


120.5 

48.0 

660.0 

123.5 

202.3 

29.0 

204.4 

93.4 

50.4 

94.0 

8.0 

150.4 

124.2 

101.5 

59.5 

108.9 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 


Subject  I  R. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XIII— 
Continued. 

September  22, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Cereal 

Stewed  plums 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Sweet  potatoes 

Turnips 

Gravy 

Custard 

Coffee 

SUBPERIOD  XIV. 

September  23,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Cereal 

Baked  apple 

Soup 

Chicken 

Beets 

Cauliflower 

Potatoes 

Gravy 

Plum  pie 

Coffee 

Stewed  beef 

Carrots 

Apple  sauce 

September  24, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 

Milk 

Stewed  plums 

Lettuce 

Soup 

Steak 

Potatoes 

String  beans 

Cake 

Fried  ham 

Fried  eggs 

Fried  potatoes 

Apple  sauce 

September  25,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 

Milk 

Baked  apples 

Soup 

Halibut 

Sweet  potatoes 

Cucumt)crs 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Coffee 

Lamb  chops 

Fried  potatoes 

Orange 

Cheese  cake 


Weight 
of  food. 


Grams. 
100.3 

42.5 
440.0 
219.2 
114.0 
195.4 

84.0 
105.1 
121.1 

16.5 
120.5 
101.0 


117.6 

44.5 

6G0. 0 

253.0 

59.9 

198.5 

74.  5 

95.5 

107.  2 

173.8 

101.0 

113.3 

87.5 

67.4 

37.2 

155.0 


76.7 
28.4 
212.5 
440.0 
112.3 
42.0 
172.0 
52.0 
103.  0 
53.5 
126.3 
51.3 
89.0 
76.2 
92.6 


138.1 
61.5 
165.5 
660.0 
35.6 
202.1 
125.2 
79.6 
65.9 
48.0 
74.5 
38.0 
76.8 
100.0 
01.5 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


ACTION   OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN   BODY.        639 
Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  I  R. 

Subject  I  R. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPERIOD  XIV- 
Coulinucd. 

September  SO,  1908. 
Bread 

Qrams. 
102.2 
47.4 
440.0 
137.  0 
ir)8. 0 
32.2 
245.9 
30. 1 
44.9 
47.0 

Qrams. 

SUBPERIOD  XV— 
Continued. 

September  SO,  1908— Con. 
Gravv 

Grams. 
47.0 
74.4 
59.0 
67.0 
30.8 
69.6 

Grams. 

Butter 

String  beans 

Milk 

Cream  pud 

Cantaloupes 

Fried  onions 

Cereal.            

Cake 

Lettuce 

Peaches 

October  1,  1908. 
Bread 

Steak 

116.0 
48.6 
190.5 
770.0 
100.2 
193.7 
126.0 
201.8 
106.0 
35.5 
110.0 
44.2 
124.9 

Onions 

Butter 

47.2 

14.5 

82.0 

1, 100.  0 

50.0 

175.2 

120.5 

64.2 

134.1 

8.0 

40.0 

69.1 

Cereal 

September  37, 1908. 

Milk 

Bread 

Cantaloupe 

::::::::i:;:::: 

Butter 

Soup 

Bi.scuits 

Veal  chops 

Milk 

Mashed  potatoes 

Fried  onions 

Soup 

Gravy 

Cauliflower... 

Scrambled  eggs.   . 

Roast  beef 

Fried  ham 

Potatoes                  

Apple  sauce 

SUBPERIOD  XVI. 

October  2,  1908. 

Bread 

Cake  

140.8 
42.3 

123.5 
89.0 

760.0 

237.2 
22.0 
91.7 
70.2 

169.2 

174.0 
79.5 

16L5 

Ice  cream  (coflee) 

September  28, 1908. 

108.0 

36.0 
600.0 
100.5 
161.2 
162.3 

41.5 
118.8 
112.1 
9.5 
103.9 

45.3 
108.5 

58.6 
171.5 

Butter... 

Broad 

Butter 

Milk 

Milk 

Cereal 

Soup 

Beefsteak 

Macaroni 

Apple  pie 

Fried  ham 

October  S,  1908. 
Bread 

Fried  e^ps 

77.4 

27.3 

213.2 

170.2 

660.0 

201.0 

32.2 

126.0 

148.5 

38.5 

198.5 

218.5 

73.9 

75.0 

16.2 

Chocolate  cake 

Cantaloupe 

Butter 

66.8 

29.4 

159.  7 

840.0 

122.1 

175.5 

76.6 

190.0 

82.4 

23.0 

60.0 

130.3 

127.8 

44.3 

Cereal 

SUBPERIOD  XV. 

Cantaloupe.. 

September  29,  1908. 

Milk 

Bread 

Lettuce 

Butter 

Veal  chops 

Cereal 

Cauliflower 

Milk 

Gravy 

Cantaloupe 

Mashed  potatoes 

Soup 

Apple  pie 

Veal  cutlets. . 

Coffee 

Sweet  potatoes. . 

Fried  eggs 

Carrots 

Bacon 

October  4,  1908. 

Chocolate  eclair 

4L7 

19.2 

145.0 

220.0 

196.5 

39.0 

137.0 

6.5 

65.8 

99.2 

82.6 

45.0 

Pork  chops 

Apple  sauce 

Cake 

Cereal.. 

Milk 

September  30,  1908. 

Bread 

89.1 
34.7 
187.4 
880.0 
128.9 
168.4 
137.8 
254.4 

Butter 

Potatoes 

Cereal 

Gravy     

Milk 

Stowed  plums 

Soup • 

Coflee 

Roast  lamb. . . 

Cake 



Mashed  potatoes 

.: 

640 


aODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  I  R. 


Dale  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XVI- 
Conttnucd. 

October  5,  1008. 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 

Milk 

Stewed  plums 

Tea 

Soup 

Turnips 

Roast  lamb 

Sweet  pot  atoes 

Gravy 

Chocolate  eclair 

Coffee 

Creamed  potatoes 

Fried  epgs 

Apple  sauce 

Chocolate  cake 

October  6,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

MUk 

Oatmeal 

Stewed  plums 

Tea 

Soup 

Lain!)  chops 

Mashed  potatoes 

Carrots 

Gravy 

Peach  cake 

Coffee 

Cake 

Pork  chops 

Peaches 

SUBPERIOD  XVII 

October  7,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 

Milk 

Orange 

Tea 

Soup 

Veal  cutlets 

Potatoes 

Rice 

Gravy 

Coffee 

Cream  toast 

Pot  roast 

Custard 

Cauliflower 

October  8,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 

Milk 

Soup 

Roast  Ijeef 

Mashed  potatoes 

Fried  potatoes 

Cauliflower 

Gravy 

Chocolate  6clair 

Coffee 

Apple  pie 

Fried  eggs 

Bacon 


Per 


of  food. 


Grams. 
101.8 
43.5 
213.1 
660.0 
139.0 
150.0 
202.4 
120.5 
127.5 
85.3 
19.5 
63.0 
101.0 
96.2 
83.3 
142.8 
41.7 


118.7 
41.3 
560.0 
135.0 
109.0 
92.7 
172. 1 
53.2 
265.4 
63.4 
18.8 
58.7 
57.2 
26.0 
72.0 
33.0 


113.4 
54.5 

143.0 

440.0 
88.6 
77.0 

191.8 
63.6 

165.6 
94.3 
67.7 
79.1 
47.9 
61.5 

137.0 

182.2 


97.4 
42.5 
130.3 
540.0 
186.6 
45.4 
96.5 
29.0 
85.2 
20.2 
66.4 
74.8 
102.5 
79.7 
20.5 


gen  of 
food. 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 


Subject  I  R. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XVII 
Continued. 

October  9,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 

MUk 

Tea 

Soup 

Lamb  chops 

Mashed  potatoes 

String  l)eans 

Blanc  mange 

Coffee 

Codfish 

Sweet  potatoes 

Stewed  plums 

Cake 

October  10,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 

Milk 

Stewed  plums 

Soup 

Pork  chops 

Potatoes 

Turnips 

Gravy 

Apple  sauce 

Cake 

Steak 

Fried  onions 

Bananas 

Orange 

October  11,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Coffee 

Soup 

Roast  beef 

Eggs 

Mashed  potatoes 

Carrots 

Cake 

Ice  cream 


SUBPERIOD  XVIII. 

October  12, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 

Milk 

Baked  apple 

Soup 

Roast  beef 

Sweet  potatoes 

Cauliflower 

Gravv 

CotTee 

Chocolate  eclair 

Fried  eggs 

Roast  lamb 

Cake 


Weight 
of  food. 


Grams. 

88.2 

33.4 
148.1 
060.0 
116.8 
259.0 

62.3 
125.7 

68.3 
157.1 

73.8 
114.9 
142.0 
119.3 

37.0 


71.8 
33.6 
174.6 
660.0 
120.3 
162.8 
73.3 
208.8 
148.1 
41.8 
82.3 
35.2 
37.8 
70.4 
50.6 
89.2 


132.2 
28.1 

460.0 
74.0 

140.8 
81.9 

164.5 

111.0 
53.3 
28.5 
78.8 


75.5 
39.0 
167. 0 
440.0 
158.8 
168.3 
70.2 
194.1 
144.4 
18.4 
178.4 
73.0 
83.2 
34.8 
22.5 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN   BODY. 
Daily  food  charts — Contiuued. 


641 


Subject  I  R. 

Subject  I  B. 

I)ule  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPERIOD  XVIII— 
Continuod. 

October  IS,  um. 

Bread. 

Grams. 
92.  7 
36.7 

166. 0 
542.0 
210.4 

70.4 

160. 1 
03.0 
35.0 
67.0 

107.7 
202.9 
64.9 
60.0 

Grams. 

SUBPERIOD  XVIII- 
Continued. 

October  14,  /908— Con. 

Soup 

Grams. 
174.5 
175.8 
47.8 
55.7 
61.0 
86.0 
34.7 
104.7 
159.6 

Grams. 

Butter...           

Mashed  potatoes 

Fried  potatoes 

Milk 

Fried  onions 

Soup.                        

Gunboat  cake 

Coffee 

1 1  am 

Scrambled  eggs 

Gravy 

Angel  cake 

October  15.  1908. 
Bread 

1 

Coffee 

130.0 
28.3 

440.0 
78.0 

190.0 
82.0 

180.0 
25.0 
20.0 

Cake 

Butter 

Milk 

October  14,  1908. 

98.9 

47.3 

550.0 

77.9 

Baked  apple 

Soup. 

Roast  beef 

Butter 

Mashed  potatoes 

Milk  .        ... 

Cake 

Subject  II  H. 

Subject  II  H. 

SUBPERIOD  I. 
June  16,  1908. 

Gra7iis. 
199.4 

80.0 
102.8 
134.4 
181.2 

34.3 

85.3 
156.6 
116.1 

21.5 
139.9 

0.27 
.14 
.26 
.33 

4.49 

3.34 
.84 
.77 

1.30 
.16 
.021 

Grams. 

0.55 

.12 

.25 

.44 

8.13 

1.14 

.71 

1.20 

1.53 

.03 

.03 

SUBPERIOD  I-Con. 

June  18,  1908. 
Soup 

Grams. 
160.2 
87.1 
51.1 
82.4 
71.8 
98.3 
28.4 
33.1 
149.0 
143.7 
136.3 
137.3 
62.0 
57.1 
765.0 
247.4 

0.45 
4.72 
3.99 
.33 
.84 
.14 
.32 
.19 
.21 
.11 
.18 
.32 

Grams. 
0.73 

Chicken           

4.11 

Pork  chops 

2.04 

Tomatoes 

Potatoes 

.27 

Boiled  potatoes 

Stewed  peas 

Tomatoes 

.61 

Creamed  potatoes 

Meat 

.14 

Rice 

Lettuce 

.09 

Cold  boiled  ham  . 

.07 

Banana 

.31 

Peaches 

.16 

Bread 

Strawberries 

Cereal 

.25 

Butter 

.44 

Tea 

Sugar 

Butter 

.016 
.49 
1.31 

09 

14.13 

Milk 

3.75 

Bread 

3  ''4 

175.2 
60.8 
39.1 
42.1 
52.4 

107.1 
72.2 
87.1 

160.8 

175.3 

109.7 
18.6 
18.4 

220.0 
32.8 

224.7 
49.8 

.24 

4.69 

5.06 

4.54 

.34 

.29 

.28 

.13 

.98 

.31 

.21 

2.38 

1.69 

.49 

.42 

2.85 

1.97 

1.91 

.18 

.31 

.20 

.11 

1.57 

.55 

.23 

.44 

.31 

1.08 

June  19,  1908. 

June  17,  1908. 

16.30 

Soup 

178.2 
105.6 
42.1 
88.7 
218.9 
350.8 
28.6 
115.7 
109.9 
67.7 
78.7 
143.4 
68.7 
250.9 
705.0 
58.0 
63.7 

.22 

4.51 

3.66 

2.11 

.38 

.13 

.19 

.33 

.98 

.78 

.21 

.11 

.16 

1.31 

.49 

.39 
4.75 
1  54 

Boiled  chicken 

Beef. 

Pork  chops 

1  87 

String  beans 

83 

Mashed  potatoes 

45 

Fried  potatoes 

05 

Cucumbers 

38 

Custard 

Custard 

1.07 
53 

Cereal 

Banana 

Bananas 

Peaches 

Butter 

.16 
.16 
11 

Cream  cheese 

Crackers 

Milk 

3  28 

Sugar 

Milk 

3  45 

Bread 

1.31 
.16 

2.94 
.08 

Sugar 

Butter 

.14 

09 

15.15 

19.  U 

70111— No.  88—09- 


-41 


642  SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND  THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  II  H. 


Date  and  kind  of  food.    {  ^f  food. 


SUBPERIOD  I— Con. 

June  20,  1908. 

Grams. 

Soup I  217.7 

Sparerib 130. 3 

Liver I  57.9 

Bacon 4.8 

Steak ;  49.9 

Potatoes '  109. 2 

Tomatoes '  79. 0 

Peas,  stewed '  88.3 

Lettuce 60.6 

Cucumber 28.9 

Cereal 145.5 

Peaches ]  239.4 

Strawberries 152.  5 

Bread i  222.8 

Butter 113.3 

Milk ■  660.0 

Sugar ..141.3 


Jtme  21,  1908. 


Bread 98.3 

Butter 29.5 

Milk 440.0 

Sugar 40.0 

Roast  beef 123.4 

Potatoes 106. 1 


String  beans . 

Lettuce , 

Cucumbers . . 

Soup 

Cake , 

Icecream 


78.5 
32.7 
34.3 

217.0 
54.3 

148.1 


June  22,  1908. 

Soup 212.3 

Steak 114.3 

Roast  beef 52.  4 

Potatoes  (creamed) 81.5 

Potatoes I  138.2 

String  beans !  57.0 

Stewed  peas 94. 


cen't      W?'S*^* 
^™^       n  tro- 


Tomatoes . 
Cucumbers . . 

Lettuce 

Cereal 

Strawberries. 

Peaches 

Cream  puff... 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


June  2S,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Boiled  ham 

Potatoes 

Onions 

Cereal 

Peaches 

Strawberries 

Bread 

Butter 


42.5 
89.0 
52.7 
164.7 
151.4 
130.0 
68.4 
196.8 
60.5 
740.0 
86.0 


207.3 
99.8 
34.0 
190.8 
57.5 
164.7 
323.2 
161.5 
149.4 
101.0 


1.31 
.16 
.49 


4.18 
.21 
.21 
.19 
.13 
.20 

1.11 
.58 


Grams. 

0.20 

0.44 

4.89 

6.36 

4.09 

2.37 

2.62 

.13 

4.57 

2.28 

.21 

.23 

.14 

.11 

1.29 

1.14 

.19 

.12 

.13 

.04 

.22 

.33 

.11 

.27 

.18 

.28 

1.31 

2.92 

.16 

.18 

.49 

3.23 

.49 
4.03 
3.71 
.42 
.25 
.21 
1.29 
.14 
.13 
.19 
.37 
.18 
.11 
1.06 
1.31 
.16 
.49 


20.43 


L29 

.05 

2.16 


5.16 
.23 
.16 
.06 
.04 
.44 
.60 
.86 


Subject  II  H. 


11.05 


1.03 

4.61 

1.94 

.35 

.34 

.12 

1.22 

.06 

.11 

.10 

.00 

.27 

.16 

.73 

2.59 

.10 

3.63 


17.  96 


.21 

.44 

4.64 

4. 63 

3.59 

1.22 

.23 

.45 

.34 

.20 

.32 

.53 

.11 

.36 

.18 

.30 

1.31 

1.96 

.16 

.16 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 


Weight 
of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  I— Con. 

June  23,  1908— Con. 


Milk.. 
Sugar. 


SUBPERIOD  II. 

June  24, 1908. 

Soup 

Beefsteak 

Roast  lamb 

Mashed  potatoes 

Boiled  potatoes 

Asparagus 

Cream  puS , 

Blackberries 

Strawberries 

Bread.. 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


June  25,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Boiled  ham 

Mashed  potatoes 

Boiled  potatoes 

String  beans 

Lettuce 

Ice  cream 

Cherry  tart 

Corn  flakes 

Blackberries 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


Grams. 

660.0 

97.5 


157.2 

104.3 

65.4 

79.4 

67.0 

122.4 

61.3 

126.1 

124.4 

188.5 

51.0 

300.0 

66.5 


June  26, 1908. 

Soup 

Baked  bass 

Hamburg  steak 

Creamed  potatoes 

Boiled  potatoes 

Raw  cabbage 

Stewed  peas 

Tomatoes 

Fried  onions 

Corn  flakes 

Tapioca  with  peaches 

Cream  puff 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


June  S7, 1908. 

Soup 

Chicken 

Beef 

Boiled  ham 


258.3 
73.2 
44.1 
116.5 
107.3 
86.7 
76.6 
126.2 
83.4 
23.2 
130.7 
126.8 
55.3 
440.0 
103.0 


194.2 
60.2 
93.7 

141.8 
73.8 
24.7 
64.1 
82.3 
31.9 
37.3 

196.4 
80.0 

161.4 

174.2 
70.0 

740.0 

118.2 


263.9 
100.0 
141.0 
29.2 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


0.49 


.24 
4.33 
4.64 
.34 
.23 
.29 
.95 
.21 
.18 
1.31 
.16 
.49 


.49 
4.35 
3.91 
.29 
.30 
.24 
.19 
.34 
.50 
1.07 
.21 
1.31 
.16 
.49 


.32 
3.33 
3.56 
.34 
.26 
.35 
.99 
.14 
.34 
1.07 
.27 
.27 
.11 
1.31 
.16 
.49 


.33 
4.59 
4.69 
4.71 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         643 
Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  II  H. 


1  )iile  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  II— Con. 

June  £7.  1908— Con. 

Boiled  potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Boiled  turnips 

Custard 

Corn  flakes 

Teaches 

Blackberries 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


June  28,  1908 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 


June  29,  1908. 

Soup 

Meat 

Veal  rib 

Boiled  potatoes 

Mashedand  fried  potatoes 

Gravy 

Stewed  peas 

Lettuce 

Tomatoes 

Cream  puff 

Cereal 

Strawberries 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


SUBPERIOD  III. 

July  3,  1908. 

Soup 

Lamb  chops 

Veal 

Potatoes 

String  l)eans 

Tomatoes 

Com  flakes 

Raspberries 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


July  4  and  S,  1908. 

Cheese 

Boiled  ham 

Com  flakes 

Ginger  wafers 

Orange 

Banana 

Raspberries 

Bread 


Weight 
of  food. 


Orams. 
243.6 

92.3 

93.2 
151.3 

45.2 
170.0 
132.8 
195.9 

54.9 

6(;o.  0 

144.8 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


384.6 

63.9 

950.0 


225.5 
79.8 
85.7 
66.  6 

110.4 
43.7 
69.9 
38.5 
85.2 
67.2 

155.8 

129.7 
92.4 

151.7 
57.2 

520.0 

118.6 


0.21 
.14 
.21 
.96 

1.07 
.11 
.21 

1.31 
.16 
.49 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 

0.62 
.13 
.19 

1.45 
.48 
.19 
.28 

2.62 
.09 

3.23 


1.31  I 
.16  [ 
.49 


188.4 

.55 

27.5 

4.52 

73.7 

5.16 

213.0 

.63 

63.9 

.21 

95.7 

.14 

24.5 

1.07 

133.5 

.12 

92.5 

.11 

218.6 

1.31 

88.3 

.16 

760.0 

.49 

131.1 

4.99 

129.9 

4.23 

53.0 

L07 

61.4 

.98 

55.3 

.13 

263.2 

.21 

96.3 

.12 

165.9 

1.31 

22.63 


5.04 

.11 
4.66 


9.81 


.45 

1.02 

4.47 

3.57 

4.42 

3.78 

.33 

.22 

.36 

.40 

.47 

.21 

.99 

.09 

.19 

.08 

.14 

.12 

1.08 

.73 

.  27 

.42 

.11 

.14 

.11 

.10 

1.31 

1.04 

.16 

.09 

.49 

2.54 

15.15 


1.03 

1.24 

3.80 

1.34 

.13 

.14 

.26 

.16 

.10 

2.86 

.14 

3.72 


6.54 
5.75 
.57 
.60 
.07 
.  55 
.11 
2.17 


Subject  II  H. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  Ill- 
Continued. 

July  4  and  5,  1908— Con. 

Butter 

Milk ., 

Milk 

Sugar , 


July  6,  190S. 

Soup 

Roast  beef 

Cold  boiled  ham . . 

Fried  eggs 

Boiled  potatoes... 
Mashed  potatoes. . 

Beets 

Cauliflower 

Onions 

Lettuce 

Cheese 

Bananas 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


July  7,  1908. 

Soup 

Steak 

Roast  l)eof ,. . 

Mashed  potatoes 

French  tried  potatoes 

Onions 

Creamed  carrots 

Lettuce 

Cucumbers 

Com  flakes 

Tart 

Blackberries 

Bananas 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


July  8,  1908. 

Soup 

Chicken 

Lamb  chops 

Potatoes,  fried 

Potatoes,  boiled... 

String  beans 

Gravy 

Tomatoes 

Lettuce 

Com  flakes 

Peaches 

Orange 

Blackberries 

Cream  puff 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


Per 

Weight    ^^^l 

°"«"^-    gen'f 
food. 


Orams. 

101.1 
3,000.0 

300.0 
72.2 


216.2 
97.1 
24.3 
45.9 

112.1 

177.5 
54.7 

128.0 
17.3 
11.0 
32.3 
81.9 

114.4 

192.3 
67.5 

490.0 
19.9 


181.2 

131.3 
73.0 

127.3 
95.6 
54.5 
33.7 
20.8 
37.6 
32.0 
91.3 

270.0 
99.7 

121.2 
80.8 

570.0 
99.4 


225. 

74. 

87. 

81. 
130. 

24. 

40. 

65. 

38. 

47. 

85. 
107. 
116. 

70. 
185. 

86. 
660. 

23. 


0.16 
.52 
.49 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Gram». 
0.10 
15.  59 

1.47 


.32 

3.88 

4.43 

2.05 

.31 

.45 

.36 

.37 

.16 

.19 

4.99 

.21 

.11 

1.31 

.16 

.49 


.56 
5.23 
5.23 
.42 
.85 
.69 
.21 
.19 
.13 
1.07 
.57 
.21 
.21 
L31 
.16 
.49 


.51 

5.14 

3.93 

.28 

.44 

.21 

.50 

.14 

.19 

L07 

.11 

.13 

.21 

.70 

1.31 

.16 

.49 


16.94 


644  SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND   THE   HEALTH    OF   MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  II  H. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPERIOD  Ill- 
Continued. 

July  9,  1908. 
Soup 

Qrams. 

204.1 

107.7 

119.2 

116.0 

100.3 

46.4 

87.2 

107.3 

151.6 

23.0 

125.5 

81.9 

51.8 

740.0 

53.8 

36.8 

0.42 

4.24 
•   4.26 
.27 
.75 
.21 
.14 
.98 
.21 

1.07 
.11 

1.31 
.16 
.49 

Grams. 
0.85 

Roast  larph.  .  . . 

4.57 

steak 

5.10 

Potatoes 

.32 

Potatoes,  French  fried  . . . 
string  beans 

.75 

.10 
.13 

Custard. 

1.05 

Blackberries 

.31 

Com  flakes 

.25 

Peaches 

.14 

Bread 

1.07 

Butter 

.08 

Milk 

3.62 

Sugar 

Cake 

1.43 

.62 

18.86 

SUBPERIOD  IV. 

July  10,  1908. 
Soup 

229.4 
96.3 
53.1 
87.5 

112.2 
94.4 

116.1 
69.4 

121.1 
78.9 

192.6 

168.5 
53.7 

320.0 
50.0 
30.0 

133.0 

.28 

4.69 

4.33 

2.05 

.38 

.25 

2.83 

.99 

.07 

.13 

.46 

1.31 

.16 

.49 

.63 

Baked  bluefish 

4.52 

Roast  lamb 

2.32 

Fried  eggs 

1.79 

.42 

Boiled  potatoes 

Minced  lamb 

.24 
3.30 

Stewed  peas 

Sauce 

Cucumbers 

Cherry  pie 

.69 
.08 
.10 
.88 

Bread.. 

2.21 

Butter 

.09 

Milk 

1.57 

Sugar. . 

Com  flakes 

1.07 
.21 

.32 

Blackberries 

.28 

19.44 

July  11,  1908. 
Soup 

264.9 
35.2 
96.5 

103.8 

109.1 
8.3 
97.4 
50.6 

173.0 
31.0 

137.5 

100.7 
21.6 

183. 2 
.34.1 

106.  5 
48.4 

440.0 
42.3 

.83 

3.65 

3.76 

.29 

.28 

.47 

.52 

.34 

.14 

.19 

.58 

.14 

1.28 

.10 

1.07 

1.31 

.16 

.49 

.22 

Boiled  ham 

1.29 

Steak 

3.63 

Boiled  potatoes 

.30 

Potatoes 

.30 

Gravy 

.04 

Cabbage 

.51 

Fried  onions 

.17 

Tomatoes 

.25 

Lettuce 

.06 

Huckleberry  pie  . 

.80 

Cherry  stew 

.14 

.28 

Cantaloupe 

.18 

Cornflakes 

.37 

Bread 

2  18 

Butter 

.08 

Milk 

2.16 

Sugar 

12.96 

July  12,  1908. 
Boiled  ham 

121.0 
140.0 
142.0 
52.0 

3.65 
.53 
.21 

1.66 

4.42 

Ice  cream 

Banana 

Shredded  wheat 

.74 
.30 
.86 

Subject  II  H. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


Weight 
of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  IV— Con. 

July  12,  1908— Con. 

Qrams. 

Peaches 267.0 

Bread 359.0 

Milk 1  950.0 

Sugar 55.0 


July  IS,  1908. 

Soup 

Veal  cutlets 

Roast  beef 

Gravy 

Beets 

Mashed  potatoes. . . 

Fried  potatoes 

Cauliflower 

Cake 

Cheese ; 

Shredded  wheat . . . 

Pineapple 

Rhubarb 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


July  14, 1908. 

Soup 

Steak 

Lamb  chops 

Mashed  potatoes. . . 

Boiled  potatoes 

Fried  onions 

Green  peas 

Tomatoes 

Radishes 

Cranlierry  pie 

Shredded  wheat 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 

Crackers 


206.5 

76.2 

67.4 

19.2 

140.3 

102.9 

44.5 

92.7 

51.7 

35.0 

12.9 

154.0 

135.0 

128.3 

273.8 

80.8 

220.0 

95.4 


July  1.5, 1908. 

Bean  soup 

Lamb  chops 

Broiled  ham 

Potato 

Boiled  eggs 

Cucumbers 

Lettuce 

RhuViarb  pie 

Huckleberry  tart.. 

Com  flakes 

reaches 

Cantaloupe 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


199.0 

116.7 

87.3 

102.5 

126.9 

46.7 

28.4 

55.8 

64.0 

125.5 

101.7 

259.9 

382.5 

97.2 

,100.0 

103.2 

9.3 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


213. 
127. 

49. 
231. 

93. 

74. 

29. 
137. 

84. 

30. 
112. 
185. 
446. 

72. 
440. 
145. 


0.11 
1.31 
.49 


.35 

5.14 

4.28 

.21 

.37 

.35 

.75 

.36 

1.35 

5.71 

1.66 

.07 

.60 

.11 

1.31 

.16 

.49 


.33 

4.12 

4.79 

.30 

.33 

.65 

.13 

.14 

.21 

.57 

1.66 

.11 

1.31 

.16 

.49 

'i.'57" 


.63 

5.03 

5.53 

.26 

2.11 

.13 

.19 

.53 

.63 

1.07 

.11 

.10 

1.31 

.16 

.49 


ACTION   OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    THE   HUMAN    BODY.         G45 
Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  II  H. 


I  ';ite  uikI  kiiKi  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  IV— Con. 

July  16, 1908. 

Soup 

Chicken 

Steak 

Gravy 

Mashed  potatoes 

Baked  potatoes 

Carrots 

Rice 

Tomatoes 

Chocolate  eclair 

Shredded  wheat 

Peaches 

Cantaloupe 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


Per 

Weight     f^l 

food. 


Qrams. 
214.0 
74.7 
123.9 
38.1 
117.9 
114.1 
42.5 
87.0 
52.0 
CO.  9 
50.0 
100.5 
113.7 
238.5 
85.4 
000.0 
09.4 


SUBPERIOD  V. 

July  17,  1908. 

Soup 179.9 

Fried  codfish 92.0 

Clam  Ijroth 40.3 

Clams 8.8 

lialihut 100. 2 

Mashed  potatoes 100. 2 

Creamed  potatoes 90. 2 

Cucuml  lers 87.  4 

Stewed  plums 95. 2 

Craniterry  tart 57. 1 

Corn  flakes 35  5 

Peaches 104.9 

Cantaloupe 275.  9 

Bread 173.8 

Butter 90  5 

Sugar !  69.4 


July  18, 1908.  I 

Soup '  181.7 

Roast  beef 109.9 

Bologna  sausage 22. 8 

Cheese 16. 8 

Mashed  potatoes 150. 0 

Tomatoes 210.5 

Lettuce 28.6 

Sour  pickles 11. 6 

Cream  pulT 66.8 

Ice  cream 126. 2 

Pears 98. 3 

Bread 124.8 

Butter 45.7 

Milk 440.0 

Sugar 30.9 


July  19, 1908.  1 

Bread I  310.0 

Butter 33.0 

Sugar 35.0 

Bologna  sausage 95. 0 

Cheese 119.0 

Milk 946.0 

Peaches 200.0 

Sour  pickle 39.0 


0.33 

3.35 

4.00 

.21 

.32 

.63 

.17 

.24 

.14 

.70 

1.60 

.11 

.10 

1.31 

.10 

.49 


.38 

4.40 

2.45 

4.23 

.20 

.14 

.19 

.10 

.92 

.06 

.05 

i;3i 

.16 
.49 


1.31 
.10 


2.45 

4.23 

.49 

.11 

.10 


Weight 

nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Qrams. 

0.70 

2.50 

5.02 

.08 

.38 

.72 

!07 

.21 

.08 

.42 

.93 

.12 

.12 

3.13 

.14 

3.23 


17.85 


40 

.72 

3.94 

3.04 

.21 

.10 

2.10 

.19 

4.11 

6.58 

.27 

.28 

.34 

.30 

.13 

.11 

.11 

.11 

.41 

.23 

1  07 

.38 

.11 

.12 

.10 

.27 

1.31 

2  27 

.16 

.15 

15.45 


.09 

4.82 

.50 

.71 

.38 

.30 

.06 

.01 

.01 

.83 

.05 

1.04 

.07 

2.16 


4.06 
.05 


2.33 

5.02 

4.63 

.22 

.04 

16.35 


Subject  II  H. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


Weight 
of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  V— Con. 

July  20,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Beefsteak  

Mashed  potatoes 

Boiled  potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Butter  beans 

Com  Hakes 

Peaches 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 


July  21,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  beef 

Soft-shell  crab 

Minced  lamb 

Potatoes 

Macaroni 

Sponge  cake 

Stewed  plums 

Com  flakes 

Watermelon 

Peaches 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar j 


Grams. 

199.9 

114.2 

142.0 

86.8 

179.0 

170.4 

67.9 

44.1 

234.0 

60.6 

440.0 

105.9 

55.9 

00.5 


124.2 

109.2 

119.3 

86.2 

243.2 

89.9 

28.6 

12.0 

45.0 

489.4 

98.3 

060.0 

162.1 

88.0 

83.2 


July  22,  1908.  j 

Soup '  268.6 

Veal  cutlets 78. 7 

Pigeon 81. 0 

Mashed  potatoes 98. 1 

French-fried  potatoes 96. 2 

Tomatoes 214. 6 

Creamed  carrots 45. 5 

Huckleberry  pie 122.5 

Rhubarb '  121.4 


Peaches 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Sponge  cake . 


July  23,  1908 

Soup 

Steak 

Bologna 

Boiled  eggs 

Potatoes 

Potato  salad 

Pickled  beets 

Tomatoes 

Current  pie 

Cream  puff 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 


100.0 
660.0 
183.5 
81.0 
71.5 
57.0 


214  2 

154.5 

57.5 

42.5 

158.2 

204.9 

121.5 

107.5 

118.8 

06.0 

227.7 

143.9 

74.6 

91.6 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


0.00 
4.02 
4.01 
.28 
.33 
.14 
.25 
1.07 
.11 
.98 
.49 
1.31 
.16 


.41 
3.52 
1.96 
1.99 

.37 
1.12 
1.66 

.11 
1.07 

.06 

.11 

.49 
1.31 

.16 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Qrams. 

1.19 

5.31 

5.71 

.24 

.59 

.25 

.17 

.47 

.26 

.59 

2.15 

1.38 

.10 


4.40 

2.06 

2.11 

.29 

.25 

.37 

.14 

.57 

.94 

.11 

1.31 

.16 


646  SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND  THE   HEALTH    OF   MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  II  H. 

Subject  II  H. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

WeiKli 
nit!' 
gen  <  1 
food. 

SUBPERIOD  VI. 

July  24,  1908. 

Grams. 

208.3 
73.0 
83.2 

228.7 

Grams. 

SUBPERIOD  VI— Con. 

July  28, 1908— Con. 
Poached  eggs 

Grams. 
84.0 

Grams. 

Potatoes 

169. 1 
51.7 
59.2 
59.7 
95.9 

Carrots 

Salad 

276.1 

Sauce 

101.8 
100.9 
45.8 
61.0 
409.5 
98.9 
18.3 
060.0 
53.8 
185.9 
101.0 
79.6 

Tart 

I 

Cornstarch  . 

141.4  1 \ 

Peaches 

303.7 
280.7 

1 

Bread 

i 

Milk 

490  0 
249.0 
51.9 
114.2 

Coffee 

Olives                       

Sugar 

Milk               

Butter 

July  29,  1908. 
Soup 

Bread                      

205.1 

82.8 

41.6 

117.0 

86.9 

105.5 

25.6 

67.9 

67.5 

49.6 

110  0 

26.2 

215.  4 

259.8 

lOC.O 

440.0 

76.5 

Steak 

July  25,  1908. 

87.0 

36.8 

94.6 

150.5 

164.5 

80.4 

51.4 

384.8 

228.7 

80.2 

220. 0 

80.7 

Bacon. . . 

Scrambled  eggs 

Baked  potatoes 

1 

1 

Beef 

Celery... 

Boiled  potatoes 



Spongecake 

Chocolate  cup  cake 

Blackberry  pie 

Bread      

Peaches 

' 

Butter 

Bread. 

Milk 

Butter 

Milk 

July  26,  1908. 
Pot  roast 

71.0 
76.0 
63.0 
65.0 
40.6 

160.  0 
82.0 
69.0 
45.0 
31.0 

220.0 
1.5.0 

SUBPERIOD  VII. 

July  31,  1908. 

Roast  beef 

Mashed  potatoes 

179.0 

108.3 

146.7 

8.0 

71.0 

109.3 

42.0 

56.1 

130.3 

54.7 

219.3 

220.0 

110.8 

48.3 

46.2 

Fried  potatoes 

Ice  cream 

Mashed  potatoes  . . 

Gravv 

Biscuits 

Green  peas 

Bread . . 

Tomatoes 

Butter 

Milk 

Spongecake... 





July  27,  1908. 

248.0 

132. 1 

33.2 

165.1 

114.7 

54.8 

83.1 

56.4 

49.9 

00  5 

232.5 

94.3 

440.0 

184.9 

93.7 

112.4 

Milk 

Soup 

Bologna 

Cornbcof  hash 

August  1,  1908. 

Potatoes 

1 

188.0 
77.7 
28.9 
55.8 
94.5 
127.8 
178.6 
77.9 
101.7 
115.0 
27.2 
78.8 
220.0 
222.9 
81.7 

Beets 

Shredded  wheat 

Cooky 

Cake 

Fried  ham 

Rhubarl) 

Fried  eggs 

Milk 

Bread 

Rice 

1 

Sugar 

Tomatoes 

Stewed  huckleberries 

1 

Soup 

200.2 
68.7 
30.0 

Milk 

Pot  roast 

Bread 

Ham 

Butter 

ACTION    OF*   SOt)TUM    BENZOATE   OiJ   TTTPl    HUMAN    BODY.         647 
Daily  food  cAar^s^Continued. 


Subject  II  H. 

Subject  II  H. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPERIODVII-Con. 

August  1,1908— Con. 

Sugar 

Coffee 

August  g,  1908. 

Grains. 
77.5 

Grams. 

SUBPERIOD  VII— Con. 

Augusts,  1908. 
Soup 

Grams. 
192.2 
140.0 

28.9 
120.7 

70.5 
123.5 

10.5 

Grama. 

174.8 

1 

Roast  beef 

Bologna 

Scram i)led  eggs  and  ham . 
French  tried  potatoes 

1 

N 

1 

Hani 120.0 

Cheese 100.0 

Gravy 

Bread 

2G1.0 

Peas 

53.6 

Ice  cream 

103.0 
•  85.0 

880.0 
29.0 
10.0 

Force 

53.0 

112.2 

50.4 

48.6 

240.0 

855.0 

119.4 

300.  5 

74.1 

60.0 

82.9 

Peaches 

Plum  sauoe 

Millc 

Sugar 

1 

Butter 

[ 

Milk 

1 

A  ugust  S,  1908. 

Coffee 



Bread 

1 

189  2 

Butter 

... 

no.  7 

102.9 
99.7 

137.9 
6.8 
49.5 
73.1 

Sugar 

! 

Hash 

Pear 

1 

SUBPERIOD  VIII. 

August?,  1908. 

Lamb  chops 

Potatoes 

53.5 
114.4 
113.1 
150.8 

74.7 
184.8 
169.1 
223.9 
113.  G 

Onions 

27.2 

120.0 

ao  n 

Soup 

Fried  halibut 

Mashed  potatoes 

Beets 

Milk 

880  0 

Corn 

\ 

Bread 

196.2 
68.2 
62.8 

Peach  pie 

Butter 

Watermelon 

Sliced  oranges 

Milk 

290.0 
126.  3 
209.1 
140.4 

August  4,  1908. 

76.7 

23.1 

51.1 

22.7 

161.5 

219.5 

198.3 

65.0 

93.2 

57.5 

53.2 

39.2 

141.0 

203.6 

284  7 

Coffee 

Bread 

Butter 

Chicken 

280.8 

Pork 

August  8,  1908. 

Boiogna 

218.9 

130.1 

6.4 

60.0 
128.5 
.'17.4 
225.0 

21.4 
105. 2 
206.4 

61.2 
244.2 

97.2 

71.9 

Cheese 

Fried  potatoes 

Mashed  potatoes 

1 

Steak 

Soup 

String  beans 

Stewed  plums 

Baked  potatoes 

Force 

Cake 

Peas 

Cooky 

Pineapple 

Watermelon 

Bread 

Butter 

14.2 

Bread 

Sugar 

290.0 

Butter 

203.4 

102.2 

51.7 

20.6 

84.6 

82.4 

57.8 

28.7 

245.6 

243.6 

88.6 

660.0 

56.5 

Sugar 

August  5,  1908. 

August  9,  1908. 
Salmon . 

Soup 

61  0 

Roast  lamb 

Ham 

Tongue 

149.0 
58.0 

Gra\'y 

Boiled  potatoes 

95.0 

39.0 
273.0 
131.0 

51.0 
307.0 
946.0 
154.0 

37.0 

Creamed  potatoes 

Sour  pickles 

Vanilla  Eclair 

Watermelon . . . 

Cake 

Oranges 

Cake 

Bread 

Bread. 

Butter 

Milk 

Milk 

Peaches 

1 

Sugar 

Sugar. 

1 

648  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND  THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  II  H. 

Subject 

II  H. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

1 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per     1 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPERIOD   VIII- 
Continued. 

August  10,  1908. 

Grams. 

184.2 
97.2 
37.3 
78.9 
52.2 
120.0 
23.0 
86.3 
81.1 
24.7 
43.7 
245.7 
490.0 
138.7 
176.7 
62.4 
88.2 

Orams. 

SUBPERIOD   VIII— 
Continued. 

August  13, 1908— Con. 

Gravy 

Grams. 

4.0 

92.9 

48.5 

24.3 

117.2 

220.0 

108.7 

55.2 

ILl 

Grams. 

Cream  puff 

Cookies 

Cheese 

Stewed  pears 

Milk 

Gravy 

Bread 

Butter 

Ice  cream 

Sugar 

Cake 

SUBPERIOD  IX. 

August  14\  1908. 

Soup 

236.2 

117.2 

23.3 

95.3 

129.5 

41.3 

63.9 

32.4 

121.7 

440.0 

325.3 

208.4 

69.3 

— 

Milk 

Coffee                  

Bread 

Halibut 

Bacon 

August  11,  1908. 

335.1 

99.5 

70.8 
140.4 
104.1 

76.2 
128.5 
140.4 

45.1 
173.7 

36.4 
249.5 
193.4 

66.7 
220.0 
138.7 

61.7 

Force 

Lettuce 

Peaches 

Milk 

Watermelon 

Bread 

Butter 

August  15,  1908. 
Soup 

196.5 
88.5 

127.2 
75.3 

119.9 
34.2 
28.8 

165.4 

660.0 

Apple  pie             

Chicken 

Mashed  potatoes 

Butter 

Com  

Milk 

Coffee 

Cake 

Sugar 

Shredded  wheat 

August  12,  1908. 

206.6 

140.8 

19.7 

131.9 

129.7 

82.7 

22.1 

120.8 

36.4 

27  2 

40!4 

46.0 

158.6 

1.36.  4 

00.5 

440.0 

189.0 

72.2 

75.3 

Milk                               

Bread 

200.7 
72.9 
48.5 

Soup 

Butter 

Roast  lamb 

Sugar                        

August  m.  1908. 

Cream  potatoes 

122.0 
125.0 
53.0 
91.0 
66.0 
72.0 

Squash 

Bologna 

Cheese                  

"■ 

Peach  pie 

Crackers 

Lettuce                           .   . 

Cake 

Force 

130.0 
48.0 

Sliced  orange 

Cake                              

Pears 

Milk 

940.0 

135.0 

349.0 

45.0 

Milk 

Bread..           

Bread 

Butter 

Butter     . 

August  17,  1908. 
Soup 

Sugar 

161.9 
84.4 
58.1 
440.0 
103.9 
77.3 
20  5 

August  13,  1908. 

194.0 
132.8 
12.5. 3 
123.3 
158.8 
59.7 
120.2 

Fried  eggs 

Soup 

Steak 

Milk 

Minced  lamb 

Baked  potatoes 

Bread. 

Mashed  potatoes 

Butter 

String  beans 

23.5 

Beets 

ACTION   OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    THE   HUMAN    BODY.         649 
Daily  food  charts — Oont  imiod . 


Subject  II  H. 


1  ';ii<>  ami  kiiiii  of  food. 


SUnPERIOD  IX- 
ConliiUK'd. 


WciRht 
of  food. 


Soup. 

Steak 


August  IS,  tS08.  \ 

Grams. 

1  195. 1 

. . . . '  134.  C 

Gnivy 9.7 

Bologna 59- 1' 

Mashed  potatoes 102.  5 

Creaiii  potiitoes l-|j- 1> 

Fried  onions I  87. 8 

Lettuce \  27.0 

Chocolate  6clair 31.5 

Cookies '  24.5 

Plums 151.0 

Watcnnelon 170. 

Peaches 117./ 

Milk 000.0 

Butter 40.3 

Bread 130.4 

Sugar 03.7 


August  19,  1908. 


Soup 

Pol  roast 

Gravy 

Lamb  chops. 

Potatoes 

Tomatoes 

Peach  pie 

Cake 

SVatenuelon. 

Peaches 

Plums 

Force 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 


August  20,  1908. 


Soup 

Chicken 

Liver  wurst 

Scrambled  eggs 

French  fried  potatoes  . 

Sweet  potatoes 

Rice 

Custard 

Peach  pie 

Peaches 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


SUBPERIOD  X. 

August  21,  1908. 


Boiled  bluefish... 

Bologna 

Boiled  eggs 

Potato  salad 

Mashed  potatoes. 

String  beans 

Lettuce 

Chocolate  eclair.. 

Rice  pudding 

Force 

Pineapple 

Peaches 


190.2 
100.0 

17.0 

82.2 
210.1 

80.2 
130.3 

32.7 
202.4 

98.1 
120.  7 

51.9 
440.0 
127.5 

CO.  3 

50.0 


2-i0.3 

79.5 

20.9 

110.4 

51.4 

107.2 

125.  5 

104. 2 

93.5 

125.4 

233.8 

£4.3 

220.0 

32.8 


00.4 
70.2 
78.2 
1()8.7 
145.4 
05.7 
24.9 
49.0 
80.6 
01.4 
90.3 
105.7 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Orams. 


Subject  II  H. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  X— 
Continued. 

August  it.  1908— Con. 


Milk... 
Bread.. 
Butler. 
Sugar.. 


August  22,  1908. 


Per 

of  food.    ^ii^% 
gen  of 

food. 


Grams. 

OtiO.  0 

249.8 

81.8 

40.3 


Soup 287.8 

Steak 104.1 

Gravy 79. 7 

Miislied  potatoes [  114.  5 

Squash .' !  105. 1 

Lettuce !  20.5 

Pie 232.6 

Grapes ,  22.7 

Peaches 116.3 

Milk I  440.0 

Bread I  170.3 

Butter 88.3 

Sugar I  00.0 

Pork  chops 54.0 

Sweet  potalots |  57. 2 

Applesauce i  109.9 

Cookv 27.2 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


August  23,  1908. 


Ham 59.0 

Bologna 104.0 

Tomatoes '  107. 0 

Lettuce 60.0 

Ice  cream 172. 0 

Bread 230.0 

Butter '  20.0 

Milk 771.0 


August  2^,  1908. 


Soup 

Veal  cutlets 

Broiled  ham 

Scrambled  eggs . 

Potatoes 

Sweet  potatoes.. 
Boiled  onions. . 

Lettuce 

Pie 

Stewed  plums.. 

Cake 

Orange 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

ColTee 


179.9 
103.3 
49.1 
59.0 
112.9 
191.7 
93.3 
28.1 
128.8 
100.0 
38.9 
110.0 
270.0 
178.8 
78.2 
4L0 
138.9 


August  23,  1908.  \ 

Soup I    207.2 

"■  •  ■  85. 2 

24.2 
00.5 
89.3 
53.1 
140.7 
129.0 
150.6 
73.7 
32.5 
53.5 


Chicken . 

Gravy 

Lamb  chops 

Mashed  potatoes. 

String  l)eaiis 

Stewed  peas 

Cream  potatoes. . 

Macaroni 

Cucumbers 

Cake 

Ice  cream 


Grams. 


650  SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND   THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  n  H. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  X— Con. 
August  25, 1908— Con. 


Orange. 
Milk... 
Bread.. 
Butter. 
Sugar.. 


I     Per 
Weiirhti    *^°^ 

food. 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Subject  II  H. 


Grams. 
115.1 
660.0 
232.0 
83.1 
40.0 


August  26,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Gravj- 

Bologna 

Boiled  eggs 

French  fried  potatoes. . . 

Boiled  potatoes 

Cake - 

Sliced  orange 

Peaches 

Force , 

Milk 

Cream  rolls 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Coffee 

Beet 


August  27,  1908. 


Soup 

Steak 

Lamb  chops 

Cream  potatoes . 
Sweet  potatoes. 

Beans 

Cucumbers 

Custard , 

Apple  pie 

Bread 

Butter 


SUBPERIOD  XI. 

September  2,  1908. 

Soup 

Steak 

Bacon 

Potatoes 

Boiled  onions 

Corn  fritters 

Apple  pie 

Apple  sauce 

Doughnuts 

Pears 

Milk 

Cocoa 

Bread 

Butter 

Peach 

September  3,  1908. 

Soup 

Veal  cutlets 

Gravy 

Bacon 

Fried  eggs 

Mashed  potato<>s 

Lettuce 

Force 


272.8 

109.7 

21.2 

98.9 

85.5 

46.1 

142.1 

26.5 

137.9 

122.4 

18.4 

710.0 

45.8 

737.2 

94.0 

40.0 

128.6 

103.6 


198.9 
128.7 
111.5 
104.0 
88.9 
123.1 
131.8 
128.8 
118.2 
533.4 
126.9 


147.1 
45.1 
38.8 
83.0 
71.3 
246.0 
95.1 
101.8 
123.6 
175.0 
220.0 
162. 9 
33.8 
29.7 
75.0 


278.7 
56.1 
24.9 
15.0 
89.3 

130.4 
33.6 
38.2 


Date  and  kind  of  food 


I    Per 

°"«-^-    g^nof 
food. 


SUBPERIOD  XI— Con. 

September  3, 1908— Coa. 

Grams. 

Ice  cream 64. 6 

Stewed  plums 231.8 

Milk 440.0 

Bread 287.2 

Butter 128.6 

Sugar 50.0 


September  4,  1908. 


Soup 

Broiled  blueflsh. . 

Steak 

Mashed  potatoes . 
Boiled  potatoes . . 

String  beans 

Lettuce 

Chocolate  eclair. . 

Cake 

Peaches 

Sliced  orange 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 


September  5,  1908. 


Soup 

Fowl 

Lamb 

Mashed  potatoes . 

Gravy 

Beets 

Lettuce 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 


September  6, 1908. 


Ham 

Fried  eggs 

Force 

Peaches 

Pears 

Chocolate  cake. 

Bread 

Milk 


September  7, 1908. 


Soup 

Veal  cutlets 

Gravy 

Bologna 

Mashed  potatoes . 

Macaroni 

Apple  pie 

Milk 

Peaches 

Pears 

Bread 

Butter 


September  8,  1908. 


Soup 

Steak 

Bologna 

Boiled  eggs 

Mashed  potatoes . 

Turnips 

Beets 


286.7 
73.0 
105.8 
147.1 

142.7  i 
60.8  i 

26.8  ! 

70.9  i 
22.8 

108.4  I 

146.8  I 
440.0  ' 
235.7 

109.5  1 


206. 

84. 
153. 
121. 

29. 

98. 

83. 
440. 
319. 

93. 


159.9 
100.9 

26.9 
233.2 

60.0 

200.9 

284.8 

1,100.0 


203.4 
112.8 

20.2 
108.0 
161.2 
160.0 
136.7 
220.0 
115.6 
100.0 
391.0 

87.3 


231.3 

162.3 
75.6 
80.3 

114.2 
94.2 

101.8 


ACTION   OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE    HUMAN   BODY.        651 
Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  II  H. 

Subject  n  H. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUB  PERIOD  XI— Con. 
September  8,  190S—Con. 
Cheese       

Grams. 
30.0 
80.0 
104.7 
19.6 
66.6 
72.1 
23.9 
440.0 

Grams. 

SUBPERIOD  XII— Con. 

September  IS,  1908— 
Continued. 

Bologna 

Grams. 
117.6 

48.8 
123.4 

99.0 

60.5 
152.2 
300.0 
270.9 

02.4 

Grams. 

1 

Salmon 

Mashed  potatoes 

Cup  custard    

Creamea  turnips 

Lettuce 

Cake 

Pie 

Milk 

Peaches 

Bread. 

SUBPERIOD  XII. 

201.4 
77.6 
15.7 

128. 2 
07.0 

110.9 

Butter 

September  IS,  1908. 
Soup 

September  9, 1908. 
Soup             

271.9 
120.0 

18.9 
159.5 

05.6 
386.9 

32.5 

75.0 
220.0 
145.0 

57.4 

Roast  lanib      

Roast  beef 

Gravy 

Boiled  potatoes 

String  bean.s 

String  beans 

French  fried  potatoes 

Chocolate  eclair  

Ice  cream 

34.2 
206.5 
53.6 
55.2 
101.9 

Cake 

Pear 

Milk 

1 

Grapes    

Bread 

I'eaches 

Butter 

Cake 

10.0 
660.0 
183.7 

85.0 
121.9 

91.5 

September  I4,  1908. 
Soup 

Milk      

233.7 

64.2 

26.4 

65.3 

84.4 

92.3 

10.4 

76.1 

21.3 

61.1 

143.7 

175.8 

72.0 

440.0 

143.9 

335.5 

43.2 

Bread 

Orange    

Lamb  chops 

Bacon 

...  .          .  .  .. 

September  10, 1908. 

256.6 

153.4 

49.9 

117.3 

129.2 

107.0 

80.2 

42.0 

141.5 

174.9 

108.5 

440.0 

237.0 

108.5 

Boiled  eggs 

Mashed  potatoes 

1 

Soup 

Gravy 

Steak 

Onions 

Fried  ham 

Lettuce 

Mashed  potatoes  

Chocolate  cake 

Apple  pie . . 

Creamed  carrots 

Cereal 

Sliced  orange ... 

Lettuce     

Milk 

Tapioca  pudding 

Coffee 

Oatmeal 

Bread 

Sliced  orange 

Butter 

1 

Milk 

September  15,  1908. 
Soup.  . 

Bread 

204.5 

79.1 

28.8 

132.7 

53.6 

130.2 

212.1 

97.2 

181.0 

140.8 

81.6 

122.7 

229.0 

060.0 

154.3 

73.0 

Butter 

September  11, 1908. 

209.1 
149.4 
45.2 
39.0 
95.3 
118.7 
80.0 
45.6 
67.1 
232.1 
127.3 
102.4 
880.0 
57.7 
187.0 
65.2 
204.3 

Chicken 

1 

Gravy 

Soup 

Pork  chops .... 

Halibut 

Fried  potatoes ... 

; 

Lamb  chops 

Mashed  potatoes 

Fried  eggs ; . . . 

Rice 

Cream  potatoes 

Beets 

Peach  pie 

Spinach 

Apple  sauce.. 

Lettuce 

Cake 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Baked  apple. . . 

Cereal... 

Orange 

Milk 

Apple  sauce 

Bread 

Milk 

Butter 

SUBPERIOD  XIIL 

September  10,  1908. 

Soup 

Bread 

195.5 
85,2 
62.3 
31.6 

Butter 

Sugar 



September  12,  1908. 

195.4 

Roast  lamb 

Soup 

Clam  broth 

Steak 

152.0 

Clams 

652  SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND  THE   HEALTH    OF   MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — (bntinued. 


Subject  II  H. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPERIOD  XIII— 
Continued, 

September  IG,  1908— Con. 

Boiled  ham 

Grams. 
59.0 
97.6 
119.9 
101.0 
70.4 

Grams. 

String  beans 

44.9 
31.2 

Cake 

Peaches 

242.4 
440.0 
318.7 
24.5 
211.8 

Milk...     . 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 

1  . 

September  17,  1908. 
Soup .    .  . 

270.2 
190.0 
152.5 
148.0 
109.8 
240.6 
220.0 
103.0 
18G.1 
78.2 
60.0 

Steak 

Potatoes 

Oatmeal 

Milk  .. 

Coffee 

Bread 

Butter.. 

Sugar 

September  18,  1908. 
Soup 

255.7 
135.0 
90.5 
143.5 
108.1 
83.5 
46.4 
130.4 
117.4 
210.5 
87.1 
78.3 
440.0 
236.7 
38.8 
116.0 

Boiled  salmon... 

Mashed  potatoes 

Creamed  turnips 

Chocolate  eclair 

Cereal . 

Cheese  cake 

Milk  .. 

Bread 

Butter 



Coffee 

September  19,  1908. 
Soup 

239.5 

177.7 
18.0 

189.6 
47.0 
57.8 
98.4 

109.4 

Chicken 

Gravy . . . 

Mashed  potatoes 

Onions 

Cabbage 

Peach  pie 

Pears 

215.5 
440.0 
211.2 
297.2 
85.2 



Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

September  20,  1908. 
Soup 

210.0 

107.7 

Roast  beef 

Sweet  potatoes 

228.1 
91.1 
40.7 
214.8 
130.0 
220.0 

Spinach 

Lettuce 

Ice  cream 

Drop  cake 

Milk 

Subject  II  H. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XIII— 
Continued. 

September  W,  1908— Con. 

Coffee 

Bread 

Butter 

September  21,  1908. 

Soup 

Lamb  chops 

Cream  oysters 

Potatoes,  mashed 

Fried  onions 

French  fried  potatoes . . . 

Lettuce 

Apple  pie 

Apple  sauce 

Pear  sauce 

Oatmeal 

Milk 

Coffee 

Bread 

Butter 

Cake 

September  S2,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  Iamb 

Pork  chops 

Creamed  potatoes 

Sweet  potatoes 

Cold  slaw 

Custard 

Peach  pie 

Stewed  plums 

Wheatena 

Milk 

Coffee 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

SUBPERIOD  XIV. 

September  23,  1908. 

Soup 

Chicken * 

Gravy 

Beef 

Boiled  potatO(>s 

Mashed  potatoes 

Cauliflower 

Carrots 

Pltmi  pie 

Apple  sauce 

Baked  apple 

Pickled  lieets 

Cookies 

Cream  of  wheat 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

September  U,  1908. 

Soup 

Steak 

Fried  ham 

Fried  eggs 

Fried  potatoes 

Mashed  potatoes 

String  beans 


Weight 
of  food. 


Grams. 
113.5 
86.8 
49.1 


229.4 

109.3 

123.7 

153.5 

04.5 

36.5 

48.5 

169.3 

108.0 

131.1 

208.0 

440.0 

118.4 

244.7 

94.6 

86.6 


199.9 
129.5 

88.6 
114.4 
119.2 
161.1 
132.9 

89.0 
109.0 
252.5 
660.0 
160.0 
176.0 

74.0 

50.0 


190.9 
126.5 
103.9 

93.5 
149.0 
129.7 
113.1 

41.0 
188.0 
175.8 
107.1 

98.6 

40.4 
324.9 
880.0 
247.2  i 
120.1 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


200.7 
168.5 
52.0 
70.2 
53.0 
130.4 
47.6 


ACTION   OF  SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN   BODY.        653 
Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  II  H. 


Date  aiid  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIODXIV— 

Continued. 

September  14, 1908— Con 

Lettuce 

Apple  fritters 

Apple  sauce 

Sponge  cake 

Oatmeal 

Stewed  plums 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

September  25,  1908. 

Soup 

Halibut 

Lamb  chops 

Potatoes 

Swoet  potatoes 

Cheese  cake 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Cucumbers 

Baked  apples 

Hominy 

Orange'. 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

SUBPERIOD  XV. 

September  29,  1908. 


Soup , 

Veal  cutlets 

Pork  chops , 

French  fried  potatoes . 

Sweet  potatoes 

Creamed  carrots 

Onions 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Apple  sauce 

Cake 

Olives 

Milk 

Coffee 

Bread 

Butter 

Cereal 


1     Per 
Weight    i'f "' 

food. 


Grams. 

185.8 

111.7 

83.5 

12.0 

302.7 

112.7 

660.0 

212.5 

90.2 

40.0 


202.6 
174.2 
25.0 
84.0 
92.8 
59.1 
60.0 
74.5 
112.5 
197.7 
59.1 
550.0 
178.0 
104.0 


September  SO,  1908. 


Soup 

Roast  lamb 

Beef 

Gravy 

Mashed  potatoes . 
Boiled  potatoes. . 

String  beans 

Cream  pufl 

Oatmeal 

Cake 

Peaches 

Plums 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 


200.0 

107.5 

102.7 
52.4 
97.5 

100.0 
20.0 
73.0 

149.5 
40.0 
18  8 

660.0 
70.0 

187.7 
69.4 

196.0 


October  1, 1908. 


198.7 
66.8 
76.0 
74.5 
178  3 
55.0 
93.0 
55.2 
205.1 
37.9 
98.2 
131.0 
228.0 
166.0 
880.0 
40.0 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Orams. 


Soup.. 
Stei. 


184.0 
140.5 


Subject  II  H. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XV- 
Continued. 

October  1,1908— Con. 

Boiled  ham 

Boiled  egg 

Mashed  potatoes 

rrciich  fried  potatoes.  . 

Frit'd  onions 

Lettuce 

Ice  cream 

Apple  sauce 

Cereal 

Cantaloupe 

Coffee 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Orange 

SUBPERIOD  XVI. 

October  2,  1908. 

Soup 

Baked  bluefish 

Com  beef 

Mashed  potatoes 

Cabbage 

Oyster  plant 

Apple  dumpling 

Cookies 

Peaches 

Orange 

Cereal 

Milk 

Bread 

Butter 

Coffee 

Celery 

October  3,  1908. 

Soup 

Ham 

Veal  chops 

Mashed  potatoes 

Gravy 

Lettuce 

Cauliflower 

Apple  pie 

Oatmeal 

Cheese 

Peaches 

Milk 

Coffee 

Bread 

Butter 

Sugar 

Orange , 

October  4,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  beef , 

Mashed  potatoes 

Sweet  potatoes 

Ice  cream 

Cake 

Milk , 

Bread 

Butter , 

October  5,  1908. 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 


cent    ^^'eb*- 
^^'Sht    ^fJll      nitro- 

offood.    °'^^^  I  gen  of 


Orams. 
35.5 
94.1 
114.5 
38.3 
106.9 
55.5 
72.5 
156.5 
211.5 
40.0 
80.5 
440.0 
250.0 
134.5 
122.5 


235.0 
74.0 
86.5 
293.5 
163.5 
91.0 
149.0 
41.0 
75.0 
90.0 
175.0 
660.0 
290.0 
116.0 
86.5 
30.0 


184.0 
94.0 
98.3 

139.5 
37.0 
87.0 

190.0 

131.5 

256.5 
46.0 
75.0 

440.0 
65.0 

320.5 
95.5 
40.0 

129.8 


159.2 
120.9 

88.9 
120.0 
144.0 

36.5 
220.0 

78.0 

90.5 


Orams. 


208.5 
159.5 


654  SODIUM   BE2.'Z0ATE   AND   THE   HEALTH    OF    MAN, 

Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  II  H. 

Subject  n  H. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPERIOD  XVI— 

Continued. 

October  b,  /SOS— Con. 
Gravv 

Grams. 
22.0 
102.5 
121.5 
177.5 
104.8 

Grams. 

SUBPERIOD  XVII— 
Continued. 

October  9,  1908. 
Soup 

Grams. 
248.3 
99.0 
8L0 
125.5 
13L0 
62.5 
48.5 
63.8 
43.5 
171.5 
165.0 
142.2 
490.0 
140.5 
55.5 

Grams. 

Fried  eggs 

Creamed  potatoes 

Codfish . . .' 

Sweet  potatoes 

Creamed  turnips 

Lettuce 

113.5 
91.5 
64.3 
64.5 
84.0 

Boiled  eggs 

Chocolate  eclair 

Apple  sauce 

Chocolate  cake 

Milk 

440.0 
237.5 
114.8 
97.5 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Coffee 

Bread 

October  6  1908 

170.5 
50.5 
91.0 

155.0 

s 

October  10,  1908. 

Soup 

Lamb  chops 

i 

192.0 
80.2 
33.5 
39.5 
155.0 
64.0 
74.0 
183.0 
104.2 
75.0 
134.5 
65.0 
98.3 
125.5 
710.0 
247.5 
119.0 
40.0 
70.0 

Pork  chops 

Potatoes 

Carrots 

76.5 
20.0 
92.5 
27.5 
169.8 
80.7 
95.0 
135.5 
710.0 
71.5 
248.0 
127.5 

Steak 

Gravv 

Peach  pie 



JeUv 

Oatmeal 

Peaches 

Grapes 

Cake 

Plums 



Milk 

Coffee 



Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

SUBPERIOD  XVII. 

158.5 
84.0 
65.0 
113.0 
171.0 
91.0 
30.0 
5.0 

Butter 

Sugar..  .      .           .     

October  T,  1908. 

Coffee 

October  11,  1908. 
Soup .... 

Soup 

143.7 
345.8 
87.2 
50.8 
34.0 
88.0 
150.0 
21.5 
150.0 
270.0 

Veal  cutlets 

Gravv 

Mashed  potatoes 

Pot  roast 



Mashed  potatoes 

Rice 

Carrots    . 

Lettuce 

Celery 

Horse-radish 



Beets 

Custard 

126.5 
42.5 
160.0 
100.0 
300.0 

Ice  cream 

Cake 

Cake.   .. 

Oatmeal 

Orange 

Milk 

Grapes 

Bread 

Butter 

SUBPERIOD  XVIII. 

October  12,  1908. 
Soup 

94.5 

Milk 

660.0 
170.0 
95.5 

101.1 

Bread  . . 

Butter 

128.2 
102.1 

20.0 

91.7 
132.4 
123.2 
100.5 

23.0 
106.4 
152.5 

61.5 
590.0 
212.0 
333.9 
112.9 

October  8,  1908. 
Soup 

187.5 
89.0 
31.7 
97.5 
79.0 
91.0 

Roast  lamb 

.. 

Bacon 

Gravy 

Fried  eggs 

Sweet  potatoes 

Cauliflower 

Eggs 

Mashed  potatoes 

French  fried  potatoes 

Cauliflower 

79.5 
68.0 
147.0 
50.3 
131.5 
100.0 
660.0 
262.0 
103.5 

Chocolate  Eclair 

Cookv. 

Apple  pie 

Lettuce 

Cereal 

Grapes 

Milk 

Milk 

Coffee 

Bread 

Bread 

Butter 

Butter 

. 

ACTION   OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN   BODY.        655 
Daily  food  charts — Continued . 


Subject  II  H. 

Subject  II  H. 

Pate  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Grams. 

Date  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPKRIOD  XVIII— 
Continued. 

October  IS,  1908. 

Grams. 
215.4 
111.3 
119.3 
136.7 

62.7 
117.9 

35.5 

45.9 
184.0 

91.5 
127.2 
159.7 

62.0 
440.0 
196.8 
178.2 

86.6 

SUBPERIOD  XVIII— 

Continued. 

October  I4,  1908. 
Soup 

Gra  ms. 
184.7 
157.9 
192.6 
83.5 
79.2 
244.0 
81.8 
50.0 
26.0 
89.8 
440.0 
241.5 
174.7 
97.6 
50.0 

Grams. 

Ste& 

Froiich  fiiod  potatoes 



Cream  of  wheat 

Gravv                             -   - 

Grape  fruit 

G  rapes 

Bacon 

Milk 

Chocolate  pudding 

Cake          

Coffee 

Bread 

Milk       

Butter 

Colloe 

Sugar 

Uroad 

Butter                   

Subject 

,  III  o. 

Subject  III  0. 

SUBPERIOD  II. 
June  18,  1908. 

Grams. 
100.0 
155.5 
124  4 
169.5 
22.5 
400.0 
90.0 
36.0 

Grams. 

SUBPERIOD  II— Con. 

June  21, 1908— Con. 
Butter 

Grams. 

60.0 
160.0 
600.0 
150.0 

72.0 

Grams. 

■; ::;::::: 

Melon 

Calibage 

Tea 

Bread                   .          .  . 

Milk 

Butter     

Sugar 

June  22,  1908. 
Roils... 

Milk...- 

261.0 
280.0 
120.0 
160.0 
400.0 

36.0 
100.0 

54.0 

(Lunch  and  dinner.) 

Beef 

200.0 

82.2 

June  19,  1908. 

Eees 

Tea 

Sugar 

Rolls 

152.5 
85.5 

400.0 

400.0 
72.0 

254.0 
45.0 
81.5 

Milk                     

Butter 

Coffee 

June  23,  1908. 
Eggs 

100.0 
280.0 
140.0 
400.0 
350.0 

27.5 
205.0 
108.0 
275.0 

72.0 

Milk 

Beef     . 

Butter 

Fried  potatoes 

Fish 

Coffee 

June  SO,  1908. 
Hash 

1 

Tea 

120.0 

155.0 

42.0 

145.0 

160.0 

400.0 

400.0 

342.0 

54.0 

33.0 

RoUs 

Beef 

Butter 

Bread 

Milk  

Rolls 

Sugar 

Spinach 

June  S4, 1908.    ■ 
Eggs 

100.0 

240.0 

100.0 

60.0 

60.0 

35.0 

201.0 

400.0 

200.0 

150.0 

54.0 

17.0 

Tea 

MUk 

Beef 

Sugar 

Salad.     .                .  . 

Butter 

Radishes 

June  SI,  1908. 
Eggs 

50.0 
40.0 
100.0 
100.0 
120.0 

Rolls  . 

Bacon 

Coffee 

Ham 

Tea 

Beef 

Milk 

Cabbage 

Sugar 

Potatoes 

200.0 
60.5 

B  utter 

Bread 



656 


SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 
Daily  food  c/farfa— Continued. 


Subject  III  O. 


AVeight 
Date  and  kind  of  food,     ^f  (J^^j 


SUBPERIOD  II— Con. 


June  25,  1903. 


Eggs 

Beef 

Cabbage . 
Potatoes . 

Bread 

Butter... 
Coffee.... 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 


Jitwe  26,  1908. 


Eggs.. 
Bread. 
Coffee. 
Milk.. 
Butter 
Sugar 


(Breakfast.) 
SUBPERIOD  VII. 


July  51,1908. 


Eggs.  -  - 
Fish... 
Bread . . 
Butter. 
Rolls... 
Coffee.. 

Tea 

Milk... 
Sugar.. 


August  1,  1908. 


Eggs... 
Beef. . . 
Bread.. 
Rolls... 
Butter. 
Coffee.. 
Milk... 


Tea. 


August  2,  1908. 


Beef 

Potatoes.. 
Tomatoes. 

Beans 

Rhubarb., 

Cake 

Bread 

Coffee 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 


Augusts,  1908. 


Eggs 

Beef 

Cueximliers. 

Coffee 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 

Butter 

Bread 

Rolls 


Grams. 

100.0 

340.0 

120.0 

100.0 

30.0 

38.0 

400.0 

200.0 

150.0 

54.0 


P«'.  Weight 
cent  1  nitro- 
n'f°;      gen  of 

gen  °f  ;    food, 
food. 


Grams. 


100.0 
45.0 
400.0 
100.0 
7.0 
36.0 


250.0 
180.0 
92.0 
51.0 
208.0 
400.0 
400.0 
550. 0 
.54.0 


250.0 
160.0 

74.0 
210.0 

53.0 
400.0 
,000.0 

54.0 
200.0 


100.0 

260.0 

113.5 

131.0 

89.0 

49.0 

40.0 

105.0 

4C0.  a 

400.0 

200.0 

54.0 


100.0 
280.0 

40.0 
400.0 
400.0 
200.0 

54.0 
119.0 

69.0 


Subject  in  O. 


Date  and  kind  of  food.      of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  VII- 

Continued. 

August  4,  1008.         \  Grams. 

Eggs 100.0 

Beef                    '  260.0 

CofleeV.  ■..■.:: I  400.0 

Tea 800.0 

Milk."."!!! 550.0 

Sugar 54.0 

Bread 78.0 

Rolls I  210.0 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


^1 

Weight  ^ 
nitro-  i 
gen  of  * 
food.     I 


August  6,  1908. 


Eggs... 
Beef.... 
Coffee.. 

Tea 

Milk... 
Sugar.. 
Bread.. 
Rolls... 
Butter. 


August  6,  1908. 


100.0 
248.0 
400,0 
800.0 
550.0 
54.0 
81.0 
210.0 
110.0 


100.0 


Grams. 


if^;::::::::::::::::....j  280.0 

Bread 1  67.0 

Rolls 1  21o.O 

Coflee 400.0 


SUBPERIOD  X. 

August  21,  1908. 


Eggs 

Fish 

Tomatoes 
Rhubarb. 

Bread 

Peaches.. 

Rolls 

Coflee.... 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 


250.0 
192.2 
120.0 
120.0 
83.0 
32.0 
214.0 
400.0 
800.0 
600.0 

_^^^_ 54.0 

Butter. '. I      56.0 

I 

August  22,  190S.  I 

Eggs I  250.0 

Beef 1  120.0 

Tomatoes :  120.0 

Peaches - I  32.0 

Coffee :  400.0 

Tea 500.0 

Milk 600.0 

Sugar !  54.0 

Bread 73.0 

Rolls 205.0 


August  2S,  1908.  I 

Eggs !  100.0 

Ham 120.0 

Cabbage I  100.0 

Potatoes 1  100.0 


Tomatoes. 
Cake. 


220.0  :    Rhubarb. 

'  ■  =  jl  Coffee.... 


160.0 

28.0 

284.0 

400.0 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    THE    HUMAN   BODY.         657 
Daily  food  charts — Continued. 


Subject  III  O. 


Date  and  kind  of  food.    i^^f%^^^ 


SUBPKRIOD  X— 
Continued. 

August  £3,  1908— Con. 

Tea 

Milk 

Supar 

Butter 

August  U,  1908. 

Eggs 

Beef 

Coffee 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 

Bread 

Rolls 

Butter 

August  23,  1908. 

Beef 

Corned  beef 

Potatoes 

Cabbage 

Tomatoes 

Apple  sauce 

Rolls 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 

Butter 

Augmt  26, 1908. 

Eggs 

Meat 

Tomatoes 

Coffee 

Bread 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 

Butter 

August  27,  1908. 

Eggs 

Omelet 

Bacon 

Tomatoes 

Apple  sauce 

Coffee 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 

Butter 

SUBPERIOD  XIII. 

September  16,  1908. 


Eggs 

Beef 

Tomatoes. 

Salad 

Coffee 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 

Bread 


100.0 

232.0 

104.0 

48.0 

400.0 

500.0 

600.0 

54.0 

67.0 


70111— Xo.  .S8— 09- 


Orams. 
400.0 
100.0 
54.0 
76.0 


100.0 

300.0 

400.0 

500.0 

600.0 

54.0 

96.0 

209.0 

50.0 


160.0 

120.0 

100.0 

100.0 

80.0 

160.0 

202. 

500.0 

500.0 

18.0 

52.0 


100.0 
H)0.(j 
120.0 
400.0 
60.0 
550.0 
550.0 
54.0 
50.0 


250.0 

152.0 

00. 0 

100.0 

200.0 

400.0 

300.0 

550.0 

36.0 

08.0 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 


Subject  III  O. 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of    I 
food 


Dale  and  kind  of  food. 


'Weight 
of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XIII- 
Continued. 

September  16,  1908. 

Butter 

Buttered  rolls 

September  17,  1908. 

Eggs 

Beef 

Potatoes 

Rhubarb 

Coffee 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 

Bread 

Rolls 

September  18,  1908. 

Eggs 

Fish 

Tomatoes 

Coffee 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 

Bread 

Rolls 

September  J9,  1908. 

Eggs 

Beef 

Tomatoes 

Doughnuts 

Coffee 

Tea 

Sugar 

Milk 

Butter 

Bread 

Rolls 

September  W,  1908. 

Eggs 

Beef 

Sauce 

Potatoes 

Beans 

Rhubarb 

Rice  pudding 

Coffee 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 

Bread 

September  21,  1908. 

Eggs 

Meat 

Tomatoes 

Coffee 

Tea 

Milk 

Sugar 

Bread 

Rolls 


Orams. 
97.0 
196.0 


100.0 

204.0 

100.0 

240.0 

■  400.  0 

500.0 

000.0 

54.0 

61.0 

205.0 


250.0 
100.0 
100.0 
400.0 
500.0 
600.0 
54.0 
28.0 
205.0 


100.0 
240.0 
100.0 

40.0 
400.0 
500.0 

54.0 
600.0 

55.0 

30.0 
210.0 


100.0 
260.0 
20.0 
200.0 
100.0 
140.0 
208.8 
400.0 
400.0 
200.0 
72.0 
64.0 


100.0 
232.0 
100.0 
400.0 
500.0 
600.0 
54.0 
30.0 
219.0 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Orams. 


-42 


658  SODIUM    BEKZOATE   AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued . 


Subject 

IIIO. 

Subject 

IIIO. 

Dati-  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 

cent 
nitro- 
gen of 

food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

©ate  and  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPKRIOD  XIII— 
Continued. 

September  S2,  1908. 

Grams. 
100.0 
200.0 
100.0 
120.0 
400.0 
500.0 
6(X).0 
54.0 
73.0 
219.0 

Grams. 

subpi:riod  xvii. 

October  7,  1908. 
Soup 

Grams. 
173.0 
132.0 
139.0 
200.0 
50.0 
18.0 

Grams. 

Meat. 

Eggs 



Beef 

Tomatoes 

Milk 

Sugar 

October  S,  1908. 
Beof 

Coffee 



Tea      

307.  o 
120.0 
<00. 0 
500. 0 
6(j0.0 
54.0 
64.0 
205.0 

Milk 

Bread 

Apple  fritters 

Rolls 

Coffee 

Tpa 

100.0 
104. 0 
200.0 
400.0 
500.0 
600.0 
54.0 
71.0 

Milk 

SUBPERIOD  XV. 

Sugar 

Bread..            

September  29,  1908. 

Rolls 

October  9,  1908. 

IOO.O 
292. 0 
-00.0 
500.0 
l»0.0 
54. 0 
70.0 
203.0 

Ham 

Beef 

Coffee                            .  - 

]'  ish 

Tea 

Coffee 

Milk 

Tea 

Sugar 

Milk 

Rolls 

212.0 

Bread.. 

Rolls 

October  10.  1908. 
E  ggs 

September  30,  1908. 
Eggs 

100.0 

100.0 
80.0 
96.0 
80.0 
^00.0 
500.0 
CrtO.O 
54.0 
77.0 
207.0 

104.0 
120.0 
120.0 
1.36. 0 
400.0 
500.0 
600.0 
54.0 
31.0 
212.0 
90.0 

Beef 

Beef 

Turnips 

Salad  ...              

Soup 

Coffee 

Coffee 

Tea 

Tea 

Milk     . 

Milk 

Sugar  . 

Bread. 

Bread 

Rolls 

Rolls 

Butter 

October  11,  1908. 
Eees 

100.0 
260.0 
200.0 
100.0 
120.0 
100.0 

Beef    .. 

Potatoes.   .            .     .       . 

Eggs 

100.0 
328.0 
120.0 
400.0 
500.0 
600.0 
54.0 
72.0 
200.0 

Beef 



Rice 

Beans 

Coffee 

. 

Coffee 

400.0 
600.0 
200.0 
72.0 
68.0 
169.0 

1  " ' 

Tea 

Tea                  

Milk 

Milk 

Sugar 

Sugar 

i: 

Bread 

Bread..     .    .                

■:-:::;l:::::::: 

Rolls 

Subject  IV  L. 


SUBPERIOD  II. 
June  22, 1908. 


Bread 

Butter 

Laml)  chops.. 

Potatoes 

Spinai-h 

Grape  jelly 

Milk 

Pickled  heets . 


Grams. 
118.0 

18.0 
120.0 
110.0 
100.0 

13.0 
460.0 

46.0 


Grams. 


Subject  IV  L. 


SUBPERIOD  II— Con. 
June  22, 1908— Cont'd. 


Bananas. 
Cookies . . 


June  23,  1908. 

Bread I  110.0 

Butter 37.0 

Milk I  720.0 


ACTION    OF   SODJUM    BENZOATK   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         659 
Daily  food  charts — (Jon  tin  u  od . 


Subject  IV  L. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SIBPERIOD  II— Con. 

JuneS3,1908~ConVd. 

Blackberries 

Fried  eggs 

Freiicl;  toast 

Strawberries 

Steak 

Potatoes 

Lady  fingers 

June  24,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

MUk 

Orange 

Fried  eggs 

Steak 

Fried  potatoes 

Pork  chops 

Potato  (boiled) 

Pickled  beets 

Green  peas 

Tomatoes 

Strawberries 

Chocolate  cake 

June  25,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Fried  eggs 

Bananas 

Steak 

Beets 

Radishes 

Fried  potatoes 

Baked  sweet  potatoes 

Breaded  veal 

String  beans 

Cake 

June  26.  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Orange 

Fried  eggs 

Fried  sweet  potatoes 

Pork  chops 

Soft  shell  crab 

Tomatoes 

Cake 

June  27,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Muskmelon 

Eggs 

Soup 

Soup  meat 

Cookies 

Steak 

String  beans 

June  28,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Muskmelon 

Boiled  eggs 

Meat 

Soup 

Banana 


Per 

«""-'•    genjf      TJ^ 
food. 


Grams. 
115.0 

85.0 
2t)4.  0 
185.0 
100.0 
100.  0 

28.0 


12a  0 

37.0 
090.  0 
193.0 
190.0 
108.  0 
76.0 
06.0 
45.0 
45.0 
45.0 
66.0 
140.0 
40.0 


47.0 

31.0 

580.0 

107.0 

100.0 

94.0 

50.0 

48.0 

50.0 

180.0 

187.0 

60.0 

43.0 


131.0 

20.0 

920.0 

189.0 

98.0 

67.0 

82.0 

126.0 

129.0 

69.0 


163.0 
12.0 

690.0 
38.0 
99.0 

090.0 
59.0 
43.0 
53.0 
10.0 


116.0 
20.0 

700.0 
49.0 

102.0 
83.0 

230.0 

100.0 


Weight 
uitro- 


food. 


Grams. 


Subject 

IV  L. 

Date  anil  kind  of  food. 

Weight 
of  food. 

Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 

SUBPRRIOD  11— Con. 

June  29,  1908. 
Bread 

Gram^. 
88.0 
10.0 
230.0 
98.0 
20.0 
40.0 

5.0 
20.0 

2.0 

Grams. 

Butter 

Milk 

Eggs 

Fried  j  lotatoes 

Roast  beef 

Radishes 

Strawberries 

Jelly 

SOBPERIOD  VII. 

July  31, 1908. 
Bread    

187.5 
32.0 

220.0 
27.5 
71.8 
20.0 
88  0 
97  8 

110  0 
57.5 
10  7 
20  0 
87.5 
20  0 

100  0 
21.8 
43  1 

Butter     

Milk 

Lettuce 

Clam  broth 

Claras      

Roast  lieef      

Green  peas 

Gravy          

Plums        

Tomatoes 

I 

Ilara  

1 

Peachea 

Cake        



Cookies        

August  1, 1908. 
Bread 

379  6 
21.6 

Butter    

Com  flakes 

10.0  ' 

Milk 

1,540  0 
104. 3 
5.0 
171.2 
59  5 
87.5 
71.5 
80  0 
34  2 
115  2 

Sugar 

Grape-fruit 

Veal  cutlets 

Rice          



Mashed  potatoes 

Ham  

Cheese 

73  3    

August  3, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Sugar 

\Vateniielon 

Shredded  wheat 

Olives 

Soup 

Fried  onions      

135  0 
55  9 

600  0 
37.0 

330  5 
59  0 
20  9 

149  6 
.38. 5 
82  0 

110.0 
84.0 
75.5 
78  0 
91.1 

Steak 

Fried  potatops 

Fried  macaroni         

Huckleberry  pie 

Corned-beef  hash 

I'oached  eggs 

August  4, 1908. 
Bread 

133.2 
25  2 

223  5 
39.2 

660.0 

204.9 
48.6 

i 

Butter       

Shredded  wheat 

Milk         

Chicken                   

Mashed  potatoes 

107.8 

660  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND  THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 

Daily  food  charts — Continued . 


Subject  IV  L. 


!  '    cent    'Weight 

Date  and  kind  of  food,      of  fol^*     "'tro-,      gen'^f 


SUBPERIOD  VII- 
Continued. 


August  i,  1908— Coil.     I 

Grams. 

Fried  potatoes !  102. 8 

Pork..   I  20.3 

Stringbeans 50.7 

Gravy 23.4 

Ste-.ved  plums 94.4 

Cookies I  51.5 

Bologna ;  50.0 

Cheese ;  100.0 

Pineapple ;  167. 6 

Cake 60.0 


August  5,  1908. 


Bread 171.1 

Butter 65.5 

MUk 660.0 

Sugar 28.1 

Cornflakes '  23.8 

Muskmelon I  203.2 

Soup 196.6 

Cucumbers 79.5 

Lamb i  133.1 

Potatoes 200.3 


Gravy . . 
Ham — 

Com 

Peas 

Cookies . 
Cake 


21.0 
45.0 
108.2 
122.5 
55.0 
20.5 


Augusts,  1908. 

Bread 259.9 

Butter 48.9 

Milk :  660.0 

Sugar '  58. 2 

Force 30.0 

Muskmelon '  163. 1 

Soup 196.0 

Roast  beef i  138.2 

Mashed  potatoes \  105. 8 

Peas '  51.9 

Ham :  27.4 

Gravy i  8.2 

Cookies 44.3 

Orange !  133.7 

Pears 281.5 

Cheese 15.9 


August  7,  1908.  j 

Bread 69.4 

Butter 21.4 

Milk '  440.0 

Muskmelon I  171.9 


SUBPERIOD  X. 


August  gl,  1908.  \ 

Bread '  15(i.8 

Butter 44.5 

Milk '  880.0 

Sugar 97.0 

Peaches ;  98.3 

Shredded  wheat 02.0 

Soup :...!  210.  5 

Baked  bluefish 82.0 

Potatoes ;  113.1 

Potato  salad '  112. 1 

Beans I  50.4 

Bologna !  72.2 

Rice  pudding '  79.7 


Grams. 


Subject  IV  L. 


cent  W^^^' 
n^tro-  ^:i'% 
gen  of  '  P«"  °' 

food. 


food. 


SUBPERIOD  X— Con 

August  21, 1908— Con. 

I  Grams. 

Chocolate  eclair 48. 6 

Pineapple |      97.2 

August  22,  1908. 

Bread 113.7 

Butter 35.0 

Sugar 118.8 

MUk 

Shredded  wheat 

Orange 

Soup 

Lettuce 

Steak  (sirloin) 

Squash 

Mashed  potatoes 

Plums 

Apple  pie 

August  -23,  1908. 

Bread 

Ham 

Bologna 

Grapes 

Cheese 

August  24,  1908 

Bread 

Butter 
Milk... 
Peaches 
Shredded  wheat 

Soup 

Veal  cutlets 
Gravy 

Mashed  potatoes 
Sweet  potatoes 
Onions 
Tried  ham 
Scrambled  eggs 
;  Peach  pie 
Cake 


August  2S,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Cantaloupe 
Shredded  wheat 

Soup 

Cucumbere 
Chicken 

Beans 

Mashed  potatoes 

Gravy 

Neapolitan 
Stewed  pears 
Macaroni 
Lamb  chops 
Cake 


August  28,  1908 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Shredded  wheat 

Peaches 

Soup 

Roast  lamb 
Baked  potatoes 
Fried  potatoes 


Grams. 


ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY.         661 
Daily  food  charts  —Continued. 


Subject  IV  L. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  X— Con 

A  ugust  i6, 1908— Con . 

Corn 

Beets 

Gravy 

Apple  tart 

Bologna 

Boiled  eggs 

Orange 

Sugar 

Cake 

August  27,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Sliredded  wheat 

Milk 

Orange 

Soup 

Cucumbers 

Steak 

Sweet  potatoes 

Creamed  potatoes 

Lima  beans 

Gravy 

Custard 

Lamb  chops 

Apple  pie 

SUBPERIOD  XIII. 

September  16,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Wheatena 

Peaches 

Soup 

Lettuce 

Meat 

Fried  ham 

Sweet  potatoes 

Creamed  potatoes 

String  beans 

Gravy 

Clams 

Fried  eggs 

Eclairs 

Cake 

September  17,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Oatmeal 

Cantaloupe 

Tomatoes 

Soup 

Meat 

Fried  onions 

Mashed  potatoes 

Fried  potatoes 

Cream  pull 

Fried  eggs 

Fried  bacon 

Peach  pudding 

September  18,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

■  Cream  of  wheat 

Baked  apple 


i  Weight 
[  of  food. 


Grams. 

121.1 
69.9 
23.3 
46.5 

100.5 
86.3 

126.5 
70.4 
21.0 


126.6 

50.0 

65.0 

880.0 

118.6 

200.0 

124.4 

118.7 

101.3 

80.1 

102.  5 

9.7 

149.5 

83.8 

129.3 


146.5 
42.4 
885.0 
170.6 
225.7 
157.5 
34.9 
98.5 
50.9 
86.3 
114,7 
81.8 
26.4 
83.5 
70.0  ' 
67.4 
18.7 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


146.0 

42.0 

660.0 

198.6 

86.8 

83.9 

209.4 

127.6 

5.1 

125.4 

102.4 

131.2 

51.6 

18.3 

26.5 


193.3 
18.4 
156.5 
119.0 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 


Subject  IV  L. 


Date  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XIII- 
Continued. 

September  18, 1908— Con. 


Milk 

Cucumber,s 

Clam  chowder. 

Salmon 

Potatoes 

Turnip 

Eclair 

Grapes 


September  19, 1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Wheatena 

Milk 

Plums 

Grapes 

Pie 

Soup 

Chicken 

Mashed  potatoes 

Gravy 

Peas 

Ham 


September  20,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Roast  beef 

Soup 

Lettuce 

Sweet  potatoes 

Spinach 

Ice  cream 

Drop  cake 


September  SI,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Oatmeal 

Stewed  pears 

Lettuce 

Soup 

Pork  chops 

Mashed  potatoes 

Fried  potatoes 

Onions 

Gravy 

Apple  pie 

Apple  sauce 

Creamed  oysters 

Cake 


Per 

Weight!    f^f"* 
«f*«^^      nitro- 


offood. 


gen  of 
food. 


Grams. 
1,100.0 
68.4 
232.0 
149.2 
87.8 
33.2 
53.1 
86.0 


188.2 
39.7 
176.5 
440.0 
102.1 
50.3 
85.1 
203.6 
102.4 
62.2 
22.0 
96.5 
56.3 


43.3 

440.0 

79.6 

200.0 

42.5 

164.8 

80.2 

83.8 

43.1 


153.9 

44.2 

880.0 

174.2 

107.7 

62.7 

201.6 

.  101. 6 

126.5 

52.9 

94.4 

8.9 

151.2 

116.7 

103.1 

56.0 


September  22,  1908. 

Bread 82.3 

Butter 42. 6 

Milk 880.  0 

Wheatena 232. 3 

Stewed  plums 207.3 

Coleslaw «4.5 

Soup 217.9 

Roast  beef 114.2 

Sweet  potatoes 251.  4 

Creamed  potatoes 126. 1 

Gravy 26.2 

Turnips 69.3 

Custard 159.1 

Coffee I  160.8 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Grams. 


6t)2  SODIUM    r.ENZOATK   \:SD   THE    HEA]/iH    OF    MAN. 

Daily  food  iliurls — Continued. 

Subject  IV  L. 


Subject  IV  L. 


UaU)  and  kind  of  food. 


SUBPERIOD  XIII— 
Continued. 

September  U,  1908— Con. 

Pork  chops 

Peach  pic 


SUBPERIOD  XV. 


Weight 
of  food. 


Grams. 
75.1 
89.6 


September  29,  1908. 

Bread 152.2 

Butter 56.2 

MUk 880.0 

Wheatena 224. 0 

Muskinelon 167.0 

Soup I  195.6 

Veal 82.8 

Sweet  potatoes 99.7 

Fried  potatoes 127. 5 

Carrots 68.8 

qravy 31.5 

Eclair 74.6 

Pork  chops 100.0 

Applesauce 143.2 

Cake 30.  0 


September  SO,  1908.       ( 

Bread 162.2 

Butter !  43.0 

Oatmeal I  174.  5 

Milk 1,100.0 

Soup I  189.5 

Roast  beef !  83. 0 

Potatoes I  215.1 

String  beans \  91.2 

Gravy I  81. 3 

Cream  puff 57.3 

Meat 97.4 

Carrots 12.7 

Peaches i  112.4 

Cake 37.0 


October  1,  1908.  

Bread 144.3 

Butter 18.7 

Milk 880.0 

Wheatena 174.3 

Cantaloupe 100.0 

Cake 55.0 

Soup 186.7 

Meat 84.0 

Potatoes I  142.5 

Fried  potatoes 45. 0 

Fried  onions 95. 5 

CofFee 91.3 

Neapolitan.. 74.3 

Lettuce I  40.0 

Applesauce |  170.0 

Hani 37.4 

Eggs 97.5 


SUBPERIOD  XVII. 
October  7,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter , 

Milk 

Oatmeal , 

Sugar , 

Soup , 

Veal  cutlets , 

Oravy , 

Potatoas 

Pot  roast , 

Rice 


113.6 
31.2 
840.0 
150.0 
108.0 
185.7 
76.0 
67.8 
178.6 
71.2 
79.7 


Per 
cent 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


Weight 
nitro- 
gen of 
food. 


SUBPERIOD  XVII- 
Continued. 

October  7,  1908— Con. 

Cauliflower 

Custard 

October  8,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Wheatena 

Grapes 

Plums 

Soup 

Lettuce 

Roast  lamb 

Mashed  potatoi's 

FriecJ  potatoas 

Gravy 

Caulillower 

Coffee 

Eclair 

Fried  egf;s 

Fried  bacon 

Apple  pie 

October  9,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Wheatena 

Grapes 

Codfish 

Sweet  potatoes 

Cake 

Stewed  plums 

Ilara 

Banana 

Drop  cake 

October  10,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Stewed  plums 

Cereal 

Steak 

Fried  onions 

Sweet  potatoes 

Mashed  potatoes 

Soup 

Bananas 

Oranges 

Cake 

Roast  pork 

Coffee 

Gravy 

Apple  sauce 

October  11,  1908. 

Bread 

Butter 

Milk 

Soup 

Roast  beef 

Ham 

Fried  eggs 

Apple  sauce 

Cake 

Celery 

Carrots 

Mashed  potatoes 

Coffee 

Ice  cream 


Grams,  i 
63.8  . 
146.4    . 


134.5 
43.0 
880.0 
127.0 
100.0 
57.0 
168.5 
106.0 
64.8 
99.0 
58.7 
20.0 
93.3 
67.3 
70.0 
87.7 
33.6 
114.5 


36.7 

31.0 
880.0 
173.2 
240.0 
146.  5 
125.2 

38.3 
141.3 

70.7 
152.8 

37.5 


100. 

50. 
880. 
120. 
131. 

99. 

58. 

87. 
100. 
187. 
201. 
171. 
103. 

72. 

81. 

36. 
104. 


45.8 
33.0 
660. 0 
163.0 
112.5 
39.5 
50.6 
119.0 
74.6 
51.5 
45.7 
96.8 
179.5 
81.5 


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-ojira  ciuouirav 


■naSoJira  Bain 


•aa3onni  tbiox 


•XljABJdi  ogioads 


•atunioA 


•;q3iaA  ipog 


gt^soto 


gcQC^cJ 

Od  •  • 


g?5SS 


Od  ■   ■ 


o=ja5S 


5 


II 


g|:5 


:z;Z 


734 


SODIUM   BENZOATE  AND  THE   HEALTH   OF   MAN. 


ACTION    OF   SODTUM   BENZOATE   ON   THE   HUMAN    BODY. 


735 


•JOICAV 


•^ip  JIV 


•^siopi 


s  e    9  u !  J  o  I  q  ^i 


•(00I=-loss,3nn 
-qaj)     treoipni 


SS8 


•sniond 
-solid  a^Bijdsoqti 


O   o 


■jimd 

-ins    icaaama 


s  s 

C5   o 


•jnqd  g  ;g 

-I  n  s   oiubSjooi       cj  o 


•jtmdiTis  iBjox 


•naSojira 
pan  iiuaaiapnii 


■uaSojjin 
pi  OB  oiJiiddiH 


•uaSoj'i 
-I  n    amnijtjajo 


O  d 


O   d 


•naa  g  f3 

-oj^ju  pi3B  oun       o 


o  o 


■U83 

-ojjin  ■Biuomuiv 


•uaSoj^in  B3JI1 


•uaSoj^in  iB^ox 


g      40 

O  d 


1^       d 


•X^iABiS  ogioady 


•eniniOA 


•iqSjaM  .Cpog 


U        T-l  *-l 


:  tc  '•'^  00  >0  CO 


»  <0  (O  ?o  o  ^ 


f-  00  <35  O  .-H  C-J 


<2>2 


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o 

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gco 


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g  X 


n  a  a  0) 

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two  &£><<» 

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SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


3 
C 
'*> 

a 
o 
O 


1^ 

m^M. 

P.ct. 

""si."  2 

78.1 
77.9 
90.1 

Weight. 

•XjpjTV 

0ms. 

is."  3' 

26.1 
27.8 
28.8 

•jsiOK 

1        ^     1  "5  0  "5  0 

5    ■.°'^Si?, 

i 

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•lO^N 

0ms. 
9.43 

12.6 

■(00T='Ioss,ann 
-qaj)      treaipui 

S    5     : 

stuoqd 
-soqd  ajBqdsoq  J 

0  ms. 
1.13 

1.14 

•jnqdins  i^j^na^i 

Om. 
0.134 

.153 

•mqd 
-ins    TBaj9q^a 

Om. 
0.059 

.036 

•jnqd 
-ins   omBSjotq 

Om. 
0.715 

.934 

•jnqdins  jb^ox 

0ms. 
0.908 

1. 123- 

naSoura 
paniuua^apnfi 

Om. 
0.59 

.86 

•na3oi:jni 
pioe  oun'ddjH 

Om. 
0.07 

.07 

•nsaojj 
-!  n    8nnn;B9Jo 

Om. 
0.63 

.54 

•U93 

-ojjra  piOB  oufi 

Om. 
0.18 

.23 

•naSoj^inanunj 

Om. 
0.22 

.27 

•nag 
-OHIO  Biuorauiv 

ci  d      ■     : 

•naSonpi  B9jn 

0ms. 
12.0 

10.7 

•n93ox>iu  ie!)ox 

0ms. 
14.0 

13.  2 

•jtrHABjS  ogioeds 

1.024 
1.029 

■9uinioA 

•jqSia.w  ApoQ 

Kilos. 
66.5 
66.5 
66.5 
66.5 

i 

1 

CI  r:  -f  to  to 

0 

S  -r  -o       d 


§•92 


ACTION    OF    SODTITM    BENZOATK    ON    THK    HUMAN    RODY. 


737 


•poijp  'juapAv 


■IIS8JJ  'jiiSieAV 


1-^ 


•opuoiqo  uin 

-ipOS    SV    WUM\\\J 


snjoqd 
-soqd    Bjuqdsoiij 


.  -HOI 
ftS  CO  ^ 

Soi  id 
<5 


•jnqd[ns    iBJjneN 


■atiqd[ns  i«ai9ma 


jnqdins  oiubSjouj 


goo 
Oc5    • 


Oc5    • 


•jnqdiiis  [Bjox 


■naSoj-j 
-in  panniLia^apafi 


•uaSoj^in 
p  I  0  B    o  uhddiH 


aaSojjui  uiuijBaxj 


naSonrapioBoufi 


■uaSoJim  Tiimd 


•ua3 
-oj^iu    Biuounnv 


•uaSojjin  'Baifi 


gt^  O 


g-- 


gC^rH 


0=3    • 


godi^ 


•uaSoJiin  ib;ox 


•ajBOZuaq 
innipos  JO  asop   Awsa 


|s^ 


|=>° 


O>00  JO  ■OOI-  -1"» 
l>-  00  00  1^  00  00  I*  l^ 


O  O  '-O  "5  M  ■*  O  <M 
"^  (N  Oi  'j'  td  "5  1-  '-i 


cooicjaii^od'i'c? 
■*h-«artcom-<oo 


00  c^ 

3 1~  o  "5  •-■<  CO  'O  00 

o<3CT>-HC>ddoiC5 


O)  O^  O^  00  Oi  Oi  i*H  03 


C0M«^O"!(<0>>*00 


■o  f  CO  lo  t-i  en  c^  r^ 
co'4'co-fcoco-r-t* 
oooooooo 


(NO-<t»OCOCOOOOO 
C350COI^05»OI^OO 

»o  1^  o  »o  »o  o  o  -^ 


.-(C^05000^'*'CO 
iOO500Tt<CO"^COl^ 
t^  00  t^  l^  1^  00  00  00 


-. 


^QCoooioor^iO 


oioor^iO 

'!)'  O  C35  O  O 


OOOSi-tOOit^OSO 
00^.-l000.-( 


t^(N5CO<DC0«00> 


^OOOSt^l^OSOOO 


00.-t»-lO5^*Mf-liC5 


t^-^l^iOt^t^QOSCN 


_  O  05  C^  O  00  00 
OOiOOOCSr-<.-(r-< 


OOO^O^t^oOOiOsO 


OOO-^OSC^O-^ 


O  Oi  f-H  05  Oi  t-H  ^  CI 


CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 


00  O  ^  1^  CO 
O?  1^1 -I- I- 


CO  00  CO  oo 


C^  C^  <M  C4  CO 


CO  to  CJ  <0  r-H 

•-J  CO  ci  "i  oi 

t-OCOI^CO 


t-Oeococo 


lO  Ol  OJ  I^CO 
050t-lCO'»" 


(M  in  o>  1^  t^ 


Ol  t-<  Ol  o  ■* 

CO  "f  CO  ■^  CO 

oooo  o 


Oi  CO  CO  »-H  T}^ 

oicnco^oo 
o  <^  t-  r^  00 


COCS  <-H00iC 
O  00  CO  00  to 
00  05  05  GCO 


OOOOOi-H 
Tf  -n*  to  CO  o 


.-H  ;D  C^>  ^  O 
T-I.-I<M  coo 


O  I— I  o  >o  »o 

^  lO  ■*  lO  lO 


OCT>050IM 
(N  .-t  ^  C^  (M 


eo<Ni-icoi^ 


to  (N  ^  ■'I"  (^ 


.-H  00  ^H  OS  OS 


oooo:  IN 


00  t^  -J  OS  ■* 

rH  Ci  Ci  r-H  O 


-*•  CO  -^ 


?Jf3c5 


(Mt~OS         OS 
(Ml-Hi-H  W 


<N(NC^        o 


int^o 


CO'l'M        CO 

cod  CO      ci 


•sXcp  JO  jaqnmN 


i^  1^  i^  r^  ^- 1^  i^ 


I--,  t^  r^  o  CO 


;^  ^5  55  <;  CO  CN  cr^ 

-<  i-H  CJ  CO  ^  "^ '^ 


>-.>>>>>.>.  bi  ai  M 


a  a  3  3  3  • 


,  .  JO/-S 

I      1    CO  COOS 
(NOS.-l(NCJ 


MOOMMOa 


70111— No.  88--09 47 


738 


SODIUM    HENZOATE    AND    T1[E    HEALTH    OK    MAN. 


^  MOO        O 

■JajBAV         -•1^00      00 


.CO  "> 


■epuoiq.!  lun 
-ipos  SB  aauoiqo 


<c  cl  »c 


•snjoqd 
-soqcl    a^Bqdsoqj 


■jniidins    icjiiia>j 


•jnqdins  icaiaiHa 


Od 


c>d  • 


•  jnqdins  oiubSjoiii 


lO  «  oi  'O  <N  ^  c^  -^ 


t^CCXI^3(jl^00t>. 


■«ro)oo'*t-MOO 


^coddo'O'^-^ 
cco*oc'»'c;rooo 


-^•^Ocoocsoa^ 


C^-^CMroroc^C^ 


-H  c^  c^  — I N  .-•  e^  o 


•jnqd[ns  iTSiox 


•naSoji 
-la  pauiuiia^apun 


S- 


•nagojjra 
p  !  oe    ouiiddiii 


uaSoj^in  uinij'eaia 


■nasoj^in  pioB  oun 


■uaSojjra  nunj 

•aaa 
-oiiin    Binonituv 


^d   ■ 


00  00 

<Sd  • 


•aaSoJiiu  Bain 


■aeSojjiu  iBjox 


>  o  t^ 


t^COOOOOMQOCO 
00  C<l  CO  t^  -^  to  »0  C*3 


CD  r^  ?c  -^  CI  ^  CI  GC 

»0  Tj*  iC  CO  t^  t^  »0  TT 

ocoooooo 


lOOOCOCOiOir^cO 
»OC^OOCS^CSNr* 
t^uOOCOOUUCJOOOt^ 


CCOCOiOi^OCMC 
OOOOOC-iOi 


.-IOOt-HCO-«J'CO<3SOO 

t»t^t^t-oo.— coco 


OC^CCCI^OOIOCC 


00CDt-icDCOiOcO(N 
CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  l^  1^ 


t^cocooi-^r^os-^ 

C<IC^<N(N(MdClM 


OlOJ— 'M01.-IC<<0 
(MNOJC^CQCOCOCO 


C33  0C-^  10  0*005  00 

r^t^t^t^oui^i^co 


^  CO  0>  .-H  CC  CO 


^^co^      r^cocD"^ 
oi  ^.  CO  •*  oc  -  -.c  o 

cicocococo-^toco 


'.      1^  t^  t*  t^  w 


»0  O  CO  lO  ■<>* 

ici  •«>  00  00  CD 


uSco  >oo6cD 

CI  <N  CI  CO  N 


CO    li  CO-H-^  1^.-! 

r4     »oci  d^^d 

CO        OC».-<l~>-i 


coococoeo 


cirHO  r^co 


■**'  CD  coco  CO 


o  o>  O  CI  00 
CO  00  "O  O  -.J* 
C3000  o 


O  i-H  «0  00  CO 
.-(  d  -V  lO  03 

oooocno 


TJICOCO  CO"^ 
CO  N  -^  1^  'H 
OCO^Hi-H  CI 


CI  .-H  CI  1^00 

CO  *0  C3i  CD  05 


CO  t^  .-"CO  lO 


^  t^CO  CO  »o 

r^oooc  1^00 


CD--05.-IO 

CI  CO  CI  coco 


.-H  lO  CI  lO  o 
CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 


00  0)00  00  00 


a>.-c*     CO 

lOCOCOCDO 
•^  ■^  CI  CI  '1< 


TT  I-..  »0  O  t^ 


OJCOCO 
uioOrj 


«      eodr-i 


^  II  ococo 
t-i  II  eiciio 

C»       CO  ^  o 


rlCOCO 

coco  CO 


OQCOt^ 
CICOi-l 


0'-<CO 

cocoei 


OO'^ 
CD  CD  to 


umipos  JO  osop   A\\V(j      ^ 


•sXbp  jo  jaqTimi.{ 


10»OIO«CIO»010»0 


l^b..h-t^l-..t>-r*t^ 


t«r-t>-«oco 


•*!      c!|d>5c 


c  c 

3  3 


-.  ^■>-^^-  tf  M  tfl 

■■5  3  3  3  5  53 
^-5  "-S  t-5 1-3  ^  ^  *s 


o  c   c^  C   CJ 

w  m  X  X  '^ 


-^^=^>>-^        xgg^^        >>> 


ACTION    OF    tJODIUM    liENZOA  II>»»jS    THE    HUMAN     BODY. 


739 


•jaiOAV 


•pejjp  'JuSpM 


•iisaaj  '^qSiaAV 


■epuom.)  uin 
-ipos  SB  atiijom;) 


•snojoqd 
-soqd    ai^ndsoiu 


jMOOtO 


.  1/5  00  >0 
ftooOi-l 


SOSOC 

:c3    • 


oc  1^  00  00  oo  oc  00 1-  ao 


'TOOOOOOOOOON-"*' 


cicii-HO'^'^r^oO'^ 

irf  r-J  IQ  M  rf  03  !>;  CO  CO 


■^00O00^H.-)00OO 

t*  ••i^  oi  Ti  »c  CO  ci  CO  >o 


OO»Ci0^0000C0Ci 
C5»-<OOOOi-HOO 


U5  0C-^N  "»• 

ci  -^  C5  ^  ci 

00  00  1^  00  l>- 


COC-><0  0»"0 

to  fi  od  ^r  c  I 
M  6j  c5  c<  c< 


O5<O00'*i«      -r 

o5  f4  -^  1^  irf      00 

^  M  eo  CO  Oi      M 


o  1^  ^  05  lO 


OOO'* 


O  ^  "^ 


•jnqdins   i^jinoi^ 


SSSS§S5!®  =  * 


S8? 


-<j*  O  cj:  ■*  f-i 


C>c5 


•jniidins  leaaama 


gooo 


T  --C  :0  O  1^  t^  <N  ■*  lO 
i^  o  i^  (X)  ao  o  r*  caD  -o 
ooooooooo 


•*  tOOCO  CO 

00  r*  r^  lO  00 

ooooo 


•jnqdnis  om^gjoui 


oO'-tic-Hi-ii-Hor^o 

t^OOOOOOOOOOSI^OO 


00  CD  <N  IOCS 
t-«00O5t^t>. 


o<s 


■Jtiqdins  leiox 


ooiOt^r-l 

g  05  Oi  05 


r^C»<M05iOTt<OOCO 
»-HOOOCOC^lC^IOOOO 
O^rtOOC-HCiO 


00  "^  CO  lO  00 
O  O  »0  to  Oi 
O.-!^  COGS 


-tu  paaiauajapan 


OOtOOcO-MINOCOOS 


<NiOO-f  O 
O  lO  00  1  -  o 


•uaSoJiia 
pi. IB    oiji'iddni 


Ol^i0.*C0C0i0(MC0 


O  00  O  ^^  to 

^H  »-l  C^  M^  O 


aaSoj^iu  njim«ajo 


C5d   •   • 


CO»OOC30Ci^Hl^.«iHCO 
»OiO^»0^iO»OtOtO 


t^  CD  ^-*  r-(  Oi 

lO  to  CD  CD  to 


•aaSojjin  pioB  opn. 


grt,-IC^l 

C5c3    •    • 


COt^OcDi— lOOCOOOQO 
C-l  C^  C-1  1-1  C->  1-1  (M  .-H  rH 


0(N  COOSOO 
Cq  <M  CI  .-I  T-1 


•naSoj^Tn  uun<j 


gc^<N(N 


OOcDlOOtOC^t^CO.^ 
C-<  <M  IM  (M  IM  (N  <N  C-1  M 


to  t^OO  -*  -ti 
CI  M  CI  CI  CI 


0<i 


•naS 
-ojijn    Biaouiuiv 


CDCD^-^iOOlOOOOO 
dOOSOOOSOOOOt^OO 


w  r-i  C35  cor* 

lOOOOOW  t^ 


•naSojjni  eaifi 


JtOr-lTfl  CD^  ^ 

;a>cDcot^oci-i.^o 


1^'J<C0        00 

CI  a>  t»  o  00 


rt  CI  CI  -H  «  O  CI  -^  c» 


CJOCOt-Ii-i 


•uaSoj^in  ii?4ox 


.•oo 

OSiHt-QO 

^cocici 

^1-lr-ll-l 


r-  to  CO  CD  CD  CO  -^ 


OS  ^^  r^  CO  CO 


•ajBOznaq 
nmipos  JO   asop   jCireQ 


lOtOiOtOtOiOtOtO 


ooto-^o 


•sjCbp  jo  iaquiriN 


t^-i-t^t^r-t^t-.^-t* 


t^t^t-*cD  CO 


4,0!  I   I  "i   r  vJi-L 
a  .^.^^^-^  ti  bi  60 


ooJ^7° 

I       I    CDCOOS 
ClOSr-lCJCl 


WWCCMM 


1— i'^'-*  S'-''l>'^t~'>^EXb<'  t"!"— 'Sl-i'^ 


^xR><><       «xS 


740 


SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


■jajBAV 


<(30C 


•paijp  'iq3i3AV 


■qsaaj  'iqSwAV 


•apuomo  nin 
-ipos  SB  oauoiq^ 


•saioqcl 
-soqd    ajBqdsoqj 


■jnqd[ns    lBI^n^^^ 


oooo6oSS%aot^  I  00   ^ooooi^SS     So     SSt^S     So 


00  —  m  o  ■»  c-i  vo  -i   I  o>      c-i  o»  r~  o  « 
^  .-H  CO  lo  00  c^i  ci  -c    I  oc    No  -^  -^  c-i  c^ 


coocooo-i  —  ox 
I*  i^  CO  ^  -^  ;i  I'-  CO 


COt^'O-OrtOJ^)'^ 


^O50000iOt^»C^ 

ioo»ococ<;ocog 


■^*      -^  ioc4do6 
"i      i^eoeo«-H 


^     ^  t'-C^CJ  CO 


O       CO  — ^  ^  cooo 
c-i      (NococSm 


05—  00  w* 
t^  lo  r^  -^  to 


0<0eo 


•jnqdins  [Baiaq^a 


Soo 


CI  o  CO  CI  o  o  r-  — 

lO  O  ^r  -^  -w  :i  -^  lO 
OOOOOOOO 


•jnqdins  oiubSjouj 


eoOOOO 
gOOV 


00  lO  rt  O  (N  .-I  C«  C 

C^^^^0000»O:DC 


»-0  00  ^T  Oi  C"! 
lO  O  »0  ■•3»  O 

ooooo 


COOb-OOO 

O)  00  O  00  o> 


•jnqdins  ibjox 


05  lOiO 


•ua3oj} 
-in  p8U!Uua:i3pn£i 


c^^^iocsosot^»o 


t^  lO  05  o  ;o 

CO  TT  "^  UO  ^^ 
— I  O— .O" 


^H  »o rococo 

O  'J'  O  ■*  00 


•naSojim 
piDB    oiaiiddiH 


OO^OOC^OOOiO^O 

^oo^oooo 


•naSoiiju  mmjeaio 


C0>O"n'>OC0'CC0CO 


o  »  ;o  00  o 


X  N  05        to 


•nsSojiiu  piDB ouri 


Od   • 


C^CQ(NCSC-1M(NIM 


OO  c^  ^*  ^  ■^ 

CJ  N  C*l  (N  C* 


•naSoj^in  nun<j 


^005 

Od  • 


iO»0-^t^O»-0  0000 
CS(M(M(N!N(MCN(M 


(NCIIMMIN 


•na3 
-ojjia    ■eiuounuv 


c;  OOO 

Od  • 


OOOt^iO^HCO»0 

r^  o  w  o  o  Lo  'v  o 


lO  ■^  o  *o  o 


•ue3oj)in  ttajQ 


^«^ddd-^c^ 


Mr^Ncoo 
w^  coc^  CO 


d-^-^; 


naSoj^in  i«iox 


;0C^-^(3><MC»rt«0 

cocococ^coM'«r"5 


lO  -.o  -o  1^  o 

■^  CO  »C  •n'  CO 


N050 


•ajBOZuaq 
mnipos  JO  asop   ^iiBQ 


•sX«p  JO  jaqnmK 


Soo 
O 


CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 


f~I^t~t^t~t~t~t~ 


«  o  «o  ,^o 


t»t~r>.coco 


IMOl 

O    O 

B  13 
3  3 


-  "  m  <:  "  7 1^^ 

CO -H -.  (N  m  f^ -^  ^ 

>^>,  >,>.>,  si  ti  si 

2  zi'S'S3 523 


Tocod) 


CQCQCOCOOa 


<!     'fVt 


s5>> 


ACTION    OJ'    yoDIl   .M     IIKN/UAIK    ON    THE    HIMAN    BODY. 

SERIES  C. 

I't'nrntayes,  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine. 
SUBJKCT  I  It. 


741 


No. 


Dat*  (1908). 


"I: 


June  15-16 

June  17-18 

June  19-20 

June  21-22 

June  23-24 

June  25-26 

June  27-28 

July  3-5 

July  6-7 

July  8-9 

July  10-12 

July  1.3-14 

July  15-16 

July  17-19 

July  20-21 

July  22-23 

July  24-26 

July  27-28 

July  29-20 

July  31- Aug.  2.. 

Aug.  3-4 

Aug.  5-6 

Aug.  7-9 

Aug.  10-11 

Aug.  12-13 

Aug.  14-16 

Aug.  17-18 

Aug.  19-20 

Aug.  21-23 

Aug.  24-25 

Aug.  26-27 

Sept.  2-3 

Sept.  4-6 

Sept.  7-8 

Sept.  9-10 

Sept.  11-13 

Sept.  14-15 

Sept.  16-17 

Sept.  18-20 

Sept.  21-22 

Sept.  23-24 

Sept.  25-27 

Sept.  28.. 

Sept.  29 

Sept.  30 

Oct.  1 

Oct.  2 

Oct.  3-4 

Oct.  5-6 

Oct.  7-8 

Oct.  9-11 

Oct.  12-13 

Oct.  14-15 


1 

>, 

-S 

X} 

O  d 

o 

CO  d 

Ut 

^S 

.c 

Fi 

>> 

D 

"3 

'A 

O 

Grams. 

2 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

3 

.3 

2 

.3 

2 

.3 

3 

.3 

2 

.3 

2 

.3 

3 

.3 

2 

.3 

2 

.3 

3 

.3 

2 

.3 

2 

.3 

3 

.3 

2 

.3 

2 

.3 

3 

.3 

2 

.3 

2 

.3 

3 

.3 

2 

.3 

2 

.3 

3 

.3 

2 

.3 

2 

.3 

2 

.6 

3 

.6 

2 

.6 

2 

1.0 

3 

1.0 

2 

1.0 

2 

1.5 

3 

1.5 

2 

1.5 

2 

2.5 

3 

f      2.5 
\      3.0 

3.0 

6.0 

6.0 

6.0 

1     I 

0 

1    2 

0 

2 

0 

1    2 

0 

1     3 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

86.2 
87.3 
SO.  9 
80.8 
86.4 
78.4 
85.3 
78.4 
78.5 
82.7 
84.6 
76.8 
86.5 
83.2 
83.8 
80.9 
8.3.2 
81.9 
82.7 
82.7 
80.8 
84.7 
80.9 
81.7 
84.6 
85.8 
78.6 
8.3.6 
80.6 
83.5 
79.6 
83.5 
85.0 
87.8 
85.2 
85.8 
83.8 
83.4 
8.3.5 
85.0 
85.9 

^83.6 

81.9 
8.3.9 
84.0 
83.5 
86.9 
85.5 
86.4 
85.6 
82.9 
84.0 
82.9 


In  per  cent  of  total  nitrogen. 

'5 

a 

t 

1 

2 

.2  ^ 

1 

a 
a 

? 

II 

It 

a 

< 

fL, 

t) 

O 

W 

^ 

3.5 

1.7 

1.4 

3.6 

0.6 

4.  1 

4.5 

2.5 

2.1 

4.0 

.5 

1.2 

4.2 

1.9 

1.6 

4.0 

.6 

8.4 

4.4 

1.8 

1.3 

4.7 

.7 

7.6 

4.0 

1.3 

1.1 

4.6 

.6 

3.0 

3.9 

2.1 

1.7 

5.1 

.5 

10.0 

4.2 

1.8 

1.6 

4.6 

.6 

3.5 

6.4 

1.9 

1.6 

4.7 

.9 

7.7 

4.2 

1.8 

1.4 

4.4 

.8 

10.3 

3.1 

1.9 

1.8 

4.9 

.6 

6.8 

3.7 

1.9 

1.7 

3.3 

.7 

5.8 

6.7 

1.8 

1.6 

3.9 

.6 

10.2 

3.8 

1.5 

1.3 

3.5 

.8 

3.9 

4.3 

2.0 

1.7 

4.5 

1.2 

4.8 

4.2 

1.7 

1.5 

3.5 

.8 

6.0 

3.5 

1.9 

1.8 

4.3 

1.0 

8.3 

4.4 

2.1 

1.9 

4.7 

1.0 

4.6 

7.4 

2.1 

1.9 

4.6 

1.1 

2.9 

3.2 

1.9 

1.7 

5.5 

1.2 

5.5 

3.6 

2.2 

1.8 

4.9 

1.0 

5.7 

4.4 

2.1 

1.7 

4.3 

.8 

7.6 

.3.4 

2.2 

1.6 

4.7 

.7 

4.3 

4.0 

1.9 

1.8 

3.9 

.5 

8.8 

3.8 

1.9 

1.6 

3.8 

.6 

8.2 

2.9 

2.0 

1.8 

3.9 

.7 

5.9 

2.9 

1.9 

1.5 

4.3 

.9 

4.2 

5.0 

1.8 

1.6 

3.7 

.7 

10.2 

3.0 

2.0 

1.7 

4.3 

.9 

6.2 

3.0 

2.3 

1.8 

4.0 

.9 

9.2 

3.9 

1.9 

1.4 

3.7 

.8 

6.2 

3.3 

1.8 

1.5 

4.2 

.7 

10.4 

4.3 

1.7 

1.6 

3.6 

.9 

6.0 

5.6 

2.0 

1.8 

3.0 

.8 

3.6 

3.8 

2.0 

1.8 

3.8 

1.0 

1.6 

4.3 

1.5 

1.3 

.3.8 

.8 

4.4 

3.7 

1.8 

1.6 

4.2 

1.5 

3.0 

4.3 

1.9 

1.6 

4.3 

1.4 

4.3 

3.4 

2.0 

1.8 

.3.6 

1.9 

.5.7 

4.1 

1.6 

1.5 

3.5 

1.9 

5.4 

5.0 

1.8 

1.6 

4.4 

1.7 

2.1 

4.0 

1.8 

1.6 

5.0 

2.4 

.9 

3.7 

1.8 

1.6 

4.2 

2.3 

4.4 

2.9 

2.4 

2.1 

5.0 

3.8 

4.0 

!  2.8 

1.7 

1.4 

3.5 

3.9 

4.2 

1  3.2 

1.8 

1.5 

3.6 

3.6 

.3.8 

'  3.2 

1.7 

1.4 

3.6 

4.3 

3.7 

3.2 

2.4 

2.1 

3.0 

1.0 

3.5 

I  4.0 

1.9 

1.5 

3.8 

.8 

4.0 

3.8 

1.9 

1.5 

3.8 

.8 

3.3 

3.0 

2.0 

1.6 

4.7 

.4 

4.3 

3.1 

2.2 

1.7 

4.6 

.6 

6.6 

3.0 

1.8 

1.5 

3.8 

.3 

7.1 

|4.9 

1.7 

1.4 

3.1 

.3 

7.1 

In  per  cent  of 
total  sulphur. 


76. « 
86.1 
82.6 
7.3.8 
74.5 
79.2 
76.3 
80.4 
78.7 
77.3 
78.4 
79.5 
80.2 
83.3 
80.3 
76.3 
79.0 
77.3 
75.4 
79.2 
79.7 
82.6 
75.4 
79.3 
79.7 
84.6 
76.4 
80.8 
80.5 
80.0 
75.0 
80.1 
82.5 
77.8 
80.5 
80.8 
79.3 
78.8 
78.2 
79.4 
77.3 

82.2 

79.9 
83.9 
84.2 
81.0 
79.7 
79.7 
81.4 
86.2 
83.0 
81.0 
78.3 


4.5 
3.0 
2.9 
7.5 
7.2 
3.5 
3.9 
5.2 
5.6 
3.8 
6.2 
3.4 
4.2 
4.1 
4.1 
4.6 
5.9 
6.7 
5.8 
4.6 
3.1 
4.8 
5.4 
4.0 
4.3 
5.3 
5.0 
4.6 
5.0 
5.9 
5.5 
4.2 
4.2 
2.2 
3.5 
5.4 
3.3 
4.4 
4.6 
3.4 
6.5 

2.9 

5.3 
3.7 
2.2 
3.5 
2.6 
4.0 
5.0 
4.6 
5.2 
7.3 
6.2 


18.9 
10.  5 
14.5 
18.7 
18.3 
17.3 
19.8 
14.4 
15.7 
18.9 
15.4 
17.1 
15.6 
12.6 
15.6 
19.1 
15.1 
16.0 
18.8 
16.2 
17.2 
12.6 
19.2 
16.7 
16.0 
10.1 
18.6 
14.6 
14.5 
14.1 
19.5 
15.7 
13.3 
20.0 
16.0 
1.3.8 
17.4 
16.8 
17.2 
17.2 
16.2 

14.9 

14.8 
12.4 
13.6 
15.5 
17.7 
16.3 
1.3.6 
9.2 
11.8 
11.7 
15.5 


742 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentages,  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 
SUBJECT  U  H. 


No. 


in 

IV 


M 


Date  (1908). 


"II 

VU   \\ 

vni 

IX 
X 
XI 

xn 
xni 

XIV 

XV 

XVI 

xvuij 
xvnii 


June  16-17 

June  18-19 

June  20-21 

June  23-23 

June  24-25 

June  26-27 

June  28-29 

July  3-5 

July  6-7 

July  8-9 

July  10-12 

July  13-14 

July  1.5-16 

July  17-19 

July  20-21 

July  22-23 

July  24-26 

July  27-28 

July  29-30 

July31-Aug.  1. 

Aug.  2-4 

Aug.  5-6 

Aug.  7-9 

Aug.  10-11 

Aug.  12-13 

Aug.  14-16 

Aug.  17-18 

Aug.  19-20 

Aug.  21-23 

Aug.  24-25 

Aug.  26-27 

Sept.  3-3 

Sept.  4-6 

Sept.  7-8 

Sept.  9-10 

Sept.  11-13 

Sept.  14-15 

Sept.  16-17.... 
Sept.  18-20.... 

Sept.  21-22 

Sept.  23-24 

Sept.  25-27.... 

Sept.  28 

Sept.  29 

Sept.  30 

Oct.  1 

Oct.  2 

Oct.  3-4 

Oct.  5-6 

Oct.  7-8 

Oct.  9-11 

Oct.  12-13 

Oct.  14 


Grams. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.6 
.6 
.6 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
2.5 
/    2.5 
\    3.0 
3.0 
6.0 
6.0 
6.0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


In  per  cent  of  total  nitrogen. 


In  per  cent  of 
total  sulphur. 


80.8 
81.7 
80.5 
79.9 
82.0 
78  9 
80.7 
79.0 
81.0 
80.5 
80.0 
81.8 
81.9 
81.3 
81.5 
83.3 
82.6 
79.7 
78.9 
80.8 
78.5 
81.2 
80.0 
76  3 
81.0 
84.5 
81.2 
81.4 
79.4 
83.6 
81.0 
79.9 
80.7 
83.2 
87.2 
83.0 
79.2 
76  0 
80.7 
81.2 
82.2 

[so.  3 

81.0 
80.4 
77.8 
79.7 
79.0 
80.5 
83.0 
82.3 
82.2 
81.3 
81.9 


I  4.8 
I  4.9 
I  6  3 
5.3 
5.2 
7.4 
7.7 
7.3 
5.9 
4.8 
6  0 
5.2 
5.5 
5.4 
5.4 
5.5 
5.5 
5.9 
5.2 
5.4 
6.1 
5.9 
5.7 
5.2 
4.5 
5.0 
5.8 
4.9 
5.4 
.5.2 
4.9 
5.0 
6  6 
5.7 
4.0 
5.9 
5.9 
5.9 
5.5 
61 
5.7 

5.9 

45 
4.4 
4.6 
5.3 
6.9 
4.4 
5.0 
5.5 
4.8 
5.7 
6  5 


go 


2.6 

3.0 

3.4     4.9 

3.8     6.9 

3.7     4.8 

.9  !  6.0 

1.0  i  6.8 

.7     4.5 

.3     4.4 

.  3     5.  6 

.3     60 

.5     4.3 


Sp. 


8.3 

79.6 

7.9 

87.8 

6.5 

82.3 

7.8 

81.6 

5.0 

76  9 

6  1 

79.4 

2.4 

75.2 

.5.5 

77.1 

4.4 

76  5 

6  5 

73.0 

6  2 

72.3 

4  9 

79.6 

^■A 

75.8 

5.4 

79.0 

6  3 

80.1 

2.7 

77.7 

4.0 

77.3 

5.6 

78.3 

7.6 

74  9 

5.8 

81.6 

7.5 

76  8 

5.1 

79.1 

6  9 

77.7 

0.6 

80.3 

7.5 

77.8 

2.6 

81.3 

5.4 

80.0 

6  1 

83.0 

5.9 

79.4 

2.3 

80.2 

6  1 

81.3 

5.0 

76  7 

4.6 

78.1 

3.9 

79.7 

.3 

74  2 

3.0 

79.5 

61 

76  8 

8.5 

87.0 

5.7 

85.7 

3.5 

79.8 

3.7 

81.0 

4.3 

83.1 
7Q  a 

83.8 
80.0 
81.2 
76  7 
80.1 
81.7 
84  4 
81.6 
81.3 
78.9 


46 
5.6 
9.2 
3-7 
5.1 
3.7 
48 
5.5 
6.5 
48 
41 
45 
4  6 
3.9 
5.9 
6.6 
5.0 
7.4 
6.5 
5.2 
8.8 
7.3 
6  9 
6.5 
7.7 
6.8 
3.4 
3.2 
5.3 
48 
5.3 
6.2 
5.5 
5.9 
10.3 
43 
5.7 
5.2 
6  1 
4  9 
5.0 

5.2 

5.9 
4  8 
40 
•3.0 
4  6 
49 
5.8 
43 
2.9 
61 
46 


ACTION    OF    SODTUM    BENZOATK    ON    TTIE    HUMAN    BODY. 


743 


lUrcentages.  nitrogen  ami  sulphur  in  vrinc — Continued. 
SUBJECT  III  O. 


I)ate(l'.K)K). 


May  27-31 

June  1-5 

June  (i-lO 

Juno  11-15 

Juno  lii-17 

June  IS-19 

June  20-21 

J  uiie  22-23 

June  24-25 

June  29-30 

July  1-2 

July  3-5 

July  (V-7 

July  8-9 

July  10-12 

July  13-14 

JulV  15-10 

July  17-19 

J  111  V  20-21 

July  22-23 

July  24-20 

July  27-28 

July  29-30 

July  3l-Aug.  2 

Aug.  3-4 

Aug.  5-6 

Aug.  7-9 

Aug.  10-11 

Aug.  12-13 

Aug.  14-lC 

Aug.  17-18 

Aug.  19-20 

Aug.  21-23 

Aug.  24-25 

Aug.  20-27 

Sept.  2-3 

Sept.  4-6 

Sept.  7-8 

Sept.  9-10 

Sept.  11-13.... 
Sept.  14-15.... 
Sept.  16-17.... 
Sept.  18-20.... 
Sept.  21-22. . . . 
Sept.  23-24 

Sept.  25-27.... 

Sept.  28 

Sept.  29 

Sept.  30 

Oct.  1 

Oct.  2 

Oct.  3-4 

Oct.  5-6 

Oct.  7-8 

Oct.  9-11 

Oct.  12-13 

Oct.  14-15 


.0 

.0 

.0 

.45 

.<5 

.45 

.<5 

.45 

.i5 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.45 

.6 

.6 

.6 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

2.5 

2.5 

3.0 

3.0 

6.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 


In  per  cent  of  total  nitrogen. 


. 

"S 

g 

c3  a 

a  ti 

o  o 

S 

s 

ti 

< 

0.4 

0.0 

70. 0 

7.7 

77.0 

7.1 

7S.  1 

7.2 

S3.  C. 

7.9 

82.0 

5.  5 

83. 2 

0.8 

81.2 

7.1 

79.0 

8.1 

S3.0 

(i.9 

79.2 

0.  3 

81.0 

0.9 

83.  0 

0.8 

83.0 

0.3 

82.0 

.5.-9 

84.  S 

0.3 

82.8 

0.5 

83.1 

5.3 

82. 6 

.5.8 

82.0 

7.2 

80. 0 

0.0 

79.0 

0.4 

79.7 

0.7 

80.4 

5.8 

7t<.9 

7.1 

80.8 

0.4 

81.1 

5. 3 

81.4 

5.7 

82.8 

0.0 

84.8 

5.4 

83.  0 

5.7 

82.1 

5.3 

83.2 

4.9 

81.9 

5.4 

85. 3 

3.2 

SO.  2 

3.  0 

84.0 

4.0 

85.8 

4.0 

84.8 

5.  0 

82.8 

5.0 

82.5 

.'-,.4 

81.3 

5.5 

86.0 

5.1 

81.5 

5.1 

j-79.9 

5.4 

77.8 

5.5 

83.3 

.'>.0 

79.  0 

5.2 

78.4 

5.  5 

81.0 

4.H 

82.  5 

5.1 

81.5 

.5.2 

81.4 

5.4 

80.8 

0.  (1 

82.4 

5.9 

81.0 

0.8 

2.2 
2.3 

2.0 
2.3 
1.0 
2.2 
2.0 
1.4 
l.G 
1.0 
1.7 
1.7 
1.3 
1.2 
1.5 
2.0 
1.7 
1.0 
1.7 
1.0 
1.8 
1.9 
1.9 
1.7 
1.7 
l.G 
1.7 
1.5 
1.5 
1.8 
1.7 
1.0 
l.G 
1.9 
1.7 
1.7 
1.7 
1.0 
1.8 


1.9 
1.5 
1.0 
1.8 
2.1 
2.0 
1.0 
1.5 
1.7 
1.8 
1.8 


d 
a 

•c 


1.2 
1.3 
1.3 
1.4 
1.5 
1.8 
1.7 
1.7 
1.5 
1.9 
1.3 
1.7 
1.6 
1.1 
1.3 
1.3 
1.4 
1.3 
1.1 
1.0 
1.2 
1.7 
1.4 
1.3 
1.4 
1.3 
1.5 
1.6 
1.5 
1.4 
1.3 
1.2 
1.3 
1.1 
1.1 
1.4 
1.4 
1.3 
1.3 
1.0 
1.3 
1.4 
1.4 
1.2 
1.4 


1.0 
1.1 
1.2 
1.4 
1.6 
1.5 
1.2 
1.2 
1.3 
1.4 
1.4 


5.1 
4.1 
4.0 
3.9 
4.3 
4.0 
4.8 
4.0 
4.3 
3.8 
3.8 


.a  a 
c  o 

5 


0.6 
.6 
.6 
.7 
.0 
.5 
.4 
1.2 
1.0 
1.3 
1.1 
1.1 
1.3 
.8 
.7 
1.1 
.9 
.8 
1.3 
1.0 
1.0 
.9 
.9 
1.1 
1.1 


.8 
1.1 
.9 


1.1 
1.2 
1.1 
1.0 
1.1 
1.3 
1.5 
1.5 
1.0 
2.5 


3.0 
4.4 
5.0 
3.8 
1.3 
1.3 
.8 
.7 
.7 
.5 
.5 


p 
p 


10.4 
10.2 
8.5 
1.1 
5.0 
3.9 
0.3 
5.0 
4.0 
0.9 
4.7 
3.7 
4.G 
5.9 
3.4 
4.0 
4.8 
5.0 
4.3 
7.4 
7.8 
7.3 
7.9 
7.1 
0.0 
7.3 
0.4 
4.3 
3.6 
4.3 
6.8 
6.2 
6.5 
4.1 
3.2 
5.7 
3.4 
3.0 
4.8 
5.3 
6.7 
1.5 
4.3 

0.1 

6.1 
1.7 
4.4 
0.6 
5.9 
4.5 
0.1 
7.0 
6.5 
5.0 
6.1 


In  per  cent  of    1 

total  sulphur. 

1 

t 

t 

-J 

h  p< 

A 

3 

5 

w 

^. 

70.  2 

7.3 

10.5  ! 

78.1 

7.8 

14.1 

77.7 

0.7 

15.0 

70.8 

9.8 

19.4 

79.5 

4.9 

15.0 

75.1 

7.1 

17.8 

81.4 

0.9 

11.7 

SO.O 

4.8 

15.2 

77.5 

7.4 

15.1 

75.  5 

8.0 

15.9 

77.5 

0.2 

10.3 

70.  8 

7.3 

15.9 

75.  3 

8.1 

10.6 

78.7 

3.4 

17.9 

77.5 

0.5 

10.0 

78.5 

5.0 

15.9 

70.  5 

8.7 

14.8 

78.0 

8.5 

12.9 

80.1 

9.0 

10.3 

77.4 

7.1 

15.5 

77.0 

8.8 

14.2 

84.2 

7.8 

8.0 

70.8 

8.8 

14.4 

78.7 

5.2 

10.1 

80.8 

0.4 

12.8 

80.0 

9.0 

11.0 

80.2 

0.1 

13.7 

81.3 

0.9 

11.8 

8.5.  5 

0.  5 

8.0 

78.4 

10.  5 

11.1 

80.9 

0.8 

12.3 

84.0 

8.1 

7.9 

81.3 

4.4 

14.3 

83.1 

0.7 

10.2 

82.  5 

7.8 

9.7 

74.0 

9.7 

15.7 

78.2 

7.9 

13.9 

78.8 

8.0 

13.2 

82.0 

4.8 

13.2 

77.1 

8.3 

14.0 

78.1 

0.2 

15.7 

80.7 

8.2 

11.1 

78.4 

6.2 

15.4 

81.3 

4.3 

14.4 

79.7 

7.7 

12.6 

77.9 

3.8 

18.3 

81.3 

6.3 

12.4 

78.9 

7.8 

13.3 

80.8 

7.8 

11.4 

80.4 

0.1 

13.5 

78.5 

7.5 

14.0 

75.9 

11.1 

13.0 

79.5 

8.7 

11.8 

79.0 

4.5 

15.9 

78.8 

7.8 

13.4 

84.5 

8.7 

6.8 

78.4 

12.1 

9.5 

0.3 
•gja 


744 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentages,  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 
SUBJECT  IV  J,. 


No. 


I)at«  (1908). 


nl 

III 

IV 
V 

VI 
VII 
VIII 

IX 

X 

XI 
XII 
XIII 

XIV 

XV  j 

XVI  J 

XVII I 
XVIIlj 


June  14 

June  15^1t) 

June  17-18 

June  19-20 

June  21-22 

June  23-24 

June  25-20 

June  27 

July  3-5 

Julv  6-7 

Jul'v  8-9 

July  10-12 

July  13-14 

July  15-16 

July  17-19 

July  20-21 

July  22-23 

July  24-26 

July  27-28 

July  29-30 

July  31-Aug.  2.. 

Aug.  3-4 

Aug.  5-b 

Aug.  7-9 

Aug.  10-11 

Aug.  12-13 

Aug.  14-16 

Aug.  17-18 

Aug.  19-20 

Aug.  21-23 

Aug.  24-25 

Aug.  26-27 

Sept.  2-3 

Sept.  4-6 

Sept.  7-8 

Sept.  9-10 

Sept.  11-13 

Sept.  14-15 

Sept.  16-17 

Sept.  18-20 

Sept.  21-22 

Sept.  23-24 

Sept.  25-27 

Sept.  28 

Sept.  29 

Sept.  30 

Oct.  1 

Oct.  2 

Oct.  3-4 

Oct.  5-6 

Oct.  7-8 

Oct.  9-11 

Oct.  12-13 

Oct.  14-15 


In  per  cent  of  total  nitrogen. 


86.6 
87.6 
89.5 
84.9 
84.5 
85.2 
85.5 
86.6 
79.0 
82.9 
86.3 
82.0 
84.9 
85.3 
81.4 
84.7 
85.5 
84.1 
80.7 
79.1 
83.9 
82.1 
8.3.0 
81.4 
81.9 
81.8 
85.9 
82.6 


.S  c  i3 


1.8 


•3  d 


C  o 

3- 


2.4 
2.5 
2.5 
2.7 
3.2 
3.2 
2.7 
3.1 
4.9 
5.0 
4.1 
4.2 
3.9 
4.4 
5.0 
4.8 
4.2 
3.6 
49 
4.6 
3.2 
4.5 
4.9 
3.4 
4.4 
5.5 
5.4 
3.5 
4.1 
4.1 
41 
40 
5.5 
4  2 
44 
48 
4  5 
40 
3.5 
44 
5.4 
5.3 


5.5 
49 
3.6 
4  3 
4  2 
5.7 
5.2 
5.2 
5.1 
45 
41 


0.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 
.5 
.5 
.4 
.6 


5.  5  I  2.  4 


2.5 
4  6 
3.7 
41 
1.3 
1.4 
.9 
.5 
.6 
.5 
.5 


In  per  cent  of 
total  sulphur. 


83.5 
81.0 
80.3 
76.8 
88.0 
85.7 
85.4 
83.4 
78.9 
80.2 
79.1 
80.2 
79.5 
79.0 
80.9 
81.4 
77.8 
80.1 
78.6 
80.1 
81.1 
79.1 
81.0 
75.2 
76.7 
79.0 
81.8 
81.2 
84  6 
72.7 
81.4 
81.1 
81.4 
80.5 
76.6 
75.3 
81.0 
78.5 
82.0 
78.2 
79.2 
81.4 

77.9 

83.4 
83.1 
80.4 
78.5 
80.1 
78.2 
78.3 
82.3 
82.3 
78.7 
83.2 


-I 

SI- -5 


5.9 
5.2 
3.0 
5.5 
3.7 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
5.8 
7.3 
3.8 
5.4 
43 
47 
2.4 
5.5 
5.8 
6.2 
7.7 
5.5 
6.7 
7.6 
6.2 
7.1 
.5.5 
5.4 
6.0 
42 
2.8 
3.9 
5.6 
42 
42 
3.6 
6.9 
5.9 
6.3 
7.3 
3.8 
5.7 
4  4 
43 

5.3 

3.4 
5.4 
7.5 
3.4 
4  6 
6.3 
6.3 
46 
3.9 
6.5 
3.2 


A€T10:s    UF    SODIL'M    liKiSi/OATE    ON    THi:    HUMAN    BODY. 


745 


SERIES  D. 

Percentages  of  areruyes,  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine. 
SUBJECT  I  R. 


Date  (1908). 


June  15-22 8 

June23-28 i    6 


Average. 


July  3-9 

July  lO-lG I    7 

July  17-23 " 

July  24-30 

July  31-Au{,'.  0 7 

Aug.  7-13 

Aug.  14-20 

Aug.  21-27 


Average 


Sept.  2-8 

Sept.  9-15 

Sept.  16-22 

Sept.  23-28 

Sept.  29-Oct.  1 . 


Average. 


Oct.  2-6. . . 
Oct.  7-11.. 
Oct.  12-15. 


Average. 


°a 
•c  o 


In  per  cent  of  total  nitrogen. 


83.7 
83.3 


83.5 


80.0 
83.0 
82.6 
82.6 
82.0 
82.0 
83.5 
81.3 


82.1      4.0 


.6 
1.0 
1.5 
(«) 
0.0 


85.6 
85.1 
83.5 
84.0 
83.7 


84.4 


4.7 
4.1 
4.2 
3.7 
3.1 


3.9 


2.0 

1.8 


1.8 
1.7 
1.9 
2.0 
2.1 
2.0 
1.9 
2.0 


1.9 


7".   OJ     I  '3    OJ 


1.7 
1.5 


4.0 

4.7 


1.6 
1.5 
1.7 
1.8 
1.7 
1.7 
1.6 
1.6 


4.7 
3.5 
4.2 
4.9 
4.0 
3.8 
4.2 
4.0 


&-a 


0.6 

.5 


.0 


1.0 
1.0 


1.8 


1.6     4.2  I     .8     7.0 


St 
•o  a 


5.6 
5.6 


8.0 
6.5 
0.2 
4.5 
6.1 
8.0 
0.1 


In  per  cent  of  total 
sulphur. 


80.1 
76.7 


78.4 


78.8 
79.2 
80.3 
77.7 
80.4 
77.  7 
81.3 
78.8 


4.3 
4.9 


4.8 
4.9 
4.2 
6.1 
4.2 
4.6 
5.0 
5.4 


9.3  j     5.0 


1.7 
1.5 
1.5 
1.7 
1.4 


3.4 
4.0 
3.8 
4.6 
3.6 


3.8 


.9 
1.3 
1.8 
2.6 
3.9 


2.2 


1.7 
1.6 
1.5 

3.6 
4.6 
3.4 

1.6 

3.8 

3.4 
3.8 
5.0 
3.2 
4.0 


81.0 
80.2 
78.7 
80.1 
83.0 


3.9  I  80.7 


3.4 
5.8 
7.2 


80.4 
84.4 


5.5 


81.5 


3.7 
4.1 
4.2 
4.5 
3.2 


3.9 


4.1 
5.0 
6.8 


5.3 


15.6 

18.4 


17.0 


10.4 
l.-).  9 
1.5.  5 
lti.2 
1.5.4 
17.7 
13.7 
15.8 


1.5.; 


£•9 


las 

15.7 


17.1 


15.3 
15.7 
17.1 
15.4 
13.8 


15.5 
10.6 
13.4 


13.2 


16.4 
16.1 
19.1 
12.7 
19.1 
16.9 
16.3 
14.6 

1.5.9 


21.8 
19.6 
18.8 
17.8 
25.9 


15.4       20.7 


19.5 
16.9 
11.7 


15.3 


SUBJECT  II  H. 


I 

June  16-23 

8 
6 

0 
0 

80.7 
80.6 

5.3 
6.6 

2.3 
2.3 

2.1 
2.0 

3.5 
5.2 

0.5 
.6 

7.7 
4.7 

82.7 
77.2 

5.6 
4.6 

11.7 
18.2 

14.7 

II 

June  24-29 

Average 

July  3-9 

16.7 



80.7 

5.9 

2.3 

2.1 

4.3 

.6 

6.2 

80.0 

5.1 

14.9 

la? 

lU 

7 
7 
7 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

.45 

.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 

80.1 
81.0 
81.7 
80.6 
80.3 
T9.3 

6.1 
5.6 
5.4 
5.6 
5.8 
5.3 
5.2 
5.2 

2.2 
2.1 
2.3 
2.5 
2.1 
2.2 
2.1 
2.3 

2.0 
1.9 
1.9 
2.2 
1.7 
1.9 
1.9 
1.8 

5.3 
4.8 
4.5 
4.9 
4.7 
4.6 
4.9 
5.5 

.8 
.9 
.9 
.9 

1.1 
.6 
.7 

1.0 

5.5 
5.6 
5.2 
5.5 
6.0 
8.0 
4.5 
5.2 

75.7 
75.2 
79.0 
76.9 
79.5 
78.5 
81.0 
80.2 

5.6 
4.3 
5.2 
6.1 
7.0 
6.9 
4.7 
5.2 

18.7 
20.5 
15.8 
17.0 
13.5 
14.6 
14.3 
14.6 

13.5 

IV 
V 

July  10-16 

July  17-23 . . . 

17.4 
15.2 

VI 

July  24-30... 

12.6 

VII 

vm 

July  31-Aug.  6 

Aug.  7-13 

U.4 
11.4 

IX 

Aug.  14-20 

.45  1  82.6 
.45  j  80.8 

17.2 

X 

Aug.  21-27 

15.4 

Average 

80.7 

5.5 

2.3 

2.0 

4.9 

.9 

5.7 

78.2 

5.6 

16.2 

13.9 

Sept.  2-8 

XI 

7 

7 
7 
6 
3 

.6 
1.0 
1.5 

(a) 
6.0 

81.4 
83.4 
79.6 
80.9 
79.3 

5.9 
5.5 
5.7 
5.6 
4.7 

2.2 
2.0 
2.1 
2.2 
2.0 

1.8 
1.8 
1.9 
2.0 
1.7 

5.2 
5.1 
5.4 
4.7 
4.8 

.9 
1.0 
1.3 
2.3 
3.7 

4.4 
3.0 
5.9 
4.3 
5.5 

78.3 
77.0 
84.7 
81.7 
81.8 

5.8 
6.7 
4.9 
5.3 
4.0 

15.9 
16.3 
10.4 
13.0 
14.2 

16.3 

XII 

Sept.  9-15 

11.5 

XIII 

Sept.  16-22 

17.3 

XIV 
XV 

Sept.  23-28 

Sept.  29-Oct.  1  .... 

15.4 
20.4 

80.8     5.5 

2.1 

1.8 

5.0 

1.9 

4.7 

80.5 

5.4 

14.1 

14.9 

Oct.  2-6 

XVI 

5 
5 
3 

0 
0 
0 

81.1  5.2 

82.2  5.1 
81.4     6.0 

2.2 
2.1 

2.0 

1.9 
1.8 
1.7 

5.0 
5.1 

4.8 

.9 
.3 
.4 

5.6 
5.2 
5.4 

80.0 
82.6 
80.5 

5.2 
3.4 
5.6 

14.8 
14.0 
13.9 

15.4 

XVII 
XVIII 

Oct.  7-11 

Oct.  12-14 

24.3 
14.4 

Average 

.... 

81.6  1  5.4 

2.1 

1.8 

5.0 

.5 

5.4 

81.0 

4.7 

14.3 

17.2 

a  4  days=2.5 ;  2  days=3. 


746 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


Percentages  of  averages,  nitrogen  and  sulphur  in  urine — Continued. 
SUBJECT  III  O. 


No. 


I 

lA 
II 


III 
III  A 
IV 

V 

VI 
VII 
VIII 
IX 
X 


XI 

XII 

XIII 

XIV 

XV 


XVI 
XVII 
XVIII 


Date  (1908). 


May  27-June5 

June  0-17 

June  18-25 

Average 

June29-July5 

July  6-9 

July  10-16 

July  17-23 

July  24-30 

July  31- Aug.  6 

Aug.  7-13 

Aug.  14-20 

Aug.  21-27 


Average. 


Sept.  2-8 

Sept.  9-15 

Sept.  16-22 

Sept.  23-28 

Sept.  29-Oct.  1. 


Average. 


Oct.  2-6... 
Oct.  7-11.. 
Oct.  12-15. 


Average. 


O  03 

■02 


In  per  cent  of  total  nitrogen. 


0 

76.8 
82.5 


79.7 


80.3 
82.7 
83.4 
82.8 
80.9 
79.7 
81.1 
83.8 
82.4 


.1  81.9 


.6 
1.0 
1.5 

(«) 
6.0 


85.3 
84.4 
82.8 
80.1 
80.7 


82.6 


81.8 
81.2 
81.7 


O  be 

s 
s 

<! 


81.5     5.7 


2.0 


2.0 
1.7 
1.6 
1.4 

1.7 
1.0 
1.8 
1.7 
1.6 


1.7 


U^ 


1.7 
1.4 
1.3 
1.1 
1.4 
1.3 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 


1.3 


.9  P 
.9  "> 


3.5 


3.7 


4.0 
3.7 
3.7 
4.4 
4.0 


6.9 


1.1 
1.2 
1.6 
3.0 
4.4 


5.7 
4.2 
4.6 
4.7 
6.3 
7.5 
6.4 
3.9 
6.5 


In  per  cent  of  total 
sulphur. 


77.1 
75.1 

78.7 


77.0 


7.6 
7.8 
6.5 


7.3 


76.7 
77.2 
77.5 
78.6 
79.2 
79.7 
81.9 
80.8 
82.2 


4.3 
3.6 
4.8 
5.4 
4.1 


4. 0     2. 3     4.  4 


4.6  ]  1.1 

4.1       .7 
3.8       .5 


6.0 


79.3 


7.3 
5.6 
6.9 
8.3 
8.5 
6.5 
6.5 


77.5 

78.7 
80.0 
79.1 
80.0 


79.1 


8.3 
6.8 
0.1 
5.5 
8.3 


7.0 


78.0 
79.2 
81.6 


9.3 
6.3 
10.4 


q  ■■'• 


15.3 
17.1 
14.8 


15.7 


16.0 
17.2 
15.6 
13.1 
12.3 
13.8 
11.6 
10.4 
11.8 


13.5 


14.2 
14.5 
13.9 
15.4 
11.7 


13.9 


12.7 

14.5 

8.0 


SUBJECT  IV  L 


I 

June  14-20     

7 
7 

0 
0 

87.4 
86.1 

4.7 
3.6 

1.5 

1.8 

1.3 
1.4 

2.5 
3.1 

0.4 

.4 

3.5 
5.0 

79.8 
85.7 

4.7 
3.6 

15.5 
10.7 

10.9 

II 

June  21-27 

23.8 

86.8 

4.2 

1.6 

1.3 

2.8 

.4 

4.2 

82.7 

4.2 

13.1 

19.7 

July  3-9 

III 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

82.4 
83.3 
83.7 
82.1 
82.6 
81.4 
84.3 
82.0 

5.1 
4.5 
5.1 
5.2 
4.2 
4.0 
3.1 
3.5 

1.8 
1.9 
1.8 
2.1 
1.9 
1.9 
2.0 
1.8 

1.5 
1.6 
1.5 
1.6 
1.5 
1.6 
1.7 
1.5 

4.7 
4.2 
4.7 
4.3 
4.0 
4.3 
4.5 
4.1 

.7 
.7 
.6 
.9 
.6 
.7 
.6 
.6 

5.3 
5.4 
4.1 
5.4 
6.7 
7.7 
5.5 
7.4 

79.4 
79.6 
80.2 
79.7 
80.4 
76.8 
82.7 
77.5 

5.7 
4.9 
4.2 
6.3 
6.7 
6.1 
4.4 
4.5 

14.9 
15.5 
15.6 
14.0 
12.9 
17.1 
12.9 
18.0 

13.9 

IV 

July  10-16 

16.2 

V 

July  17-23 

19.1 

VI 

July  24-30 

12.7 

VII 
VIII 

July  31-Aug.  6 

Aug.  7-13     .. 

12.0 
12.6 

IX 

Aug.  14-20 

8.8 

X 

Aug.  21-27 

17.2 

Average 

82.8 

4.3 

1.9 

1.6 

4.3 

.7 

6.0 

79.5 

5.4 

15.1 

14.7 

Sept.  2-8 

XI 

7 
7 
7 
6 

3 

.6 
1.0 
1.5 
(a) 
6.0 

84.8 
86.1 
84.7 
83.6 
81.1 

3.7 
3.2 
3.6 
3.6 
3.4 

1.9 
1.8 
1.7 
2.0 
1.8 

1.6 
1.6 
1.5 
1.6 
1.5 

4.6 
4.4 
4.4 
5.5 
4.2 

.8 
1.2 
1.3 
2.2 
4.1 

4.2 
3.3 
4.3 
3.1 
5.4 

79.4 
79.0 
79.8 
80.1 
80.6 

4.8 
6.5 
4.7 
4.6 
5.6 

15.8 
14.5 
15.5 
15.3 
13.8 

16.5 

XII 

Sept.  9-15 

12.2 

XIII 

Sept.  16-22 

17.0 

xrv 

Sept.  23-28.  . 

17.4 

XV 

Sept.  29-Oct.  1 

14.4 

84.1 

3.5 

1.8 

1.5 

4.6 

1.9 

4.1 

79.8 

6.3 

14.9 

15.1 

Oct.  2-fi 

XVI 

5 
5 
4 

0 
0 
0 

82.5 
84.2 
83.9 

4.1 
3.4 
4.6 

2.0 
1.8 
1.8 

1.7 
1.5 
1.5 

5.2 
5.1 
4.3 

1.1 
.6 
.5 

5.1 
4.9 
4.9 

78.7 
82.2 
81.2 

5.9 
4.2 

4.7 

15.4 
13.6 
14.1 

14.6 

XVII 

Oct.  7-11 

19.5 

XVIII 

Oct.  12-15 

17.3 

83.5 

4.0 

1.9 

1.5 

.9 

.7 

5.0 

80.7 

4.9 

14.4 

17.1 

a  4  days=2. 5;  2  days=3. 


ACTION    OK    SODIUM    lUOKZOA  11';    ON    TUK    HUMAN     lUiDV. 


747 


SERIES  E. 

l/ijypuric  ncid  in  }iri»j> 
SUBJECT  I  R. 


Period. 


Fore  period 

Ix)\v  honzoato  period . 
IHkIi  Iwnzoatc  period 
After  period 


Number 

of  days 

of  period. 

14 
56 
30 
14 

Sodium 
benzoato 
ingested. 

0 
.3 

1.857 
0 

Dally  averages  In  grams. 


Benzoic  acid,  calculated  from— 


Nitrogen  of 

hippuric  acid 

eliminated 

in  the  urine 

(preceding 

colunm)  Itss 

the  average 

daily  amount 

eliminated 

during  the 

fore  period 

(I.e.,  0.4799). 


Sodium 
benzoate 
Ingested . 


0 

.2541 
1.5730 
0 


Nitrogen  of 
liippuric 

acid  elimi- 
nated in 
the  urine. 


0. 4799 

.7852 
2.041 
.  0337 


0 

.3053 
1.5011 

.  1.5.38 


SUBJECT  II  II. 


Fore  period 

Low  nenzoate  period. 
High  benzoate  period 
After  period 


(i.e. .0.0701.) 

14 

0 

0 

0. 6701 

0 

.56 

.45 

.3813 

1. 0120 

.3419 

30 

1. 8.57 

1. 5730 

2. 2390 

1.  5689 

13 

0 

0 

.7247 

.0546 

SUBJECT  III  O. 


Fore  period 

Low  benzoate  period. 
High  benzoate  period 
After  period 


10 

0 

60 

.4675 

30 

1.8.570 

14 

0 

.3961 
1. 5730 
0 


0. 6240 

1.2240 

2.  4840 

.9239 


(i.  e. 


0.6S40.) 
0 

.6000 
1.8600 

.2999 


SUBJECT  IV  L, 


Fore  period 

Low  benzoate  period. 
High  benzoate  period 
After  period 


0 
.30 
1.857 
0 


0 
.  2541 
1.  5730 
0 


0. 6415 
.  8273 

2.0710 
.8722 


(i.e. ,0.641s.) 

0 

.1858 

1. 4295 

.2307 


748 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


SERIES  F. 

Nitrogen  bnlance,  food,  urine,  and  feces. 
SUBJECT  I  R. 


■6 
o 

•c 

s. 

"o 

a 

Nitrogen. 

For  period. 

Dally  average. 

yj 

2 

§ 

No. 

Date  (1908). 

—  (9 

o  o 

1    S 
■    -a 

•o 

o 

s 

•a 
>> 

1 

i 
•g 

feces, 
urine  an 

o 
§ 

5 
o 

1 

c. 
a 

;? 

<5 

l-l 

£   i  5 

PQ 

c 
l-l 

5 

a 

a 

0ms. 

Gmn. 

Gms. 

Gms.   Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

I 

June  15-22 

8 

0 

117.6 

81.2 

14.2  i  95.4   +22.2 

14.70 

10.15 

1.78 

11.93 

+2.77 

II 

June  23-28 

6 

0 

83.5 

54.5 

11.3     65.8    +17.7 

13.92 

9.08 

1.88 

10.% 

+2.96 

1 

14.36 

9.69 

1.83 

11.52 

+2.85 

July  3-9 

III 

7 

.3 

104.5 

70.2 

13.0  '  83.2 

+21.3 

14.93 

10.03 

1.86 

11.89 

+  3.04 

IV 

July  10-16 

7 

.3 

94.6 

83.9 

13.1  1  97.0 

-2.4 

13.50 

12.00 

1.87 

13.87 

-  .34 

V 

July  17-23 

7 

.3 

97.0 

77.0 

12.6  1  89.6 

+  7.4 

13.86 

11.00 

1.80 

12.80 

+  1.06 

VI 

July  24-30 

7 

.3 

94.2 

66.2 

10.3     76.5 

+  17.7 

13.46 

9.46 

1.47 

10.93 

+2.63 

VII 

Julv31-Aug.  6.. 

7 

.3 

81.2 

69.5 

10.8 

80.3 

+     .9 

11.60 

9.93 

1.54 

11.47 

+  .13 

VIII 

Aug.  7-13 

7 

.3 

87.7 

78.2 

10.4 

88.6 

-     .9 

12.  .53 

11.17 

1.49 

12.66 

-  .13 

IX 

Aug.  14-20 

7 

.3 

a  94.  6 

77.2 

11.2 

88.4 

+  6.2 

13.51 

11.  C3 

1.60 

12.63 

+  .88 

X 

Aug.  21-27 

Average . . 

7 

.3 

101.0 

86.6 

6.7 

93.3 

+  7.7 

14.43 

12.37 

.% 

13.33 

+  1.10 

94.4 

76.1 

11.0 

87.1    +  7.2 

13.50 

10.87 

1.57 

12.44 

+  1.03 

Sept.  2-8 

XI 

7 

.6 

104.8 

82.8 

11.9 

94.7  1  +  10.1 

14.97 

11.83 

1.70 

13.53 

+  1.44 

XII 

Sept.  9-15 

7 

1.0 

96.6 

88.7 

9.0 

97.7    -   1.1 

13.80 

12.67 

1.29 

13.96 

-   .16 

XIII 

Sept.  16-22 

7 

1.5 

101.8 

84.5 

11.6 

96.1    +  5.7 

14.54 

12.07 

1.66 

13.73 

+  .81 

XIV 

SPDt.  23-28 

6 

(") 

99.6 

71.3 

7.6     78.9  '+20.  7 

16.60 

11.  F8 

1.27 

13.15  j  +  3.45 

XV 

Sept.29-Oct.l.. 

3 

6.0 

48.5 

46.2 

5.8     52.0  I-  3.5 

16.17 

15.40 

1.93 

17.33    -1.16 

15.04 

12.45 

1.53 

13.98   +1.06 

Oct.  2-6 

■ 

XVI 

5 

0 

77.9 

66.3 

6.5  1  72.8  ;+  5.1 

15.58 

13.26 

1.30 

14.56    +1.02 

XVII 

Oct.  7-11 

5 

0 

61.2 

51.9 

6.7     58.6    +  2.6 

12.24 

10.38 

1.34 

11.72   +  .52 

XVIII 

Oct.  12-15 

Average . . 

4 

0 

61.5 

53.0 

5.6  j  58.6    +  2.9 

15.37 

13.25 

1.40 

14.65    +  .72 

....     '...       1     .     .. 

14.33 

12.23 

1.34 

13.57  j+  .76 

1     . 

SUBJECT  II  H. 


I 
II 

June  16-23 

June  24-29 

Average.. 

8  0 
6  0 

127.6 
89.5 

1 
120.4      10.3    130.7    -3.1      15.95     15.05 
76.2  1     7.7  1  83.9    +  5.6  i  14.91  '  12.70 

1.29 
1.28 

16.34  ,-0. 
13.98  1+ 

L____.'.__    \        \    .    _. 

15.50  '  14.04 

1.29 

15.33  1+ 

July  3-9 

July  10-16 

July  17-23 

July  24-30 

Julv31-Aug.  6.. 

Aug.  7-13 

Aug.  14-20 

Aug.  21-27 

Average. . 

III 

IV 

V 
VI 
VII 
VIII 
IX 

X 

7 
7 
7 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 

119.3 
131.7 
114.1 
118.3 
116.0 
120.8 
99.1 
120.6 

90.4 
97.0 
95.8 
93.8 
97.1 
98.9 
107.5 
91.3 

10.9 
13.3 
9.6 
10.2 
9.2 
9.1 
8.8 
8.0 

101.3 
110.3 
105.4 
104.0 
10(i.3 
108.0 
116.3 
99.3 

+  18.0 
+  21.4 
+  8.7 
+  14.3 
+  9.7 
+  12.8 
-17.2 
+21.3 

17.04 
18.81 
16.30 
16. 90 
16. 57 
17.26 
14.16 
17.23 

12.91 
13. 86 
13.  69 
13.40 
1.3. 87 
14.13 
15. 30 
13.04 

1.56 
1.90 
1.37 
1.46 
1.31 
1.30 
1.26 
1.15 

14.47 
15.76 
15.06 
14.86 
15.18 
15.43 
16.62 
14.19 

+  1' 
+:• 

+  1 
+1- 

-2.  Ii. 
+  3.(1! 

117.5 

96.5       9.9 

106.4  1  +  11.1 

16.80 

13.80 

1.41 

14.63 

+  i.:,9 

Sept.  2-8 

Sept.  9-1.5 

Sept.  16-22 

Sept.  2.3-28 

Sept.29-Oct.  1.. 

Average. . 

XI 
XII 
XIII 
XIV 
XV 

7 
7 
7 
6 
3 

.6 
1.0 
1.5 

C) 

6.0 

102.7 
120.7 
117.8 
C109.0 
52.0 

99.  6     10. 1 
120.1       8.0 
108.6  .    9.8 
93.5  i  12.3 
53.1       4.5 

109.7  1-  7.0 

128.7  :-  8.0 
118.4    -     .6 

105.8  '+  3.2 
57.6  |-  5.6 

14. 67 
17.24 
16.83 
18.17 
17.33 

14.23 
17. 16 
15. 51 
15.  .58 
17.70 

1.44 
1.23 
1.40 
2.05 
1.50 

15.67 
18.39 
16.91 
17.63 
19.20 

-i.no 

-1.15 

-  .08 
+  ..54 

1 

16.  74 

15.83 

1.51 

17.34  j-   .6 

Oct.  2-6 

Oct.  7-11 

Oct.  12-14 

Average. . 

5 
5 
3 

XVI 
XVII 
XVIII 

0 

93.0 
92.4 
58.2 

80.  4       8. 1 
80.1  j     6.3 
46.4  1    5.9 

88.5  1+  4.5 
86.4    +6.0 
52.3    +  5.9 

18.60 
18.48 
19.40 

16.08 
16.02 
15.47 

1.62 
1.26 
1.97 

17.70    +  .90 
17.28    +1.20 
17.44    +1.96 

1.   . 

i            t 

18.74 

15.92 

1.56 

17.48  j+l  9« 

1          i 

1            1 

«  Calculated  proportionallv  from  5§  days'  collection  of  foofl. 

f>  4  days  =  2.5;  2  days  =  3. 

<"CaIcnlated  proportionally  from  3  days'  collection  of  food. 


ACTION    OK    SODIUM    BENZOATK    ON    THE    HUMAN     ItoUY. 


•49 


Nitrogen  haluncc,  food,  urine,  and  feces— Co\\\'\\\\\0(\. 
SUBJECT  III  O. 


Drtte(1908). 

i 

I 

"3 
'^ 

ei 

B 

3 

1 
1 

■3 
g 

% 

3 

Nitrogen. 

For  period. 

Dally  average. 

.No. 

a 

1 

3 

a 

3> 

c 

•0 
§ 

.a 

a 

1 

n 

•d 
1 

a 

a 

"2 
3 
0 

1/' 

I 

May  27-June5.. 

Juiie6-17 

June  18-25 

Average 

10 
12 

8 

Gms. 
0 
0 
0 

Gms. 
iii's" 

Chns. 
131.5 
152.6 
102.4 

0ms. 
12.7 
14.0 

Gms. 
144.2 
16().  6 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 
13.15 
12.72 
12.80 

Gms. 
1.27 
1.17 
1.37 

Gms. 
14  42 
13.89 
1417 

Gms. 

I  A 

11 

11.0    113.4 

-0.9 

14  06 

-0.11 

1 

1 

14  06 

12.88 

1.26 

14  16 

1£ 

June29-July5.. 

Julv  6-9 

July  10-16 

Julv  17-23 

July  24-30 

July  31-.\ug.  6. . 

Aug.  7-13 

Aug.  14-20 

Aug.  21-27 

Average. .. 

7 
4 

7 
7 
7 

7 
7 
7 

III 

.60 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 
.45 

96.4 

11.1 

107.5 
69.2 
115.6 
108.9 
112.4 
107.9 
116.8 
107.6 
118.8 

13.77 
15.65 
15.13 
14  06 
14  46 
13.63 
14  94 
13.63 
15.30 

1.59 
1.65 
1.39 
1.  50 
1.00 
1.78 
1:74 
1.74 
1.07 

15.36 
17.  .30 
16.  52 
15.56 
16.06 
15.41 
16.  68 
15.37 
16.97 

III  A 

62.6 
105.9 
98.4 

0.6 
9.7 
10.5 
11.2 
12.5 
12.2 
12.2 
11.7 

IV 

V 

VI 

101.2 

VII 
VIII 

106.  2     95.  4 

104.  6 

1  95.4 

116.8  |107.1 

-1.7 

15.17 

-  .24 

IX 

X 

-2.0 

16.69 

-.28 

.1        .1 

15.93 

14  45 

1.63 

16.08 

—  .26 

Set)t.  2-8 

Sci-l.  9-15 

Sept.  1&-22 

Sept.  23-28 

Sept.  29-Oct.  1. 

Average . . 

'              1 

XI 

7 
7 
7 
0 

0  6 
1.0 
1.5 
(") 
6.0 

1100  7 

12.  6  1113.  3 
9.7   116.9 

14  39 
15.31 
16.57 
13.73 
14  73 

1.80 
1.39 
1.73 
I.IO 
1.54 

16.19 
16.70 
18.30 
15.33 
16.27 

XII 

107.2 

XIII 
XIV 

133.1 

"si'ti' 

110.  0 

82.4 

12.1 
9.6 

128. 1 
92.0 
4a  8 

+5.0 

19.01 

+  .71 

XV 

44.  2       4.  6 

+4  8 

17.87 

+  1.60 



18.67 

15.02 

1.62 

16.64 

+  .98 

Oct.  2-6 

Oct.  7-11 

Oct.  12-15 

-Average . . 

5 

5 
4 

XVI 

0 
0 
0 

'83.3' 

64  8       6.9 
74.  2       7.  9 
60  2       5.  2 

71.7 
82.1 
65.4 

.        1     . 

12.96 
14  84 
15.05 

1.38 
1.58 
1.20 

14  34 
16.42 
16.35 

XVII 
XVIII 

+  1.2  1  i6.66 

+  .24 

.     !            ! 

16.66 

14  24 

1.43 

15.  67 

+  .24 

SUBJECT  IV  L. 


I 

June  14-20 

June  21-27 

Average.. 

Julv  3-9 

Julv  10-16 

July  17-23 

July  24-30 

July  31-Aug.  6.. 

Aug.  7-13 

Aug.  14-20 

Aug.  21-27 

Average. . 

7 

0 

'iii'o 

121.1 
110  9 

13.3 
12.0 

134  4 
122.9 

17.30 
15.84 

1.90 
1.71 

19.20 
17.55 

II 

7   0 

-10  9 

16.00 

-1.56 

112.0 

116.0 

12.7 

128.7 

-10  9 

10.00 

16.57 

1.81 

18.  38 

1  56 

III 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

'ioi.'s' 
"89.' i' 

95.2 
92.2 
95.2 
90.5 
92.2 
90.2 
98.8 
108.2 

11.8 
11.1 
9.5 
10.8 
10.0 
12.4 
13.4 
10  0 

107.0 
103.3 
104  7 
101.3 
102.2 
102.6 
112.2 
118.2 

13.  CO 
13.17 
13.  CO 
12.  03 
13.17 
12.89 
14  11 
15.46 

1.08 
1.59 
1.36 
1.54 
1.43 
1.77 
1.91 
1.43 

15.28 
14  76 
14  96 
14  47 
14  60 
14  06 
10.02 
16.89 

IV 

V 

VI 

VII 
VIII 

-     .9 

14  47 

-  .13 

IX 

X 

-29.1 

12.73 

-4  16 

95.2 

95.3 

11.1 

106.4 

-15.0 

13.60 

13. 01 

1.59 

15.20 

—  2.14 

Sept.  2-8 

Sept.  9-15 

Sept.  16-22 

Sept.  23-28 

Sept.  29-Oct.  1.. 

-■Vverage.. 

1 

XI 

7  1  .6 
7   1.0 
7   1.5 
6  iC) 
3  |6.0 

....... 

'iii'i' 

"65.'9' 

101.6 
95.5 

109.4 
88.1 
47.9 

14  2 
10. 0 

9.9 
10.4 

3.9 

115.8 
106.1 
119.3 
98.5 
51.8 

14  51 
13.  64 
15.  03 
14  07 
15.97 

2.03 
1.51 
1.41 
1.73 
1.30 

16.54 
15.15 
17.04 
10.  '0 
17.27 

XII 

XIII 
XIV 

-  46 

16.39 

-  .65 

XV 

+  41 

18.64 

+  1.37 

....1 

17.06 

14  75 

1.03 

16.38 

-1.99 

Oct.  2-6 

Oct.  7-11 

Oct.  12-14 

-Vverage. . 



XVI 

5   0 
5  ,0 
4,0 

"83."7' 

66.0 
70  0 
54  4 

8.2 
6.6 
5.8 

74  2 
76.6 
60.2 

13.  20 
14  00 
13.00 

1.64 
1.32 
1.45 

14  84 
15.32 
15.05 

XVII 
XVIII 

+  7.1 

16.74 

+  1.42 

1 

1     .   .   . 

16.74 

13.  00 

1.47 

15.07 

+  1.43 

"    "1 

1 

a  4  da>'S=2.5;  2  days=3. 


750 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


^ 

> 

'S 

G 

In  per 
cent 

of  total 
fats. 

•pajBlluiissisuoM  j 

n  1 

'■<D 

to  1 

.    .^i-.int^o>o  1 
■    t  uj  uj  in  >o 'V 'V 

M  1 

ui  1 

•paw          1     I*-.  1 '-     :  :«•!'?"•;'?-'-?  1 
-iraissB  JO  pauma  |      :S  1  8      :  :5SS5oS  1 

00  II 

CO 

8 

•(snrej3 
v\)    paieiituissn     sicj    ibjox 

■n 
'00 

Ti<            I-»co'TCJoco> 

00           ■     ;000>0  — t^ 

fn 

8.2 

•s 

1     O500  1  «^  II    •    ■eo.-««sooc.« 
iBOS  JO  SpiOT  ^IIC  J    1     ^t^   1  ;:j  11     •    jo6r>:oirir^o 

o>    1 
CO    1 

1       l^O|^3|      •     ■UO..WWC*  —  t-'l 

^1 

1      "T  ;o       00    1          •  01  ^  »— •  00  •-•  CO   1 
1     tipo      ol     ••t—  t-^our^i^l 

•sdTJOsiospioB^iiB^  1    ^'^  1 '^      ;  m*'?^'^^ 

1       CO'-hIC*            •      ..— .^-1— <«— ii— i^H 

CO 

•spioB  Xmvj  aajj  1    «^  1  "^  ||^^SS?5S?38  1 

•sjcj  iPJina^j 

5S 

0 

CO 

ci.nco.o--"CO'-«.-.« 

■vcO.OtOO5«Q0C0 

t-^ 

1       CDiO        CI           •     'C^-VOOOOOI^I 

i 

i 

53 

_^ 
■5 

0 

1       ^lOli-H     1      •     •«tOOI^l->.co| 

1   0     1     i  •  •                 1 

1       cC^         ^     ICOI-^O'-'.-'CSI^'^     1 

^1 

■sjBj  iBJinaNj 

^  1 

0 
■a! 

0  CO  CO  u:3  ..J. .«..  00  Oy 
10  CO -.r -^ -^  ■«> -^  ci 

•SJBJ  i«iox 

00 

0 

•  ■  i^  CO  -^  -.J"^  0 

•  ■  C5  M -^  "3  f-.  I.J 

.    •  u5  0  lO  iri  CD  CO 

0 
00 

i 

•paya 

8?3 

0 
55 

■.3^wc5-.rcCi.or^o 

CO  CO  M  CI  CI  N  C^ -H 

a 

•a 
0 

0 

1       C<3t^ 

•sdBos  JO  sp!D«  X;;b J  |    r^  oJ 

.     .  ..r  --C  1.-5  cs  CO  0             ;  1 
■    I  CO  CO  ci -I  CO  ■-.             ; 

1     cot^   1 

•spiwB  Xiitij  aajj      dt>:      : 

O'S'co'Ocoo— lira 
i^  in  06  06 -"T  "5  0  ■» 

■sjrj  iBo^naN       ^  c^  1    : 

CO(N    1 

—  0  -<0--i'<l'OW 
CO  cS  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO -H 

•  1 

•Sl^J  IB^OJ, 

'VCD 

1    |OOOOooooo             ; 

.       •  r.^  CO  I^  06  CO  .0                       • 

•     •-.j.^coco^  0              ; 

•paua 

S2      : 

•^  0 -n.  CO  CO  0 1.- CO              . 
do6t-^^coo6o6co 

^'  d  CD  h-  vy,'  1^  Ou  <-. 
CI  0  C)  — 1  --I  ^  "  — • 

i 

c8::.2 

M         0 

•spioB  Aii'e}  eai^ 

■      ;COCOOOOCIC» 

•    •  CO  0  ".r  .n  lO  ^' 

0 

•S1BJ  iBJinaN 

CO 

0 

•  .  1^  1^  c< -<r  00  — 1 

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*  '  Oi  0  Oi  0  C^  Od 

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'.    !  ira  06  CO  CO  "3  c» 

•  •  N  -V'  CO  CO  -^>  CO 

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:  :            0 

•SIEJ  i«iox 

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1     lOOOOOi-iOS 

■    Io«3  .rjiocico 

•    •  r~  to  0  00 1^  "5 
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1 COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 

1 

•sXbp  jo  jaqratiN 

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1 

i 

0 

•  ■    « 

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July  3-9 

July  10-1(1 

July  17-23 

July  21-30 

July31-Aug.  6. 

Aug.  7-13 

Aug.  14-20 

Aug.  21-27 

1? 

6 

»- 

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ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON    THE    UUMAN    BODY.         76 i 


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H 

*c- 

u 

00 

w 

a. 

i-j 

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M 

o 

m 

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s 

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§ 

3 

In  per 
cent 

of  total 
fats. 

■pa-nJiinijssBUON 

■  m  1 

CO    1 

CO 

•    •  «c  Tf  00  o>  eo  w  1 
•  co^coco^co  1 

at 
m 

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.    .-^o  w .—  r^  1^ 

.  ^  0^  ^  ^  os  ^ 

s 

•(sraBj3 
ui)    paiciimissB    s^cj    i^iox 

•.Si 

Si| 

147.0 

101  q 

128.3 
159.2 
134.7 
149.3 

g  1 

1 

ci2 

1     00  >o   1  »o 

•sdBos  jospioB  R-V!^^      2^  1  2 

13.0 
21.2 
21.4 
14.8 
18.2 
16^ 

":  II 

sii 

1     'T  lO   t  r^ 
•SpiOT  jSll^i    1      ^3    1  W 

.    .  r^  CO  Oi  t^  t^  00  I 

1      00  0    1  00 
1       CO  »0    1   CO 

64.3 
68.2 
58.7 
72.5 
71.1 
71.5 

i\ 

"o    . 

0.-2 

■sdBos  JO  spioB  S-yx^s.  1 

2.8   3.6 
3.4   2.3 

3.1|  3.0 

■     i  M  CO  I- CO  •'I' •^ 

S|| 

•SpiOB  jIjIEJ  99J^ 

■<r^Tr  ,-;cococie4 

eo 

CO 

0 

16.0 
11.2 
13.3 
12.2 
11.5 
17.2 
18.0 
17.6 

•V 

1       <N  01    1   •» 

20.7 
17.9 
19.6 
23.7 
25.3 
24.6 

Sll 

Daily  average,  in  grams. 

•sdBos  JO  spioB  K-XX^s.  1    "^  "^r     '^ 

1    0 

.    .(^  0  00^  00 

^ 

10  cs  1  c^ 

•spiDB  jIwbj  aajj       "^"^     '^ 

0        ! 

5.171.3 
3.80    .54 
3.57  1.26 
3.23    .50 
2.961.0 
4.69    .81 
4.33    .64 
3.69   .61 

H 

•s;BjiBjjn9N       ^2    ^ 

eo 

•sjBj  ib;ox 

<N  CO 

Tj!  CO 

00 
CO 

■    • -«•  CO  ■*  «;  00  to 

•     ■  CO  t~  0  -^r  0  •-' 

'.    '  10  ■•r  1-0  « <d  LO 

ui 

•pauQ 

S 

3.3   23.9 

....1  23.4 

1 

32.4 
33.9 
26.8 
26.4 
25.7 
27.2 
24.0 
21.0 

i| 

od,  in 

1    ^^ 
•sdBos  JO  spioe  .if  JIB  J       0 

.     .  0  0  :o  I'-  00  00 
•    •  »c  t^  r-^  <c  t^  t^ 

1       MOi 

•spiOB  Lxx'^i  90J  J        .0  '*■        ■ 

l»-,ooooi.oot^ioco             ;| 
^cooocot-^i-o-fl'-"!'              ; 

For  total  per 
grams. 

•sjBj  n!Jin8iS[  1    c;j^       : 

36.2 
26.6 
25.0 
22.6 
20.7 
32.8 
30.3 
25.8 

•SJBJ  IBJOX 

OSO> 

g?2 

38.8 
33.1 
3.').  3 
45.2 
42.6 
36.1 

•paua 

«2^             . 

Tji  CO 
00-<J< 

0 1^  •-•^  oc  0  I-  (M  00  , 

ScoooSooo-.  «;■«> 

;| 

•d 
o 
o 

In  per 
cent 

of  total 
fats. 

•sppB  LXX^l  99J5    1 

t-: 

•    '  to  uo  -^  -^  -^  ■<r 

>o 

»S}BJ  lBJjn9i>I 

93.7 
94. 5 
95.3 

95.3 
95.1 

0 

05 

>  3 

■3 

•SpiOB  jfjJBJ  99JjI 

_a3 

•  ■  CO  01  CI  01 1^  lO 

•  '  oi  40  CO  t^  co  r* 

■sjBj  iej}n9N 

_co 

•Oi 

143.0 
100.7 
127.1 
158.4 
134.1 
146.9 

s 

■SJBJ  IBJOX 

•  10 

•  0 

;0 

'■ 

152.6 
106.  6 
133.  3 
165. 6 
140.8 
154.4 

c-i 

s 

■a 

0 

li 
p 

0 

•SpiOB^lJTJJ   99JJ 

•  CO 

67.0 
41.3 
43.4 
50. 8 
46.8 
52.9 

1 

•sjBj  iBjjnaN; 

;00 

1,001.0 
705. 0 
889.  6 

1.108.6 
938.8 

1,028.1 

•SIBJ  IBJOX 

ji 

1,068.0 
746.3 
933.0 

1.1,59.4 
985.6 

1,081.0 

ejBOZuaq  t 

(SUIBJ^UI) 

ffniposjoosopXinid 
•SifBp  JO  joquinjsi 

c 

50 

II  ;§$$!§ ;S$^i5 

0» 

il 

e 
rt 

0 

June  16-23 

June  24-29 

Average. 

July  3-9 

July  10-16 

JiUy  17-23 

July  24-30 

Julv31-Aug.6. 

Aug.  7-13 

Aug.  14-20 

Aug.  21-27 

< 

i 

► 

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ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZO^TE   0^'    THE   HUMAN    BODY. 


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©OOO'* 

^T)i  cocc'«r 

■* 

00  VN 

•^eoui 

* 

^ 

1 

.-0<0    |»||C-HO00 

CO 

60.7 
149.7 

125.2 

147.7 
144.5 
138.6 

TT 

5 

10  - 
20.6 
17.4 

12.7 

15.2 
11.9 
10.7 

o 

CO 

11.5 

1.5.7 
1.5.5 
18.3 
16.6 

15.6 

19.5 
18.8 
20.1 

o 

©XI-—  O        t^   II  CO  COM 

S  r.  i  -  3  S     f^  11  S  8  S 

ii;  35  CO  o  i? 

U5COCO 
CON  ci 

o; 

eoocoo'O' 

U5     1  >o«CO 

CO    1  ■>j''<r'<r 

CO 

R  ;c  1^  CO  lO 

^  OS  1.0  CO  r^ 

o 
o 

20.0 

2.5.  5 
21.3 
21.8 
26.5 

uo    1  — oo-<r 

05      5o>n 

So 

4.20 

4.  (-.9 
4.00 
5.12 
4.57 

4.49 

4.80 
3.70 
5.33 

o 
o 

US  to  i-o  00  to 

CO 

CO  -"T  CO 

CO  cot^ 

CO 

to 

25.9 

23.9 
25.5 
38.4 
26.1 

00 

J5 

00  in  — 
coSS 

o 

2.7 
3.2 
4.1 
10.4 
3.6 

CCCJ  lO 

lO  cow 

■^!0  inoJco 

CMOt^ 

29.4 

32.8 
28.  0 
30.7 
13.7 

OOO 

S2S 

CO  t~  o  CO  r- 

00  t^Cl 
COC5lM 

181.1 

167.  4 
178.4 
233.5 

78.4 

1.59.  1 
122.3 
108.3 

6.1 

5.0 

7.8 
8.8 
5.9 

■XI 

<6 

ococo 
co'oocd 

^ 

•- 

93.9 

95.  0 
92.2 
91.2 
94.1 

-r 

CO  — CO 

OICJJCS 

00 

OS  O!  O  —  !M 
»^  (■.:  C^  (N  Oi 

00 

O  C^  oi 

00 
OS 

00<N 

^^  coco 

CO 

o 

130.6 

153.2 
153.1 
138.1 
156.6 

2 

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o  -^  -^ 

o 

t^ic-'r  ■*  :o 
to  1-5  1-  --c  w 

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oooo 

858.6 

1,017.2 
9S4.4 

6  378.  0 
442.  1 

ocino 

(^CO.» 

914.3 

1,072.7 

1,071.8 

6  414.4 

469. 7 

CO  coo 

S  o  .-o  ■^•o 

OOO 

1  -  r  -  1  -  ;0  eO 

ooco 

:  M  id  1 

o.o.c.s.=« 

Oct.  2-6 

Oct.  7-11 

Oct.  12-14 

' 

70111— No.  88—00- 


-48 


764 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


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•spiDB  j^Mt!  j; 

.     .(35 

1    "irf 

is  i  i  i 2 ^i ^- '"■  1  S  1 

•s^cj  iBJ^naM 

:  is  1 

1     'OS    ■    •    'Oot^-bs  1  00 

Ii^    '.    '•    'oJc-iim-iJoJ 
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•sd^os  JO  spioB  Ai«  J 

•     •!£>    1 
'■    'cc   ! 

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.«    ■    •    •cdcceO'W'l^ll 

•spiOB  S■^'^^}  oaj^  j 

■^ 

12.4   2.4 
15. 61 '3. 63 

12.2   3.5 

147T3  3.17 
14.  67  3. 03 
19.  64  3. 16 
20. 12  3. 48 
17.39  2.71 
13.1   13.0 
16.56  2.54 
16.53  2.12 
17.451.62 

al5.8o2.3 

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oi 

•S1BJ1BJOX   1 

00  1 

.  <0     •     .     ■  c-l  O  -a-  CO      t^ 
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0 

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•  1      .CO    •    •    •oc;cocMi»o 

i 

•spioB  An^}  aaj  j; 

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b. 

•s}Bj  iBJinax 

1.82 
2.16 
3.25 

2.34 

"2787 
3.48 
4.67 
5.04 
4.73 
3.77 
4.60 
4.50 
4.61 

14.37 

•S^BJ  iB^ox 

■^ 
■^ 

.  1      .CO    •    •    -ocoo      o 
•          1  i-O     i     •     j  CO  o  to'  to       to' 

■papa 

20.8 
17.4 
20.8 

19.2 

20.4 
23.8 
23.8 
25.0 
27.2 
28.8 
27.8 
27.2 
26.4 

127.6 

i 

^  .A 

o 

•SdBOS  JO  SpiOB  Sl'X'B^ 

•         1 1^    •    1    -CO to  PI  00         1  II 

•  CO      ■      •      •  CM  t^  t^  t^            • 

•spioB  AjiBj  aajj 

oooo 
ooiocd 

•  1  lO  ClCM  .-<  ^  .-<  o  o  c   1     ■    1 

•  Tli  pi  lO  to  O  to  lO  "3^  CO            •     I 

■S^BJ  iBJin9>i 

<N010 

2SS 

20.1 
13.9 
32.7 
.35.3 
33.1 
26.4 
32.2 
31.5 
32.3 

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•lO      •      ■      •0COOt---i 

.         <  o    .    •    "T  Tj^  c-i  CO 

•  P4     .     .     .  TJ1  .q^  .^r  rr 

■paija 

142.3 
95.1 
166.6 
175.2 
190.2 
201.5 
194.6 
190.5 
184.9 

l-H            o 

•spiDB  Sii^i  aaj^ 

'.        '.','.'.    '.f^    ',    '.ui     to 

•siBj  iBjjnax: 

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■SJBJ  IBJOX 

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t~  ■»  r~  t~  t^  t^  t>  t~  t~         ; 

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3  3 

Average. 

Juno  29-July  5. 

July  6-9 

July  10-16 

July  17-23 

July  24-30 

Julv31-Aug.6. 

Aug  7-13 

Aug   14-20 

Aug.  21-27 

Average.. 

i 

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SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 


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Daily  aver- 
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1 

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•sdBos  JO  spm  j£^jBl 

16.3 
22.1 

18.6 

'.    ;    '.    1 1-.;  iri  oi  d      -"I" 

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13.5 
16.4 

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70.2 
61.5 

66.6 

82.7 
82.6 
78.3 
78.0 
68.1 
67.7 
74.3 
69.0 

1 

ii  i 

5^      r 

1 

•sd.osjosppBAi.j|  n:^|::M  ; ;  i^srlSlSl 

•sp!D«  Lxm  saJ  J 

2.78 
2.76 

2.8 

CO  Ci  M  CO  CO  c^i  C^  <N      ^ 

■sjBj  iBa;n8js[ 

14.33 
10.37 

12.5 

14.55 
13.72 
12.05 
12.02 
14.97 
11.30 
10.62 
10.  (i3 

all. 8 

•SIBJ  IBJOX 

20.4 
16.8 

18.7 

22.0 
16.7 
14.1 
15.4 

17.0 

grams. 

■sd.osjospia.Al.il    3:1311    ;:   Mr'^^l'^ll 

•sppE  Aw  9a-i>i  1    ^°^    ^ 

1 la 

Dailyaverage.ir 

■s^.j  iBJ^najsi 

5.36 
3.26 

4.31 

SnSo(n3-<i"o6      "O 

T)^  ■^l' c4  CO  "^  CO  CO  w       « 

•S^BJ  IBIOJ, 

7.63 
5.30 

6.47 

6.26 
5.37 
4.63 
4.11 

5.09 

paj-ia 

37.4 
31.5 

34.5 

i-t^HCO^OOOC^C^O         o 
COCOWCNIMCOCON        CO 

For  total  period,  in 
grams. 

1       tOlM 

•sdEos  JO  spjaB  ^XK'^i.      o6  o6      ; 

;    I    !    it^Iinco'^        ; 

> 

1       CO,-i 

•spioB  Al^J  aajj;  1    t>:d      [ 

ddioddd'<r'^        ;ll 

1     iraoo 

!        COC"! 

32.5 
29.8 
19.9 
21.1 
29.8 
25.4 
24.4 
19.8 

l-s 

a 

•SIBJIBJOX 

43,8 
37.6 
32  4 
28.8 

m 

•paua 

222.6 
217.6 
164.4 
175.0 
199.1 
225.1 
229.5 
186.2 



£ 

In  per 
cent 

of  total 
fats. 

•spiOB  jSilBjaaiiL         '"A 

Illiirijlddj 

•siBj  jBj^naK 

•CO 

is 

■     i     •     •  05     *     '  0>       Oi 

Daily  average, 
in  grams. 

•Sp!0BiiHBJ99Jj[ 

;     :  :  :  :s  ;  :2    ^ 

•sjBj  iBJ^naN 

;0 

;        !    '.    1    'oi    ■    'd     >a 

•s;bj  iBiOi 

•OJ 

.      .      .     'CO     ;     ;0    1  m 

.    .    •    ;oo    :    ;r-  1  S 

)tal  period, 
grams. 

■SpiOB  Aw  99JJ 

•sjejiBjjnaM 

;0> 

joo 

'658.'9 
493.6 

■5e 

o 

•S^BJ  IB^Oi 

•  o 

1  M  Hi  Ms  i 

•(sraBjani) 
9)B0za9q  ranipos  jo  asop  iiiiBci 

oo 

•        TOM  CO  CO  CO  CO  coco 

•s.icp  JO  jaquin^ 

t~t>. 

;|. .......     :, 

Date  (1908). 

June  14-20 

June  21-27 

Average. 

July  3-9 

July  10-16 

July  17-23 

July  24-30 

JiUy  31-Aug.  6. 

Aug.  7-13 

Aug.  14-20 

Aug.  21-27 

Average. 

No. 

-a 

a^>>^B>^« 

ACTION    OF   SODIUM    BENZOATE   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY 


757 


•M     ■ 

£: 

■  ii 

..» 

"•o6~' 

:|| 

■  TT 

■". 

■  II 

■  as  " 

.OS     • 

S      :|| 

•ffi 

■05 

i  - 

.05      . 

ir 

:ft;  : 

s 

:g 

•           ■           *    '       ■        1 

^C4t>.<00        ■4<     jOC^OO        'O 

«<r-iior~i^      00     co<ooo     o) 

ui-v^rfn      -v      tooooo      o6 

^rt,-.^-^         ^         rHrH-^         - 

lOt^oor^M 

00       ^N  ^       c« 

5 

f:gRSg 

^  ssg  s  ; 

1.10 

1.55 
1.85 
3.40 
4.36 

C2.0 

2.15 
2.52 
2.08 

2.3 

nn<St^t-~ 

I? 

iggS    0    , 

NCMd  -HCO 

-H  CO  CO       cJ       1 

i-c^N<oo5     -^     in'->n     05 

^CRcocncc      ^      ^3^      ^ 

^•■v^Soa       W3       io;0»f5       S 

SScO-'J'So 

g     ^Kglg 

S^Sffg 

3 

CO 

■^roco— i-o* 

^ 

^(NCO        C 

>) 

s 

1* 

^ 

>o  ■WTrno 

•«> 

iN-v«"      e 

0 

CN>o>i^-r  M 

0 

ooco      t 

^        1 

00 

i^Tfira      t 

0 

r5  0»M<NC^ 

'0 

: 

CCtDOCO             'I 

-^oo-.c   1 

• 

<D'<r-<r  N(N         1 

pjcoeo 

: 

MTr-Hr~c»   j      -1 

CO  CO  0   1 

TOMCl-i^     1        .    1 

t-^coco 

OOOCTiOJM 

CO  "DC^ 

S«SS22 

NOOV 

. 

1 

1-H  TJ*  OOW  O 

(NOO 

gSKSS 

CO  (NO 

•o 

CO 

« 

■0      • 

•  •* 

'<p 

■^ 

.00      ; 

•o 

1^ 

00  1 

•0      • 

•  CO 

lo 

.n 

•  M     . 

02 

CO 

•  •^ 

t^ 

0 

;t^  ; 

■* 

C<1 

10 

•CO      • 

<N 

t- 

•  CO     . 

iO 

lO 

to 

■  a>    ' 

•Ol 

0 

« 

•CO     • 

•OS      • 

•o 

•05 

•  0    • 

:S 

•  OJ 

:«  ; 

;  , 

,  lO 

•  0 

•CO      • 

1 

■  S 

■0 

•CO      • 

;^ 

•  -<r 

•  >o 

•  0 

•CO      • 

*  <9 

•  03     • 

•  t>. 

l"^ 

:"*  : 

s 

p 

000 

.  t^  t^toco 

USiO-^" 

•'i-i        <D 

Iir 

?5So     fe 

IC          « 

9-1 
16- 
23- 
29- 

Av 

2-6. 
7-11 
12-1 

Av 

a 

QCOCOMCO                  OOO 

<^ 

x> 

> 

758  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 

SERIES  H. 

Caloric  values  of  food. 

SUBJECT  I  R. 


DuU"  (19tt8). 

a 
■a 

o 

t-l 

3 

•a 
O 

For  total  period. 

Daily  averages. 

No. 

•0 
.2 

1     V 

g  '   ^ 
2        S 

Ph         0 

s 
■3 

0 

1 
£ 

i 

1 

PL| 

1 

0 

■3 
0 

II 

lis 

.      3 

OSS 

(fl  — ■- 
0 

J 

June  15-22 

June  23-28 

July  3-9 

8 
6 

Gms. 
0 
0 

Gms. 

6ms. 

Gms.  Gms. 

\Gms. 
1 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

2,313 

II 

2,759 

540.0 

522 

1,697 

13,920 

460.0 

90.0 

87.0 

283.0 

2,320 

2,049 

III 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 

2,601 

IV 

July  10-16 

July  17-23 

July  24-30 

July  31- Aug.  6.. 

Aug.  7-13 

Aug.  14-20 

Aug.  21-27 

2,406 

V 
VI 

vir 

VIII 
IX 
X 

3,014 
2,945 
2,829 
2,880 
03, 126 
2,957 

770.0 
765.0 
695.8 
685.0 
"872. 1 
653.9 

607 
590 
507 

548 

a  592 

688 

i,6:?r 

1,590 
1,626 
1,647 
al,662 
1,615 

16,6261436.6 
15,880  420.7 
15,030,404.1 
15,180  411.4 
17,160  446.6 
15,310  422.4 

110.0 
109.3 
99.4 
97.8 
124.6 
93.4 

86.7 
84.3 
72.4 
78.3 
84.5 
98.3 

233.9 
227.1 
232.3 
235.  3 
237.5 
230.7 

2,289 
2,269 
2,147 
2,169 
2,451 
2,187 

2,563 

1            1 

1 

422.7 

105.8 

84.1 

232. 8 

2,252 

Sept.  2-8. 

Sept.  9-15 

Sept.  16-22 

Sept.  23-28 

Sept.  29-Oct.  1.. 

Average... 

:                   1 

1 

XI 
XII 
XIII 
XIV 

XV 

7 
7 
7 
6 
3 

.6   2,902!  600.8 
1.0   2,707{  615.9 
1.5,  2,7861  682.0 
(6)     2,879|  690.7 
6.0   1,322,  331.5 

655 
605 
637 
623 
315 

1,646 
1,486 
1,467 
1,565 
675 

13,940 
14,140 
14,880 
15,230 

7,082 

414.5 
.386.  7 
398.0 
479.8 
440.5 

85.8 
88.0 
97.5 
115.1 
110.5 

93.6 
86.4 
91.0 
103.  8 
105.0 

235. 1 
212.  3 
209.5 
260.9 
225.0 

1,992 
2,020 
2, 126 
2,538 
2,361 



1            1 

....  1 

419.8 

97.4 

94.5 

227.9 

2.176 

Oct.  2-6 

I 

XVI 

5 
5 

4 

0    1  2,047'  492.3 
0     1  2,220   545.4 
0     1  1,911    403.9 

486]  1,069 
3821  1,293 
384(  1,123 

10, 8.30 

409.6 

98  5 

97.2 
76.4 
96.0 

213.9 
258.6 
280.8 

2,166 

XVII 
XVIII 

Oct.  7-11 

Oct.  12-15 

Average... 

11,820 
9,810 

444.1 

^477.  8 

109.1 
101.0 

2,360! 

2,452j 

1 

U4I.  3103.0 

89.4 

248.9 

2,311i 

■■"■| 1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

SUBJECT  II  H. 


I 
II 

III 
IV 

V 

VI 
VII 
VIII 

IX 

X 


XI 

XII 

XIII 

XIV 

XV 


XVI 
XVII 

XVIII 


June  16-23. 
June  24-29. 


July  3-9 

July  10-16 

July  17-23 

July  24-30 

July  31-.\ug.  6. 

Aug.  7-13 

Aug.  14-20 

Aug.  21-27 

Average. 


Average. 


Oct.  2-6... 
Oct.  7-11.. 
Oct.  12-14. 


Average. 


7   0 
6   0 


2,759   603.  Oj    540j  1,616  14,680,459.8,100.5     90.0   269.3 


Sept.  2-8 7 

Sept.  9-15 

Sept.  16-22 

Sept.  23-28. . . . 
Sept.  29-Oct.  1 


.45! I 

.45j ! 

.45'  4,8001068.0 
.4.^),  3,325  746.3 
.4.-)  3,985  933.0! 
.45  4,7431159.4 
.45   4,803   985. 6| 


692   3,040  25,330  685.71.52.61     98. 8|  434.3'  3,618 

740    1,839  17,530  475.0106.6;  105.7,  262.7  2,504 

725|  2,327  21,150  569.31133.3'  103.6   332.4  3,021 

755,  2,829  25,480  677.6  165.6    107.9   404.1]  3,640 

620  3,197  24,370  686.1140.8     88.6    456. 7i  3,481 


.45   4,7761081.0     750   2,945  25,200  682.3154.4    107.2   420.7     3,600 


1629.3142.2    102.0   385.1     3,311 


1.0 

1.5 

62.5 

6.0 


3,837i  914.3!  642,  2, 281  20, ,500 548. 1  130. 6  91.7:325.8  2,928|. 

4, 485  1072. 71  755   2, 657 23, 990640.  7, 153. 2  107. 9,  379. 6  3, 428! . 

4,3261071.8  675'  2,57923,320618.0,153.1,  96.4   368.5  3,3311. 

cl,615;c414.4  <:407l    c794   8,690538. 4  138.  l'  135.71  264.6;  2,897!. 

2,110   469.7  325    1,315  11, 100,703. 3j  156. 6]  108.3   438.4'  3,700!. 


.606.5146.0   104.0   356.5     3,244L. 


3,205  775.3,  58.5  1,845  17,220  641.0,1.5.5.0  117.0  369.0 
3,102  749.3;  580  1,77316,640  620.4149.8;  116. 0;  354.6; 
1,563,  439.0     365]      759   8,700:521.0 146.31  121.7   253.0 


3, 444; 
3, 3281 , 
2,900. 


605.41151.0   117.7   336.7     3,274 

11 


o  Calculated  proportionally  from  5§  days'  collection  of  food. 

64  days=2..5;  2  days=3. 

c  Based  on  3  days'  collection  of  food. 


ACTION    OF    SODIliM    HIONZOA'I'K    ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY. 


759 


Caloric  values  of  food — Continued. 
SUBJECT  III  O. 


s 

For  total  period. 

Dally  averages. 

^ 

^ 

V-n 

.a 

43 

■a  . 

"d 

^ 

S  3 

No. 

Date  (1008). 

O 
1 

o  o 

o 

■a 

1 

§ 

i 

1 

s 

i 

o 

a 

8 
1 

. 

11    • 

.-3 

"3 

■a 

i2 

s 

1 

ta 

2 

'A 

M 

« 

Ui 

Pi 

o 

CJ 

« 

!^ 

cu 

O 

O 

o 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

Gms. 

II 

June  1&-25 

July  31- Aug.  6.. 

8 

0 

2,  SOS 

847.5 

704 

1,316 

16,150 

358.5 

106. 0 

88.0 

164.  5 

2,019 

VII 

.45 

3, 798 

891.5 

.565 

2,. 341 

20, 180 

.542.6 

127.  5 

80.7 

:534.4 

2,883 

X 

Aug.  21-27 

Average 

7 

.45 

3,451 

8;J5.5 

730 

1,885 

18,500 

493. 0 

119.4 

104.  3 

269. 3 

2,643 

517.8 

123.5 

92.5 

301.8 

2,763 

Sept.  1&-22 

XUI 

7 

1.5 

3,656 

879.0 

832 

1,945 

19,700 

522. 3 

125. 6 

118.9 

277.8 

2,814 

XV 

Sept.  29-Oct.  1... 
Average  . . . 

3 

6.0 

1.601 

366.0 

335 

900 

8,470 

533. 7 

122.0 

111.7 

300.0 

2,823 

525.7 

124.5 

116.7 

284.5 

2,817 

Oct.  7-11 

XVII 

5 

0 

2,583 

621.3 

521 

1,441 

13, 820 

516.6 

124.2 

104.2 

288.2 

2,764 

SUBJECT  IV  L. 


II 

June  21-27 

July  31- Aug.  6.. 
Aug.  21-27 

Average  . . . 

7 

0 

3,059 

834.0 

700 

1,525 

16,880 

436.8 

119.0 

100.0   217.8 

2,411 

VII 
X 

7 
7 

.3 
.3 

3,631 
2,988 

590.5 
522.5 

634   2,406 
558    1,907 

18,020 
14,975 

518.  7 
426.8 

84.4 
74.7 

90.6 

79.7 

343.7 

272.4 

2,574 
2,139 

472.7 

79.5 

85.1 

308.1 

2, 357] 

Sept.  16-22 

Sept.  29-Oct.  1 . . 

Average  . . . 

XIII 
XV 

7 
3 

1.5 
6.0 

3,880 
1,835 

717.5 
508.5 

718 
350 

2,444 
976 

19,650 
10, 170 

554.2 
611.6 

102.5 
169.5 

102.6 
116.7 

349.1 
325.4 

2,807 
3,390 

571.6 

122.7 

106.8 

342.1 

2,982 

Oct.  7-11 

XVII 

5 

0 

2,532 

469.3 

523 

1,540 

12,835 

506.4 

93.8 

104.6 

308.0 

2,567 

760 


SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH   OF    MAN. 


SERIES  I. 

Hydrogen  sulphide  in  feces. 
SUBJECT  I  K. 


Date  (1908). 


Sept.  5. . 
6.. 
7.. 
8.. 
9.. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 


■gs 


0ms. 

"so.'g 


112.4 
92.2 


121.0 
170.1 


270.0 


198.5 
129.0 
262.7 
80.5 
106.7 
147.8 


149.5 


P.ct. 


26.1 
24.4 


21.8 
22.2 


fa-Si 

c  c  a 

2  ® 

H 


35S 


Got.      p.  ct. 


0.011    10.046 


.0054 
.0059 


.0031 
.0033 


19.8  ,  .0095 


23.4 
21.8 
15.2 
22.6 
23.4 
24.0 


.011 

.011 

.016 

.008.5 

.0085 

.0049 


23.9     .0054 


.018 
.026 


.012 
.0087 


.025 
.039 
.0.39 
.047 
.034 
.014 


.015 


O  q 


^i 


6ms. 
0.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 


Date  (1908). 


Sept.  26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 
Oct.  1... 
2... 
3... 
4... 
5... 


_'3 


0ms. 
93.7 


64.4 
146.2 
148.6 


184.0 
84.6 


177.0 


104.5 
220.3 


233.5 


130.1 
i45.'5 


J,   t£).S 

^  o  © 
aJ=.  P. 


SO' 


!  t>.aa 
W 


P.  ct.    Om. 
25.8   0.0072 


35.1 
28.9 
15.5 


26.0 
29.6 


.0104 

.051 

.014 


.0092 
.014 


31.0 


31.0 
18.3 


28.9 


28.0 


.017 


.019 
.015 


.0096 
"6659 


P.ct. 
0.030 


.046 
.119 
.060 


.019 
.055 


.031 


.059 
.038 


.054 


.025 


.016 


^5 


rz  3 


Qm^. 
2.5 
3.0 
3.0 
6.0 
6.0 
6.0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


SUBJECT  II  H. 


Sept  5 

92.5 
162.5 

19.5 
23.3 

0.006 
.0069 

0.033 
.018 

0.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

Sept.  27 

3.0 

6 

28 

29 

30 

Oct.  1 

303.0 
242.4 
105.0 
156.1 
69.1 

26.6 
38.1 
21.4 
21.7 
31.9 

0.045 
.023 
.025 
.0102* 
.019 

0.056 
.025 
.110 
.045 
.087 

3.0 

7 

6.0 

8 

137.6 
132.2 

30.3 
26.7 

.0086 
.013 

.023 
.039 

6.0 

9 

6.0 

10 

2 

0 

11 

12 

186.5 

25.7 

.0073 

.015 

3 

0 

4 

146.3 
107.1 
175.1 
125.7 
106.0 
214.5 
99.7 
69.3 

26.8 
24.7 
18.4 
27.0 
25.8 
13.4 
22.4 
26.6 

.032 

.022 

.017 

.0078 

.016 

.0058 

.011 

.007 

.082 
.084 
.052 
.023 
.060 
.020 
.050 
.038 

0 

13 

95.7 
182.2 

29.8 
21.5 

.0064 
.0099 

.022 
.023 

5 

0 

14 

6 

0 

15 

' { 

8 

0 

16 

17 

180.4 
130.4 
98.0 

28.4 
20.7 
22.9 

.022 
.014 
.011 

.043 
.053 
.051 

0 
0 

18 

19 

9 

0 

10 

0 

20 

11 

0 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

26i.'8 
255.9 
90.0 
131.5 
395.4 

23.5 
14.1 
27.2 
22.6 
11.8 

.0085 

.013 

.015 

.016 

.0076 

.017 
.036 
.061 
.036 
.016 

12 

13 

14 

15 

179.4 

73.0 

284.0 

29.4 
18.7 
19.9 

.016 
.014 
.031 

.032 
.105 
.055 

0 
0 
0 
0 

16 

171.0 

22.2 

.0083 

.022 

U 

ACTION    OF   SODIUM   BENZOATE   ON    THE    HUMAN    BODY. 


761 


Hydrogen  sulphide  in  feces — Continued. 
SUBJECT  III  O. 


*MI 

1 

•W 

«*-! 

" 

o 

*.Ss 

-2  . 

3S8 

Ss 

O 

o 

otal    weight   o 
hydrogen  sul 
phide  in  feces. 

3  O  8 

Date  (1908). 

si 

1 

otal    weigh 
hydrogen 
phide  in  fe< 

a>      o 

22| 

o  o 

—  1 

Date  (1908). 

•ai 

^  o 

o 

•3  . 

"3 
o 

§1 

In 

H 

H 

Eh 

M 

O 

Eh 

e 

Eh 

M 

Qms. 

P.rt. 

Qms. 

P.ct. 

Qms. 

Qms. 

p.ct. 

Qms. 

P.ct. 

Qms. 

Sept.    5 

199.  7 

20. 8 

0. 0076 

0.018 

0.6 

Sept.  26 

79.4 

31.2 

.  0076 

.031 

2.5 

t) 

213.0 

17.3 

.0082 

.022 

.6 

27 

130.2 

24.5 

.012 

.037 

3.0 

.6 
.6 

28 

29 

98.0 
136.0 

15.9 
21.5 

.0097 
.050 

.062 
.171 

3.0 

8 

120. 9 

19.3 

.011 

.  046 

6.0 

9 

168.0 

20.4 

.016 

.048 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

30 

6.0 

10    

Oct.      1 

2 

171.0 
115.3 

24.1 
22.8 

.020 
.034 

.047 
.127 

6.0 

il 

247.0 

17.8 

.028 

063 

0 

12 

385.0 

12.9 

.030 

.061 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

3 

0 

13        .   .. 

4 

5        

147.0 

22.5 

.038 

.115 

0 

14 

0 

16 

97.5 

26.3 

.026 

.100 

6 

226.7 

18.9 

.026 

.060 

0 

16 

60.0 

29.2 

.017 

.098 

1.5 

7 

126.5 

14.6 

.018 

.098 

0 

17 

145.5 

24.5 

.018 

.051 

1.5 

8 

188.4 

15.7 

.024 

.083 

0 

18 

285.0 
62.5 

13.7 
25.2 

.027 
.018 

.069 
.114 

1.5 
1.5 

9 

0 

19.'.'.'.'.... 

10 

220.3 

22.0 

.028 

.058 

0 

20 

1.5 
1.5 

11 

12 

203.0 
146.0 

14.9 
14.8 

.023 
.021 

.076 
.0% 

0 

21 

67.6 

28.0 

.0064 

.034 

0 

22 

198.0 

22.9 

.018 

.039 

1.5 

13 

173.0 

11.3 

.015 

.076 

0 

23        .   .. 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

14 

15 

166.7 

19.5 

.016 

.048 

0 

» { 

88.1 
163.0 

26.7 
11.1 

.0068 
.014 

.029 
.076 

0 

16 

118.0 

28.4 

.012 

.036 

0 

25 

201.0 

12.3 

.017 

.069 

2.5 

Sept.    5 

0.6 

Sept.  26 

163.5 

18.8 

.012 

.038 

2.5 

6 

.6 
.6 
.6 

27 

28 

29 

119.3 
105.5 
263.0 

14.6 
25.1 
13.1 

.013 
.028 
.041 

.076 
.104 
.117 

3  0 

7        

3.0 

8 

110.1 

27.2 

0.0081 

0.027 

6.0 

9 

190.7 

21.4 

.014 

.034 

1.0 

30 

78.3 

18.2 

.0038 

.026 

6.0 

10... 1 

1.0 
1.0 

Oct.      1 

2 

173.4 
104.4 

19.2 
18.7 

.032 
.015 

.096 
.076 

6.0 

11 

i3i.2 

22.8 

.0067 

.022 

0 

12 

94.5 

19.5 

.002 

.011 

1.0 

3 

198.0 

15.8 

.054 

.171 

0 

13 

203.7 

19.6 

.015 

.036 

1.0 

4 

199.0 

16.2 

.048 

.148 

0 

14 

1.0 
1.0 

5 

0 

16 

376.6 

i8.2 

.046 

.066 

6 

186.6 

21.9 

.029 

.071 

0 

16    .     ... 

1.5 
1.5 

7 

8 

120.0 
136.5 

25.8 
19.3 

.017 
.014 

.054 
.055 

0 

17 

100.5 

19.0 

.016 

.084 

0 

18 

170.6 

17.6 

.036 

.120 

1.5 

9 

70.2 

19.6 

.0061 

.045 

0 

19 

119.0 

21.2 

.018 

.071 

1.5 

10 

220.0 

18.2 

.012 

.029 

0 

20 

97.5 
137.3 

24.6 
13.1 

.012 
.019 

.050 
.105 

1.5 
1.5 

11 

0 

21 

12 

155.8 

27.4 

.017 

.039 

0 

22 

107.3 

18.9 

.015 

.072 

1.5 

13 

97.5 

18.8 

.0072 

.039 

0 

23 

194.3 

18.5 

.012 

.034 

2.5 

14 

119.0 

21.9 

.0067 

.027 

0 

24 

165.0 

17.2 

.012 

.041 

2.5 

15 

125.5 

22.1 

.009 

.044 

0 

26 

96.8 

21.0 

.0014 

.007 

2.5 

16 

291.0 

9.9 

.012 

.041 

0 

SERIES  J. 
Graphic  representation  of  body  weights. 


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SERIES  L. 
Clinical  charts. 

KEY   TO    CHAUTS. 

No.      I.  flomplete  chart  of  all  gastric  and  blood  work. 

No.    II.  Average  of  four  hemoglobin  estimations,  six  blood  counts,  four  differentials, 

^"^  two  gaatric  analyses  in  each  examination  of  patient. 
No.  III.  (Curves  showing  relative  weights,  hemoglobin,  red  cells,  and  white  cells  from 

Chart  II. 
No.    IV.  Chart,  composite  curves,  and  averages  of  averages  of  results  obtained  from 

the  four  test  cases. 

767 


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BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  MORE  IMPORTANT 
WORK  ON  BENZOATES. 


70111— Xo.  88— 09 49  ^^^ 


\ 


I 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Keller.     Uber  Veiwandluug  der  Benzoesiiure  in  Hippureaure.     Liebig's  Annalen 
der  Chemie,  1842,  XLIII,  108. 

Author  took  2  grains  of  benzoic  acid  in  evening  without  effec-t  other  than  night  sweat  attributed 
to  the  acid.  This  dose  was  taken  three  times  next  day  without  other  effects.  Much  hippuric 
acid  was  excreted.    I'rea  and  uric  acid  were  not  decreased. 

Marchand.     Uber  die  Oxydation^producte  des  Leims  durch  Chromsaure.     Jomnal 
fiir  pi-actische  Cheniie,  1845,  XXXV,  309. 

Of  5  grains  of  benzoic  acid  taken  at  once  most  was  recovered  as  hippuric  acid.  Diarrhea.  Dur- 
ing 10  days  30  grams  of  benzoic  acid  were  taken.    No  mention  of  ill  effects. 

WoHLER   and    Frerichs.     Uber   die   Verilndeningen,    etc.     Liebig's   Annalen   der 
Chemie,  1848,  LXV,  335. 

In  experiments,  mostly  on  dogs,  benzaldehyde  was  transformed  in  the  organism  to  Ijenzoic 
acid  and  excreted  as  hippuric  acid.    Ethyl  benzoate  is  transformed  to  hippuric  acid. 

Kt'H.vE  and  Hallwachs.     Uber  die  Entstehung  der  Hippiirsiiure,  etc.     Virchow'a 
Archiv  fiir  pathologische  Anatomie,  1857,  XII,  386. 

Injection  experiments  on  dogs.  Formation  of  hippuric  acid  from  introduced  benzoic  acid  does 
not  occur  in  intestines,  nor  in  circulating  blood,  but  in  hepatic  vessels  in  presence  of  constituents 
of  bile  (glycocholic  acid). 

LrcKE.     Uber  die  Anwesenheit  der  Hippursaure,  etc.     Virchow's  Archiv  fiir  patho- 
logische  Anatomie,  1860,  XIX,  196. 

Method  of  detecting  hippuric  acid.  Many  specimens  of  normal  urine  from  mixed  diet  contain 
no  hippuric  acid.  It  is  found  after  taking  food  mostly  vegetable;  also  after  eating  fruit,  especially 
iranljerries.    Fresh  fruit  apparently  contains  free  benzoic  acid. 

Lavtemaxx.     Uber   die    Reduction   der   Chinasaure,    etc.     Liebig's   Annalen   der 
Cheihie,  1863,  CXXV,  9. 

Autlior  look  S  grams  of  the  calcium  salt  of  quinic  acid,  which  is  easily  transformed  into  benzoic 
■.wid  in  the  laboratory.    It  was  excreted  as  hippuric  acid.    Same  results  with  two  other  subjects. 

Mattschewsky.     Zur  Entstehung  der  Hippursilure.     Virchow's  Archiv  fiir  patho- 
logische  Anatomie,  1863,  XXVIII,  538. 

In  dogs,  after  diet  of  bread,  meat,  or  milk,  urine  does  not  contain  hippuric  acid.  Quinic  and 
cinami?  acids  afford  much  hippuric  acid.  After  giving  benzoic  acid  per  os,  in  one  dog,  with  alka- 
line urine,  free  benzoic  acid  was  excreted;  in  another,  with  acid  urine,  hippuric  and  benzoic  acids. 
In  man  quinic  acid  increased  the  output  of  hippuric  acid. 

Meissner  and  Shepard.     Untersuchungen  iiber  das  Entstehen  der  Hippursaure  im 
thierischen  Organismus.     Hannover,  1866. 

There  is  no  hippuric  acid  or  benzoic  acid  in  the  blood  of  animals  which  excrete  hippuric  acid 
abundantly  in  the  urine.  According  to  the  authors'  experiments  on  man,  ingestion  of  7.0  grams 
of  benzoic  acid  as  sodium  salt  in  solution  after  breakfast  was  followed  suddenly,  30  minutes  later, 
by  nausea  and  vomiting.  When  5.7  grams  were  taken  after  breakfast  there  was  vehement  vomit- 
ing after  al)out  35  minutes.  When  vigorous  exercise  was  taken  after  the  same  dose  (5.7  grams) 
there  was  some  nausea,  but  no  vomiting.  The  nausea  can  be  made  to  disappear  bj'  violent 
exercise,  with  deep  inspirations,  etc.  After  taking  3.S  grams,  when  the  subject  was  kept  quiet 
in  a  warm  room  there  was  no  nausea  or  vomiting.  A  stronger  and  heavier  person  repeatedly 
took  7.6  grams  without  these  sjTnptoms.  There  was  no  hippuric  acid  in  the  sweat  or  saliva. 
7.0  grams  taken  in  two  divided  doses,  without  nausea  or  vomiting,  failed  to  produce  increase  of 
urea,  but  rather  a  tendency  to  decrease.    In  man,  daily  outputs  of  hippuric  acid  in  the  urine 

have  been  obser\-ed  as  follows: 

Grams. 

By  Weismann,  on  mixed  diet 2. 47 

By  Boedeker,  for  nonnal  healthy  individuals 1. 0  to  2. 0 

By  Hallwachs,  on  diet  not  exclusively  composed  of  meat 1.0 

By  Bence  Jones 0. 25  to  0. 45. 

By  Weismann,  on  meat  diet 0. 76 

By  Kiihne.  on  diet  mostly  of  meat Traces. 

By  the  authors,  on  diet  not  exclusively  composed  of  meat 0. 08  to  0. 1 

The  amount  seems  to  be  verv  constant  under  the  same  conditions. 

771 


772  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

The  authors  conclude  from  their  experiments  on  animals  that  the  kidney  is  the  only  organ 
where  benzoic  acid  is  normally  transformed  into  hippuric  acid.  When  2  grams  of  benzoic  acid 
per  day  were  fed  to  a  rabbit  during  3  days  there  was  no  decrease  in  urea  output.  In  a  dog 
of  12  to  13  kilograms,  8  grams  of  benzoic  acid  given  in  solution  per  os  caused  vomiting.  Later 
8  grams  were  given  twice  a  day  as  dry  powder  packed  in  meat.  There  was  apparently  no 
decrease  in  urea.  After  several  days  a  toxic  effect  was  noted— diflQculty  in  urinating,  spasms, 
attack  of  rage,  attempts  to  bite,  foana  at  mouth.  Benzoic  acid  was  continued  2  days  more  and  the 
attacks  recurred.  Appetite  remained  good.  Convulsions  occurred  the  day  after  the  benzoic  acid 
administration  was  stopped,  and  then  they  ceased.  Similar  attacks  were  observed  in  a  small 
dog  which  received  10  grams  benzoic  acid  for  3  days.  The  authors  conclude  that  the  continued 
administration  of  large  amounts  of  benzoic  acid  is  not  without  danger,  although  Keller  took  2  grams 
per  day  for  some  time  without  feeling  any  ill  effects.  Hippuric  acid  is  formed  from  benzoic  acid 
in  all  animals.  Authors  conclude  that  in  herbivorous  animals  the  excretion  of  hippuric  acid  is 
dependent  on  the  cuticular  substance  of  plants  ingested.  The  small  amount  in  normal  human 
urine  probably  derives  its  origin  from  metabolism  products. 

HoFMEiSTER.     Beobachtungen    iiber    Hippursaurebildung    im    Pflanzenfre-sserham. 
Landwirtschaftliche  Versuchsstationen,  1871,  XIV,, 458. 
A  study  of  the  conditions  of  hippuric  acid  formation  in  herbivorous  animals. 

BucHHOLTZ.  Antiseptica  und  Bacterien.  Archiv  ftir  experimentelle  Pathologie 
iind  Pharmacologie,  1875,  IV,  1. 

Studies  on  the  bactericidal  action  of  benzoic  acid  and  benzoates.  Bacteria  are  destroyed  by 
benzoic  acid  in  a  concentration  of  1  to  250.  In  his  media  sodium  benzoate  inhibited  development 
of  bacteria  in  a  concentration  of  1  to  2,000;  benzoic  acid  in  a  concentration  of  1  to  1,000. 

Weiske.  Untersuchungen  iiber  die  Hippursaurebildung  im  Korper  des  Herbivoren 
bei  Verabreichung  verschiedenartiger  Futtermittel.  (Unter  Mitwirkung  von 
Kellner  und  Wienand.)     Zeitschrift  fiir  Biologie,  1876,  XII,  241. 

The  assumption  of  Meissner  and  Shepard  and  Ilarten  that  the  cuticular  substance  of  plants 
is  the  mother  substance  of  hippuric  or  benzoic  acid  is  little  probable.  A  small  amount  of  hippuric 
acid  has  a  normal  metabolism  independent  of  food.  In  rams  kept  on  hay,  introduction  of  1.5 
grams  of  benzoic  acid  per  daydid  not  give  rise  to  the  appearanceof  free  benzoic  acid  in  the  urine. 
The  increase  in  the  excretion  of  nitrogen  after  benzoic  acid  does  not  occur  at  the  expense  of  urea. 
The  urine  of  one  animal  fed  with  beans  and  potatoes  was  found  free  from  hippuric  acid.  After 
addition  of  benzoic  acid  to  the  food  (for  3  days  5  grams  and  for  1  day  10  grams)  only'free  benzoic 
acid  appeared  in  the  urine  and  no  hippuric  acid.  With  same  food  plus  glycocoU  there  was  no  hip- 
puric acid.  With  glycocoU  and  benzoic  acid  and  after  feeding  5  grams  of  hippuric  acid,  only  free 
benzoic  acid  and  no  hippuric  acid  was  found  in  the  urine.  Author  concludes  that  hippuric  acid 
had  been  decomposed  in  the  body  and  that  the  kidneys  do  not  always  form  hippuric  acid  from 
benzoic  acid  and  glycocoU. 

E.  Okolow.  i'ber  die  Einwirkung  der  Salicyl-  und  der  Benzoesaiu-e  auf  Faulnisa 
und  Giihrung.  Centralblatt  fiir  Chirurgie,  1876,  p.  777.  [Abstract  by  W.  Grube. 
Original,  Russian.] 

Both  acids  inhibit  putrefaction  and  fermentation.  Benzoic  acid  more.  Afterintemal  application 
the  urine  decomposes  more  slowly.  Small  doses  have  no  influence  on  stomach  digestion.  Large 
doses  inhibit  it  completely.  Small  doses  have  no  apparent  influence,  while  larger  doses  decrease 
urea.  After  larger  doses  there  is  increase  in  amount  of  urine.  Larger  doses  diminish  the  body 
weight.    In  2  animals  with  fever  benzoic  acid  reduced  the  temperature  more  than  salicylic  acid. 

E.  Salkowski.     Zur  Wirkung  des  benzoesauren  Natrons.     Virchow's  Archiv  fiir 

pathologische  Anatomie,  1877,  LXXVIII,  53. 

Author  concludes  that  sodium  benzoate  causes  considerable  increase  in  the  decomposition  of  body 
proteins  and  that  it  would  be  well  not  to  regard  the  administration  of  large  doses  of  benzoates  during 
long  j)eriods  as  harmless  medication.    He  found  increa.se  of  nitrogen  and  sulphur  excretion. 

A.  Hoffmann.  Uber  die  Hippursaurebildung  in  der  Xiere.  Archiv  fiir  experi- 
mentelle Pathologie  und  Pharmacologie,  1877,  VII,  239. 

Author  found  hippuric  acid  in  his  urine  within  one-hall  hour  after  taking  benzoic  acid  and 
glycocoU;  neither  hippuric  acid  nor  benzoic  acid  in  the  sweat.  He  reports  transfusion  experi- 
ments with  excised  dog  kidneys,  using  benzoic  acid,  etc.  Various  factors  inhibit  hippuric  acid 
synthesis. 

F.  Walter.     Die  Wirkung  der  Sauren  auf  den  tierischen  Organiamus.     Archiv  fiir 

experimentelle  Pathologie  und  Pharmacologie,  1877,  VII,  148. 
In  a  rabbit  9  grams  of  hippuric  acid  per  kilogram  produced  no  pronoimced  acid  intoxication. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  773 

BuNGE  and  Schmiedeberg.  Uber  die  Bildung  der  Hippiireiiure.  Archiv  iiir  expori- 
meutellc  Pathologic  und  Pharmacologie,  1877,  VI,  233. 

Classii'  description  of  estiinaliou  of  liippuric  acid  and  place  of  its  fonuation  in  the  anlnial  body. 
In  dogs  liippiiric  acid  is  foniied  in  ttie  kidneys,  which  sustained  their  power  to  transform  benzoic 
acid  into  hippuric  acid  for  hours  after  excision. 

Salkowski.  Vorgang  der  llarnftoffbildung  im  Tierkorper.  Zeitschrift  fiir  phyt^io- 
logische  Chemie,  1877-1878,  I,  1. 

In  a  rabl>it  fed  on  potatoes  and  benzoic  acid  there  was  considerable  increase  in  nitrogen  e.xcTetion; 
the  proportion  of  nitrogen  to  sulphur  remained  the  same  as  before.  The  benzoic  acid  appeared 
mostly  as  hippuric  acid.  After  introduction  of  hippuric  acid  the  urine  of  rabbits  reduced  cupric 
oxide.  Tlie  nature  of  the  reducing  substance  is  not  known.  Dogs  take  benzoic  acid  with  tlieir  diet 
without  injury  at  least  for  30  days.  When  on  2  consecutive  days  between  5  and  7.5  grams  of  sodium 
benzoate  were  given,  a  definite  increase  in  nitrogen  and  sulphur  excretion  occurred,  i.  e.,  increased 
protein  matabolisin 

Lauder  Bruntox.     Text  Book  on  Phannacology,  Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medica, 
London,  1878,  3d  edition,  78. 
Data  on  tlie  inhibitory  action  of  benzoic  acid  and  sodium  benzoate  upon  various  enzj-mes. 

G.  Brown.     Zur  Therapie  der  Diptheritis.     Archiv  fiir  experimentelle  Pathologic 
imd  Pharmacologic,  178,  VIII,  140. 
A  5  per  cent  solution  of  sodiiun  benzoate  seems  to  destroy  diphtheria  bacilli  within  one  hour. 

Klebs.  tjber  einige  therapeutische  Gesichtspuncte  welche  durch  die  parasitiire 
Theorie  der  Infectionskrankheiten  geboten  erscheinen.  Prager  medizinische 
Wochenschrift,  1878,  III,  5,  16,  41,  54. 

Author  has  often  tried  5  grams  of  sodium  benzoate  on  himself  and  others  without  any  disturbance 
of  digestion.  In  dogs  the  maximal  permissible  dose  of  sodium  benzoate  for  subcutaneous  injection 
is  1  per  mille  of  body  weight;  in  rabbits  2  per  mille  of  body  weight  is  a  fatal  dose. 

Klebs.  Uber  einige  therapeutische  Gesichtspuncte  welche  dmch  die  parasitiire 
Form  der  Infectionskrankheiten  geboten  erscheinen.  Prager  medizinische 
Wochenschrift,  1S78,  III,  No.  1,  2,  5,  6. 

Sodium  benzoate  seems  to  be  more  advantageous  than  salicylic  acid  in  bacterial  infections,  since 
it  can  be  given  in  larger  doses  without  danger.  Subcutaneously  the  maximal  permissible  dose  is 
1  per  mille  of  body  weight:  2  per  mille  is  a  fatal  dose.    The  largest  single  dose  to  be  used  is  5  grams. 

Klebs.  Natrium  benzoicum.  Correspondenzblatt  fiir  Schweizer  Aerzte,  1878, 
VIII,  313. 

In  an  oral  communication  to  the  editor  the  author  states  that  there  are  absolutely  no  disagreeable 
effects  when  sodium  benzoate  is  used  for  even  longer  periods  of  time,  in  doses  up  to  25  grams  per 
day.    The  usual  dose  is  10  to  15  grams  per  day;  the  maximal  dose  up  to  12  per  mille  of  body  weight, 

Salkowski.  Uber  den  Einfluss  der  Verschliessung  des  Darmkanals,  etc.  Virchow's 
Archiv  fiir  pathologische  Anatomic,  1878,  LXXIII,  421. 

Hippuric  acid  is  found  in  the  urine  of  the  starving  dog  and  is  not  increased  after  ligating  the 
intestines.    In  rabbits  hippuric  acid  does  not  appear  in  the  urine  when  it  is  free  from  phenol. 

E .  Salkowski.  Uber  das  Vorkommen  von  Allantoin  und  Hippursaiu-e  imHundeharr . 
Berichte  der  deutschen  chemischen  Gesellschaft,  1878,  XI,  500. 

a  dog  on  exclusive  meat  diet  and  in  hunger  excretes  small  and  varying  amounts  of  hippuric  acid. 
Ligating  the  intestines  has  no  influence  on  the  hippuric  acid  excretion. 

Winter.     Zur  therapeutischen  Verwendung  des  benzoesauren  Natrons.     (Abstract.) 
Schmidt's  Jahrbiicher  fiir  die  gesammte  Medizin,  1879,  CLXXXIV,  121. 
Report  of  views  of  others. 

Naumann.  iJberdie  therapeutische  Verwendung  des  benzoesauren  Natrons.  (Nach 
Schiiller,  Klebs,  Letzerich,  Hoffmann.)  Schmidt's  Jahrbucher  fur  die  ge- 
sammte Medizin,  1879,  CLXXXII,  125. 

Discussion  of  the  therapeutic  dosage  of  sodium  benzoate,  especially  in  febrile  processes.  Dogs 
can  endure  injections  of  1 .7  grams  per  kilogram  without  any  danger.  A  dog  of  6.5  kilograms  which 
received  11  grams  of  sodium  benzoate  injected  within  90  minutes  showed  short  vagus  stimulation 
and  a  relatively  long  increase  of  arterial  pressure.  Qp  this  basis  a  man  of  50  kilograms  could  with- 
stand a  dose  of  85  grams  of  sodium  benzoate.  Ilofimann  gives  adults  10  grams  per  day  and  gave  an 
11-year-old  girl  0  grams  per  day  for  10  days  without  iU  effect. 


774  SODIUM    BE^'ZOATE    AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN, 

.Sf.vator.  Uber  die  Wirkung  dt*r  IJenzoesiiuie  bei  der  rheumatincheji  Pdlyarthritis. 
Zeitschrift  fur  klinische  Medizin,  1879,  I,  243. 

The  author  administered  sodium  benzoate  in  doses  of  4  to  6  grams  per  day  without  llie  slightest 
ill  effect,  then  increased  it  to  11  to  12  grams.  In  acute  rheimiatism  as  much  as  70  grams  of  sodium 
benzoate  were  given  during  the  course  of  the  disease,  u.sually  within  1 1  days,  without  any  s>nnj)tonis 
of  irritation.    Soon  after  administration  the  urine  acquired  strong  reducing  properties. 

Fritsche.  [In  a  discussion  of  a  paper  on  inhalations  of  sodium  benzoate  in  tubercu- 
losis of  the  lungs.]    Berliner  klinische  Wochenschrift,  1879,  XVI,  7G2. 

Untoward  eiTects  reported  in  the  treatment  of  a  tubercular  patient  with  inhalations  of  sodium 
benzoate. 

M.  ScHULLER.  tjber  therapeutische  Versuche  bei  mit  liiberculosen,  scrophuloseu, 
Beptischen  Massen  inficierten  Tieren.  Archiv  fiir  experimentelle  Pathologic 
und  Pharmacologie,  1879,  XI,  84. 

The  author  states  that  it  is  possible  for  an  adult  to  take  20  to  .30  grams  of  sodium  l)enzoate  per 
day  internally  without  injurious  effect. 

F.  Kroczak.  Vorlaufige  Mitteilung  iiber  Natronbenzoicum  Inhalationen  am  Krank- 
enbette.    Wiener  medizinische  Presse,  1879,  XX,  1178. 

Sai.omox.  L'ber  den  Ort  der  Hippursaurebildung  beim  Pfianzenfres.ser.  Zeit- 
schrift fur  physiologische  Chemie,  1879,  III,  365. 

In  rabbits  benzoic  acid  or  benzoic  acid  plus  glycocoU  given  per  os  leads  to  the  formation  of  lii])- 
puric  acid.  In  herbivora  the  kidneys  are  not  the  onlj-  organs  where  this  sjnithesis  takes  place, 
but  in  dogs  the  idea  of  Bunge  and  Schmiedeberg  that  the  kidney  is  (he  only  place  of  the  sjTithasis 
is  still  valid.    (Salkowski.) 

Vox  Schroder.  LToer  die  Bildung  der  Ilippursiiure  im  Organismus  des  Schafcs. 
Zeitschrift  fiir  physiologische  (.'hemic,  1879,  III.  323. 

Author  took  0.5  gram  of  benzoic  acid  in  KOII,  with  a  diet  of  potatoes  and  butter.  The  strongly 
alkaline,  turbid  urine  contained  no  trace  of  benzoic  acid.  In  rams  fed  on  potatoes  and  beans  5  to  6 
grams  of  benzoic  acid  given  per  os  as  potas.sium  salt  reappeared  in  urine  mostly  as  hippuric  acid 
(77  to  90  per  cent)  with  relatively  small  amounts  of  free  benzoic  acid  (4  to  23  per  cent).  Only 
small  amounts  of  the  introduced  benzoate  were  unac^counted  for.    (is.  \\'eiske.) 

R.  Demme.  Sechszehnter  mediz.  Bericht  iiber  die  Thiitigkeit  des  Jennerschen 
Kinderhospitals  in  Bern  im  Laufe  des  Jahres  1878.  Schmidt's  Jahrbiicher 
fur  die  ge.^ammte  Medizin,  1879,  CI.XXXIII,  218. 

Diphtheria  is  treated  vrith  5  to  20  grams  of  sodium  benzoate  per  day,  besides  local  treatment 
with  it  and  subcutaneous  injections  of  a  50  per  cent  solution  in  retro  and  submaxillary  region  and 
in  the  tonsils.  There  was  no  drop  of  temperature:  the  heart  action  was  improved  and  urine 
secretion  increased. 

Stadelmaxx.  Uber  die  Umwandlung  der  ('hiiia.saure  in  liippursaure  im  Organ- 
ismus der  Saugetiere.  Archiv  fiir  experimentelle  Pathologic  und  Pharma- 
cologie, 1879,  X,  317. 

The  sodium  salt  of  quinie  acid  produces  an  increase  in  hippuric  acid  in  lierbivorous  animals 
(rabbits),  but  none  in  carnivorous  animals  (doirs).  The  output  does  not  account  for  the  amount 
of  quinie  acid  introduced,  and  appears  after  a  relatively  long  time. 

RoKiTANSKY.  Zur  Behandluug  der  Phthisc  mittelst  Inhalationen  von  Natrium 
benzoicum.     Wiener  medizinische  Presse,  1S79,  XX,  1330. 

Inhalations  of  sodium  benzoate  are  reported  to  be  of  great  value  in  phthisis.  .V  patient  of  50 
kilograms  must  use  at  least  50  grams  in  5  per  cent  solution  per  day,  the  dose  lieing  determined  by 
the  body  weight.  Patient  must  inhale  1  gram  per  kilograin.  It  is  a-ssumed  to  reach  the  lung  in 
sufTicient  concentration  to  act  bactericidally. 

W.  KocHS.  iiber  eine  Methode  zur  Bestimmung  der  Topugraphie  des  (  hemismua 
im  tierischen  Korjjer.  Pfliiger's  Archiv  fiir  die  gesamrato  Phy.'=iologie,  1879, 
XX,  64. 

Confirmation  of  the  Bunge-Schmiedeberg  experiments  on  hippuric  a<'id-formation  after  trans- 
fusion of  dog  kidney  wnth  blood  plus  glycocoll  plus  benzoic  acid.  The  s.\iithesis  also  takes  place 
in  the  presence  of  comminuted  kidney  of  dog.  ox,  and  calf.  Experiments  with  liver  (dog,  calf) 
were  negative. 


BinLTOCJRAPllV.  775 

,1  AARsvKi.i)  and  Stokvis.  i'bcr  don  Einfluns  von  NicrenafUutionen  auf  die  liilduDg 
von  llippursiiurc.  Arcliiv  fiir  exporiniontollc  Patholo(;io  nnd  Phannacologie, 
1879,  X,  268. 

The  urine  of  u  lieallhy  iiKlividual  never  contained  free  I>en7,oif  acid  after  administration  of  0.4, 
0.5,  1,  and  2  gnun.s  of  Iwnzoic  acid  within  5  days.  In  a  patient  with  healthy  Itidneys  and  liver, 
after  giving  1.5  grains  benzoic  acid,  (iO  per  cent  was  recovered  in  the  fonn  of  hippnric  acid,  0.54 
gram,  and  free  benzoic  acid,  0.34  gram.  In  chronic  hemorrhagic  pleurisy  with  stasis,  33  per  cent 
of  1.2  grams  of  benzoic  acid  given  was  excreted  as  hippnric  acid.  There  was  no  free  benzoic  afMd 
present.  In  three  cases  of  interstitial  nephritis  the  introduced  benzoic  acid  (maximum  dose  1.5 
grams)  nearly  always  reappeared  exclusively  as  hippuric  acid.  In  two  cases  of  amyloid  degenera- 
tion of  the  kidney  the  introduced  benzoic  acid  appeared,  with  exception  of  one  day,  only  as  free 
benzoic  acid.  In  parenchymatous  nephritis  introduced  benzoic  acid  was  excreted  either  only  as 
free  benzoic  acid  or  in  marked  preponderance  as  free  lienzoic  acid;  usually  50  to  CO  per  cent  of  the 
introduced  benzoic  acid  reappeared.  Authors  conclude  that  benzoic  acid  not  found  in  urine  is 
not  absorbed.  After  introduction  of  benzoic  acid  there  is  no  increase  of  ethereal  sulphates  in  the 
urine,  .\uthors  conclude  that  in  man  the  capacity  to  excrete  benzoic  acid  as  hippuric  acid  is  dimin- 
ished or  entirely  gone  in  affections  of  the  kidneys,  the  greatest  inhibition  being  noted  in  parenchym- 
atous nephritis.  The  rabbit  can  fonn  hippuric  acid  in  the  small  intestine  and  liver  as  well  as 
in  the  kidney. 

Wkiske.  Uber  Hippiusaurebildung  im  tierit^chen  Organismus.  Zeitschrift  fiir 
Biologie,  1879,  XV,  618. 

Author  repeats  experiments  of  feeding  l^enzoic  acid  to  a  ram  on  a  diet  of  beans  and  potatoes. 
Like  Von  Schroder,  he  now  finds  only  hippuric  acid  in  the  lu-ine,  and  no  benzoic  acid. 

\\  i\TEU.  Zur  therapeutischen  Verwendung  der  Benzoesaure  und  des  benzoesiiuren 
Natrons.  (Abstract.)  Schmidt's  Jahrbiicher  fiir  die  gesammte  Medizin,  1880, 
CLXXXVI,  121. 

Author  reports  failure  to  observe  ill  effects  (diarrhea)  after  the  therapeutic  use  of  benzoates. 
They  are  strongly  diuretic. 

H.  Robert.  (Nach  eigenen  im  Verein  mit  Dr.  Schulte  ansgefiihrteii  Untersuch- 
ungen.)  Zur  Kenntnis  der  Wirkung  der  Benzoesaure.  Schmidt's  Jahrbiicher 
fiir  die  gesammte  Medizin,  1880,  CLXXXV,  12. 

After  intravenous  introduction  of  sodium  or  magnesium  benzoate  in  dogs,  benzoic  acid  appears 
in  the  saliva.  The  reducing  substance  found  in  the  urine  after  admin  istration  of  benzoic  acid  occurs 
only  definitely  after  giving  extraordinarily  high  doses,  and  occasionally  in  persons  who  do  not  get 
benzoic  acid.  Salkowski  thinks  this  is  probably  due  to  the  benzoic  acid  content  of  the  food.  The 
presenceof  this  substance  is  regarded  as  the  first  sign  of  intoxication.  It  occurs  only  in  the  urine  and 
never  in  saliva.  In  animal  experiments  it  was  found  after  subcutaneous  and  per  os  administration 
of  benzoic  acid  and  its  salts,  but  never  after  intravenous  injection.  In  man  the  reducing  substance 
did  not  occur  in  the  urine  after  subcutaneous  injection  of  5c.  c.  of  a  30  percent  solution;  it  seems  to 
be  found  only  after  administration  of  benzoic  acid  per  os.  In  cold-blooded  animals  (frogs)  thefree 
acid  and  its  salts  produce  the  toxic  effects  in  the  same  manner.  These  are:  Clonic  spasms  of  muscles; 
exceptionally  tetanus;  gradually  vomiting,  sometimes  bloody,  even  after  subcutaneous  injection, 
respiration  frequent,  pulse  not  quickened  nor  retarded,  except  toward  exitus.  Refiex  excitability 
was  decreased  to  complete  loss.  Respiration  stopped  when  reflex  excitability  was  diminished  to 
a  very  high  degree,  but  by  careful  dosage  restitution  was  still  possible.  The  paralysis  of  the  reflex 
excitability  is  the  same  after  severing  the  brain,  therefore  paralysis  of  reflex  excitability  of  the  cord. 
In  warm-blooded  animals  (rabbits,  cats,  dogs)  toxic  doses  per  os,  subcutaneously  or  intravenously, 
produced  trembling  and  convulsions  at  times,  more  often  diminution  of  psychic  functions;  first 
atactic  movements  of  the  anterior  extremities,  paresis,  then  paralysis  gradually  progressing  back- 
ward, together  wnth  a  drop  in  temperature.  In  dogs  there  is  usually  vomiting,  rarely  diarrhea, 
k  Hemorrhages  and  erosions  of  the  stomach  mucosa  occurred  even  after  subcutaneous  or  intravenous 

injections.  Death  was  due  to  paralysis  of  respiration.  There  .seems  to  be  a  complete  paralysis  of 
brain  and  cord.  Benzoic  acid,  as  well  as  its  salts,  when  given  in  doses  exceeding  2  i)er  cent  (2  per 
mille?.  see  Wiener)  of  body  weight  causes  in  all  animals  intoxication  followed  by  death.  Post- 
mortem, the  mucosa  of  the  stomach  may  be  found  h>-peremic,  hemorrhagic,  even  necrotic;  there- 
fore large  doses  which  can  only  be  given  per  os  in  man  should  be  cautiously  administered  to  avoid 
erosions.  The  appearance  of  reducing  substance  in  the  urine  is  a  valuable  sign  of  intoxication. 
Therapeutically,  the  author  gave  5  to  10  grams  of  sodium  benzoate  per  day.  Severe  toxicsj-mptoms 
were  avoided;  but  frequently  very  intense  nausea  and  vomiting,  sometimes  with  a  little  blood, 
were  observed.  In  one  case  there  were  severe  toxic  sjTnptoms,  due  to  l)leeding  in  the  stomach. 
Abnormalities  of  pulse  and  blood  and  respiration  were  never  seen.  Larger  doses,  like  10  grams 
at  one  time,  are  not  permissible  on  account  of  the  stomach  symptoms.  Reducing  substance  in  the 
urine  was  rarelv  encoimtered. 


776  SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

Weyl  and  Anrep.  Uber  die  Ausscheidung  der  Hippursaure  und  Benzoesaure 
wahrend  des  Fiebers.     Zeitschrift  fvir  physiologische  Chemie,  1880,  IV,  169. 

In  patients  hippuric  acid  and  free  benzoic  acid  were  found.  Rabbits  fed  with  milk  and  oats 
always  excrete  hippuric  acid  and  some  benzoic  acid.  During  fever  the  excretion  of  free  benzoic 
acid  is  increased  and  that  of  combined  benzoic  acid  is  decreased.  The  excretion  of  free  benzoic 
acid  could  not  be  altered  by  introduction  of  glycocoll,  suggesting  that  a  rabbit  with  fever  has  partly 
lost  its  capacity  to  synthetize  hippuric  acid.  In  dogs  during  fever  there  is  less  hippuric  acid  than 
before,  but  no  increase  of  lienzoic  acid.  M'hen  sodium  lienzoate  is  fed  to  dogs  in  fever  a  much 
larger  part  of  the  benzoic  acid  reappears  as  free  benzoic  acid  than  in  normal  conditions. 

E.  Salkowski.     Notizen.     Zeitschrift  fiir  physiologische  Chemie,  1880,  IV,  135. 

Author  suggests  that  the  reducing  substance  found  in  the  urine  after  ingestion  of  benzoic  acid 
may  be  a  glucoside-like  compound. 

ScHMiEDEBERG.  tjber  Oxydationen  und  Synthesen  im  Tierkorper.  Archiv  fiir 
experimentelle  Pathologic  und  Pharmacologie,  1881,  XIV,  288. 

Benzoic  acid  may  be  formed  from  benzylalcohol  and  dog's  blood,  and  in  transfusion  through 
excised  kidneys.    In  the  organism  toluene  is  transformed  to  benzoic  acid  and  hippuric  acid. 

ScHMiEDEBERG.  Uber  Spaltungen  und  Synthesen  im  Tierkorper.  Archiv  fiir 
experimentelle  Pathologie  und  Pharmacologie,  1881,  XIV,  379. 

Author  concludes  that  hippuric  acid  formation  probalily  occurs  in  most  or  all  organs  of  the  body. 
A  histozjTn  capable  of  decomposing  it  also  exists. 

( '.  ViRCHOW.  Uber  die  Einwirkung  des  benzoesauren  und  salicylsavuren  Natrons 
auf  den  Eiweissumsatz  im  Korper.  Zeitschrift  fiir  physiologische  Chemie, 
1882,  VI,  78. 

Five  to  7  grams  of  benzoic  acid  admmistered  to  dogs  of  22  and  26  kilograms  on  successive  days 
produced  increase  of  nitrogen  excretion;  and  when  sodium  benzoate  was  given  to  a  dog  in  a  normal 
state  of  nutrition,  considerable  increase  of  protein  decomposition  (25  to  40  per  cent)  was  observed. 

Salkowski.  Weitere  Beitrage  zur  Kenntnis  der  Harnstoffbildung.  Zeitschrift 
fiir  physiologische  Chemie,  1882-1883,  VII,  93. 

In  man,  dog,  and  rabbit  amido-benzoic  acid  is  partly  transformed  to  uramldo-benzoic  acid,  the 
rest  excreted  partly  imchanged,  partly  as  amido-hippuric  acid.  Like  benzoic  acid,  amido-benzoic 
acid  causes  increase  of  protein  metabolism,  but  to  a  smaller  extent. 

J.  ScHiFPER.  Weitere  Beitrage  zum  Verbal  ten  des  Sarkosins  im  tierischen  Organis- 
mus.     Zeitschrift  fiir  physiologische  Chemie,  1882-1883,  VII,  479. 

In  animal  experiments  feeding  of  sarkosin  and  benzoic  acid  resulted  only  in  normal  hippuric  acid 
formation,  not  an  excretion  of  sarkosin  hippuric  acid. 

E.  Salkowski  and  H.  Salkowski.  Uber  das  Verhalten  der  aus  dem  Eiweiss  durch 
Fiiulniss  entstehenden  aromatischen  Siiiu-en  im  Tierkorper.  Zeitschrift  fiir 
physiologische  Chemie,  1882-1883,  VII,  161. 

An  increased  output  of  hippuric  acid  was  foimd  in  the  urine  of  a  dog  after  feeding  2  grams  of 
phenylpropionic  acid. 

E.  Baumann.     Zur  Kenntnis  der  aromatischen  Substanzen  des  Tierkorpers.     Zeit- 
schrift fiir  physiologische  Chemie,  1883,  VII,  553. 
Tyrosin  fed  to  man  and  dogs  in  large  amounts  never  caused  an  increase  of  hippuric  acid  output. 

ScHOTTEN.  Uber  die  Quelle  der  Hippursaure  im  Ham.  Zeitschrift  fiir  physiolo- 
gische Chemie,  1883,  VIII,  60. 

Feeding  experiments  on  dogs  with  phenolamidopropionic  acid,  leading  to  the  excretion  of  hip- 
puric acid. 

Kronecker.  Uber  die  Hippursiiurebildung  beim  Menschen  in  Krankheiten. 
Archiv  fiir  experimentelle  Pathologie  und  Pharmacologie,  1883,  XVI,  344. 

Author  maintains  that  a  nonnal  individual  does  not  excrete  any  free  benzoic  acid  after  its  intro- 
duction. After  feeding  0.5  gram  of  sodium  benzoate  to  6  nephritic  patients,  the  observations  of 
Jaarsveld  and  Stokvis  were  confirmed  in  affections  of  the  kidneys.  There  is  a  decreased  capacity 
to  transform  benzoic  acid  to  hippuric  acid.  In  2  cases  of  typhoid  fever,  with  high  temperature, 
nearly  all  of  the  introduced  benzoic  acid  was  excreted  as  hippuric  acid. 

Minkowski.  Uber  Spaltungen  im  Tierkorper.  Archiv  fiir  experimentelle  Patho- 
logie und  Pharmacologie,  1883,  XVII,  445. 

In  nephrectomized  dogs  the  author  found  free  benzoic  acid  in  the  blood,  liver,  and  muscles  after 
subcutaneous  injection  of  hippuric  acid  under  the  necessary  precautions.  In  rabbits  the  results 
were  negative.  This  shows  that  diflerent  chemical  proces,ses  go  on  in  different  chemical  species. 
The  decomposition  of  hippuric  acid  is  accomplished  through  ferment  action. 


BIBLKKJRAIMIY.  777 

Van  UK  Velde  and  Stokvih.  ExpciiincntcUo  Bcitriige  zur  Frago  der  Ilippursaure- 
zerlegung  iin  lobeiulen  Orgaiiimmia.  Archiv  fiir  oxperimentelle  Pathologie 
und  PharnuuoloKii',  1883,  XVII,  18!). 

•Authors  conchulo  (hut  the  existence  of  a  feniuMit  in  the  living  organism  leiuling  to  a  deconiposi- 
tion  of  hippurie  acid  into  benzoic  acid  and  glycocoU  has  not  yet  been  siifliclently  proved.  The 
contradictory  results  of  others  can  be  e.xplained  from  the  ease  with  which  hippurie  acid  is  decom- 
posed outside  of  the  V)ody  in  animal  fluids,  especially  at  alkaline  reaction,  and  if  they  contain  much 
aibimien. 

E.  Salkowski.  liber  das  Vorkomineii  der  Phenacetursiiure  im  Ham  und  die  Entste- 
hung  dor  aromatischeii  Substanzcii  bcim  Ilerbivoren.  Zeitschrift  fiir  physiolo- 
gische  Chemie,  1885,  IX,  229. 

In  the  horse  hippurie  acid  may  l>e  formed  from  hydrociimamic  acid,  a  product  of  protein  pntre- 
faction  in  the  intestinal  tract. 

E.  Salkowski.  Zur  Kenntnis  der  Eiweissfilulnis  III.  tJber  die  Bildung  der  nicht 
hydroxylierteu  aroniatischen  SiUiren.     Zeitschrift  fiir  physiologische  Chemie, 

1885,  IX,  491. 

Homologues  of  benzoic  acid  (hydroi'innaiiuc  acid  and  phenylacetic  acid)  are  a  constant  product 
of  protein  putrefaction. 
Noel  Paton.     On  the  relationship  of  urea  formation  to  bile  secretion.     Joiu-nal  of 
Anatomy  and  Physiology,  1886,  XX,  114,  267. 

Doses  of  0.51  and  0.55  gram  of  sodiimi  benzoate  per  kilogram  in  dogs  have  practically  no  influ- 
ence on  the  amount  of  water  excreted.  The  uric  acid  excretion  is  diminished,  that  of  urea  increased. 
The  author  regards  sodiiun  benzoate  as  an  hepatic  stimulant. 

E.  Baumann.  Die  aromatischen  Verbindungen  im  Harue  und  die  Darmfaulniss. 
Zeitschrift  fur  physiologische  Chemie,  1886,  X,  123. 

Author  concludes  that  the  excretion  of  hippurie  acid  in  carnivorous  animals  (dog)  is  exclusively 
dependent  on  putrefactive  processes  in  the  intestines. 

Baas.     Uber  das  Verhalten  des  Tyrosins  zur  Hippursaurebildung.     Zeitschrift  fiir 
physiologische  Chemie,  1887,  II,  485. 
The  author  found  no  increase  of  hippurie  acid  elimination  afterleeding  tyrosin  to  man. 

M.  KuMAGAWA.  iJber  die  Wirkimg  einiger  antipyretischer  Mittel  auf  den  Eiweiss- 
umsatz  im  Organismus.  Virchow's  Archiv  fiir  pathologische  Anatomie,  1888, 
CXIII,  134. 

Metabolism  experiments  on  dogs.  An  animal  weighing  15  kilograms  and  in  nitrogen  equilibrium 
received  sodiimi  benzoate  dissolved  in  warm  water  with  the  food  as  follows:  First  3  days— 3  grams; 
following  8  days— 5  grams;  in  11  days— 41.54  grams  of  pure  benzoic  acid  were  given  without  ill 
effects.  There  was  an  increase  of  nitrogen  excretion  in  the  urine.  In  the  last  days  the  indican 
reaction  was  weaker.  Forty  per  cent  of  the  benzoic  acid  of  the  whole  period  was  excreted  as  hip- 
purie acid ;  55  per  cent  as  benzoic  acid. 

A  dog  weighing  36  kilograms  and  in  nitrogen  equilibrium  received  24  grams  of  benzoic  acid  mixed 
in  food,  within  6  days;  increased  protein  decomposition  was  observed.  During  the  last  daysand 
in  the  after  period  the  indican  reaction  was  distinctly  diminished,  but  never  completely  missed. 
The  ethereal  sulphates  were  also  diminished  about  20  per  cent.  The  number  of  bacteria  in  the 
feces  had  decreased.  The  author  concludes  that  benzoic  acid  manifests  antiseptic  properties  in 
the  intestines. 

MoERNER.  Eine  Vergiftung  diu'ch  Natrium  benzoicum.  Centralblatt  fiir  die 
medizinische  Wissenschaften,  1888,  XXVI,  545. 

More  than  100  grams  of  sodium  benzoate  and  a  little  naphthalin  had  been  introduced  into  a  der- 
moid cyst  of  the  ovary.  About  30  hours  later  the  signs  of  intoxication  arose  and  the  cyst  was 
washed  out.  The  urine  contained  a  consideral)le  amount  of  hippurie  acid  (1.9  grams  per  100  c.  c.) 
and  gave  no  reduction  test  and  no  albumen.  No  free  benzoic  acid  was  found.  In  urine  voided  2 
days  later  no  hippurie  acid  was  found. 

R.  CoHN.  iJber  das  Auftreten  von  Benzamid,  etc.  Zeitschrift  fiir  physiologische 
Chemie,  1890,  XIV,  202. 

In  dogs  fed  on  ammonium  tenzoate  by  far  the  greater  part  is  excreted  as  hippurie  acid,  with  very 
little  benzamid. 

C.  BiNz.  Vorlesungen  iiber  Pharmakologie,  zweite  Auflage,  1891.  Berlin,  Hirsch- 
wald.     p.  594. 

A  discussion  of  the  basis  for  benzoic  acid  therapy.  Disadvantages:  0  to  8  grams  of  benzoic  acid 
or  sodium  benzoate  cause  irritation  of  the  stomach  and  intestine. 


778  SODIUM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

K.  CoHN.     liber  das  Auftroten,  etc.     Zeitschiift   fiir  physiolosiischo  Cheniie,   1H!)2, 

XVII,  310. 

In  rabbits  auddog-s  benzaldehyde  caused  the  appearance  of  free  tjcnzoic  acid  and  liippurie  aeiil. 
and  perliaps  a  trace  of  cinnamic  acid  in  the  urine.  Cinnainic  acid  is  mostly  transforsipd  to  liip- 
purie acid. 

VoGL.  Realencyclopiidie  der  gesammten  Ileilkunde  (Eulenburg).  3  Auflago. 
Leipzig,  1894,  III,  229. 

Author  reports  that  Sclireiber  took  15  grams  of  benzoic  acid  in  divided  doses  in  J  days.  The 
only  symptoms  experienced  were  tickling  in  the  throat,  feeling  of  warmth  in  the  abdomen,  and 
later  in  the  whole  body,  and  increased  frequency  of  pulse.  Next  day  abundant  perspiration 
set  in.  increased  expiration  with  dullness  in  the  head,  and  slight  transitorj^  digestive  disturbances. 
Author  recommends  0.03  to  0.5  gram  per  dose  as  expectorant;  for  rlieumatism,  0.5  to  1  gram 
every  hour  or  every  3  hours  (10  to  12  grams  per  day).  Doses  up  to  25  grams  of  sodium  benzoate 
per  day  are  recommended  for  various  conditions. 

Von  Jaksch.     Die  Vergiftungeii.     Specielle  Pathologie  und  Therapie  (Nothnagel), 

Vienna,  1897,  I,  357. 

Author  remarks  that  perhaps  benzoic  acid  and  its  salts  are  the  least  injurious  of  the  whole  aro- 
matic series  for  the  human  organism;  he  repeatedly  gave  in  rheumatism  iis  high  as  2-1  grams  of 
sodium  benzoate  per  dose  without  observing  toxic  effect.  Cases  are  known  where  up  to  00  grams 
per  day  were  given.  The  free  benzoic  acid  will  act  toxic  simply  as  acid. 
SiRECi.  Uber  die  Ausscheidung  der  Hippursiiure.  Maly's  Jahresberioht  fiir  Thicr- 
cHemie,  1897,  XXVII,  325. 

Even  on  a  uniform  diet  the  daily  hippuric  acid  excretion  in  the  same  individual  varies  widely. 
Hippuric  acid  given  internally  is  completely  excreted  as  such.  Even  with  high  doses  of  benzoic 
acid  it  was  not  possible  to  exceed  the  capacity  of  tlie  organism  to  transform  all  the  benzoic  acid 
to  hippuric  acid. 
SiKECi.  Sulla  elimiuazione  dell'  acido  hippurica.  Gazetta  degli  Espedali  c  dellc 
cliniche,  1896,  XVII,  496. 

Doses  of  benzoic  acid  ranging  from  1  to  15  grams  per  day  are  given  without  noting  ill  effects. 

\\ehmer.  Einige  vergleichende  Versuche  iiber  das  antiseptische  Verhalten  der 
Benzoesaure,  etc.     Chemiker  Zeitung,  1897,  XXI,  73;  C'hemi.sches  ("entralblatt, 

1897,  I,  548. 
In  concentration  of  0.1  per  cent  benzoic  acid  inhibited  the  growth  of  yeast. 

Pfeiffer  and  Eber  (in  Verbindungen  mit  Gotze  und  Muller).  Beitrag  zur  Frage 
iiber  die  Bildung  der  Hippursaure  im  tierischen  Organismus.  Die  Landwirt- 
achaftliche  Versuchstationen,  1898,  XLIX,  97-144. 

Protein  decomposition  can  not  be  the  only  source  of  the  nilrogen-free  component  of  hippuric 
acid,  according  to  experiments  on  the  horse. 
•T.  PoHL.     iiber  Synthesenhemmung  durch  Diamine.     Archiv  fiir  experimentelle 
Pathologie  und  Pharmacologie,  1898,  XLI,  97. 

By  feeding  ethylendiamin  to  rabbits,  hippuric  acid  synthesis,  after  introduction  of  benzoic  acid, 
can  be  markedly  inhibited  without  any  disturbance  of  al).sorption  or  excretion  of  the  benzoic  acid. 
Wiener,     tiber  das  Glykokoll  als  intermediiires  Stoffwochselproduct.     Archiv  fiir 
experimentelle  Pathologie  und  Pharmacologie,  1898,  XL,  313. 

In  rabbits  fed  with  sodium  benzoate  it  takes  4  days  until  all  of  the  benzoic  acid  reappears  in  the 
urine,  free  or  combined.  Benzoic  acid  in  doses  of  1.7  grams  per  kilogram  is  fatal  to  rabbits.  The 
values  for  the  combined  benzoic  acid  output  are  very  constant,  the  maximum  being  reac'hed 
with  1  gram  of  the  acid  per  kilogram.  When  small  amounts  of  benzoic  acid  are  given,  all  of  it 
reappears  in  the  urine;  with  the  large  doses  a  constant  loss  occurs.  Feeding  of  benzoic  acid  does 
not  decrease  the  urea  output.  There  is  increase  of  protein  decomposition,  so  that  the  total  nitro- 
gen and  urea  outputs  are  increased.  When  glycocoU  is  injected  subcutaneously  and  benzoic 
acid  is  given  per  os  in  a  fatal  dose,  the  animal  survives.  Other  amido  acids  d(-toxified  benzoic 
acid  similarly.  The  author  assumes  that  they  are  transformed  to  glycocoll. 
KuNKEL.     Uandbuch  der  Toxikologie.     Jena,  G.  Fischer,  1898,  p.  550. 

(1)  The  free  benzoic  acid,  soluble  in  about  400  parts  of  water,  when  applied  in  powder  form, 
has  a  strongly  irritating  action  on  mucous  membranes,  leading  to  strong  local  inflammations. 
Even  with  not  very  high  doses,  hemorrhages  in  the  mucous  membranes  have  been  seen. 

(2)  Sodium  benzoate  appears  to  be  very  little  toxic.  In  its  application  in  cases  of  tiiberculosis, 
doses  up  to  50  grams  pro  die  were  given  to  single  individuals  without  ill  effect .  but  not  without 
action.  Excessive  doses  cause  nausea,  vomiting,  (.uUness.  humming  of  ears,  and  difficulty  in 
hearing.    These  symptoms  disappear  when  the  medication  is  stopped. 


lilBI.IOGRAPHY.  779 

K.  SiMUo.     i'bor  NaehweiM  und  X'oikomnuMi  tics  (Jlykokolln.     Zoi(fichrift  fiir  pliysio- 
logisc-ho  ( 'hcmio,  1SS)9,  XXVIIl,  171. 

Author  obtainod  no  syntliosis  of  liippuric  acid  from  IxMizoic  acid  and  j;lyc(x'oll  with  tissue  press 
juice,  and  tliinks  tliat  survlvinf;  colls  arc  necessary. 

II.   Lefkmann.     Diijestivc  fonnonts,  with  especial   reference  to  the  el'lect  of  food 
])reservalive.s.     Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  1899,  CXLVII,  97. 

Benzoic  iwid  and  sodium  l)onzoate  arc  practically  witliout  influence  on  the  diRestivc  jjower  of 
the  enzymes  studied  (diivstiiscs,  carase,  pancreatic  extracts),  excepting  higher  concentrations. 
Tlie  author  adds  tliat  as  the  preser\-ative  influence  of  sodium  henzoate  is  iindoubted  and  its  dis- 
agreeable taste  in  any  food  article  will  prevent  its  liberal  use  it  seems  well  adapted  for  general 
use. 

s M.KdwsKi.     Uber  die  antiseptische  W'irkung  von  Salicylaldehyd  und  Benzo^•.^au- 

reanhydrid.     Virchow's  Archiv  fiir  patholoj^ische  Anatomio,  1899,  CLVII,  41G. 

In  concentration  of  0.!S  per  cent  benzoic  acid  anhydrid  kept  chopped  meat  mixture  sterile  more 

than  5  months:  similarly  0.25  per  cent.    With  0.1  per  cent  a  few  colonies  were  grown  after  this 

lime,  while  with  0.025  per  cent  the  mixture  showed  cultures  after  5  days. 

-V.sHHURST.     Certain  effects  of  benzoic  acid  upon  the  urine.     Philadelphia  Medical 
Journal,  Feb.  24,  1900. 

In  dogs  1  to  2  grams  of  sodium  l)enzoate  administered  subcutancously  for  several  days  produced 
slight  and  inconstant  diuretic  elTcct.  A  dog  received  1  gram  of  sodium  beuzoate  daily  during  2 
months.  No  ill  effects  are  mentioned.  The  author  took  0  grams  of  sodium  henzoate  daily  during 
6  days.  The  quantity  of  urine  was  somewhat  increased,  the  specific  gravity  slightly  altered,  the 
acidity  slightly  diminished. 

Ui-UMENTHAL.     Zur    Methode    der    Ilippiirsiiiirebestimmung.     Zeitschrift    fiir    klin- 
ische  Medizin,  1900,  XL,  339. 

M.   Lewandowsky.     Versuche   iiber  den  Einfiuss  der  Benzoesaure  auf  die  llarn- 
saurebildung.     Zeitschrift  fiir  klinische  Medizin,  1900,  XL,  202. 

A  patient  received  35  grams  of  sodium  henzoate  in  5  days;  15.5  grams  were  excreted  as  hippuric 
acid.  There  was  no  decrease  of  uric  acid.  This  indicates  that  the  formation  of  hippuric  and  uric 
acids  are  independent  of  each  other.  Three  patients  were  fed  with  sodium  licnzoate  for  2  to  7 
days,  and  doses  between  5  nnd  9  grams  per  day.  In  two  cases  a  peculiar  sleep-producing  action 
gf  benzoic  acid  was  noted. 

Abelous  and  Ribaut.     Sur  I'existence  d'un  ferment  soluble  operant  la  synthase  de 
I'acide  hippurique  aux  depens  du  glycocolle  et  de  I'acide  benzoique.     Compt&s 
Rendus  de  la  Societe  de  Biologie,  June  9,  1900. 
The  hippuric  acid  synthesis  by  kidney  tissue  is  due  to  an  enzyme  action. 

Weintraud.     ijber  den   Abbau  des    Nucleins  im    Stoffwechsel.     ( 'entralblatt  fiir 
innere  Medizin,  1900,  XXI,  464. 

An  occasional  increase  of  hippuric  acid  excretion  after  thjanus  feeding  is  due  to  increased  intes- 
tinal putrefaction  which  furnishes  the  benzoic  acid  radical. 

Parker  and  Lusk.     On  the  maximum  production  of    hippuric  acid  in  rabbits. 
American  Journal  of  Physiology,  1900,  III,  472. 

In  fasting  rabbits  toxic  SJ^nptoms  and  death  resulted  when  1  to  0.4  gram  of  benzoic  acid  as  litliiuin 
salt  was  given  for  ti  days.  In  fasting  rabbits  frequently  fed  with  lithium  benzoate  the  amount  of 
glycocoU  eliminated  as  hippuric  acid  compared  with  the  total  nitrogen  output  indicates  that  in 
metabolism  the  protein  molecule  may  yield  glycocoU  to  the  extent  of  at  least  3  to  4  per  ami. 

v..    ("uRTis.    Benzoic  acid   and    Benzoates.    Reference   Handbook   of  the   Medical 
Sciences,  1900,  Vol.  I. 

In  discussing  dosage  the  author  states  that  a  serious  derangement  is  scarcely  possible  by  any 
likely  doses  of  benzoic  acid,  intentional  or  accidental.  In  urinary  disorders  benzoic  acid  may  l)e 
given  several  times  daily  in  doses  from  0.(.5  to  2  grams.  Sodium  benzoate  has  been  given  internally 
in  doses  amounting  to  5  to  20  grams  a  day  without  serious  derangement,  and  for  pronounced  thera- 
peutic effect  in  rheumatism  the  fullest  limit  may  be  necessarj".  Physiologically  sodium  benzoate 
is  about  as  harmless  as  a  salt  can  be. 

U.   CoHN.    Uber  den  GlykokollvoiTat  des  tierischen  Organismus.     Festschrift  fiir 
M.  Jaffe,  Braunschweig,  1900  or  1901,  p.  319. 

Feeding  with  proteins,  and  protein  decomposition  products  which  yield  glycocoU.  counteracts 
the  toxic  effect  of  Ix-nzoic  acid  in  rabbits. 


780  SODIUM    BENZOATE   AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

H.    Ulrici.     tjber    pharmakologische    Beeinflussung    der    Ilarnsaureausscheidung. 
Archiv  fiir  experimentelle  Pathologie  und  Pharmacologie,  1901,  XLVI,  321. 

The  author  took  8  grams  of  sodium  benzoatc  daily  for  3  days.  ThiTc  was  insignificant,  if  any, 
decrease  of  nitrogen  iiu'tabolism,  which  the  author  thinks  is  due  to  the  inhibiting  influence  of  the 
benzoic  acid  on  the  intestinal  putrefaction,  so  that  loss  nitrogen  is  absorbed.  Phosphoric  acid 
excretion  was  not  influenced. 
Berninzone.  Sulla  sintesi  fisiologica  dell'  acido  ippurico.  Boll.  d.  II.  Accad.  med. 
di  Genova,  }901, 16,  No.  VI,  47. 

Kidney  enzymes  of  the  pig  and  horse  fonn  hippuric  acid  from  benzaldehyde  or  benzalcohol  and 
glycocoll. 
K.  SiEBERT.     tJber  die  nach  Benzaldehyd  und  Benzoesiuiredaiteichung  im  Ilarn 
auftretendeii  reducierenden  Stott'e.     Inaugural  Dissertation,  Konigsberg,  1901. 
Author  suggests  that  the  reducing  substance  found  in  the  urine  after  feeding  dogs  and  rabbits 
with  sodium  Ixjnzoatc  is  a  paired  glycuronate;  ho  failed  to  find  the  conjugating  substance  after 
feeding  largo  doses  of  sodium  bcnzoate. 
C  Lewin.     Beitrage  zum  Hippursaurestoffwechsel  des  Menschen.     Zeitschrift  fur 
klinische  Medizin,  1901,  XLII,  371. 

An  attempt  to  refer  hippuric  acid  excretion  in  man  under  normal  conditions  mostly  to  int<»st  inal 
putrefactive  changes. 
Report  of  the  Departmental  Committee  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  Use  of  Pre- 
servatives and  (^'oloring  Matters  in  the  Preservation  and   Coloring  of  Food 
(together  with  minutes  of  e\-idence,  appendix,  and  index).     London,  1901. 

Personal  testimony  regarding  the  use  of  benzoic  acid  and  benzoates.  Hutchinson  testifies  that 
in  5  to  10  grain  doses  lie  found  it  extremely  irritating  to  tiie  empty  stomach,  but  that  it  never  pro- 
duced vomiting.  It  is  frequently  prescribed  for  septic  conditions  of  the  urine. 
Weitzel.  Tiber  die  Labgerinnung  der  Kuhmilch  unter  dem  Einfluss  von  Bor- 
praparaten  und  anderen  chemischen  Stoffen.  Arbeiten  aus  dem  Kaiserlichen 
Gesundheitsamt,  1902,  XIX,  126. 

A  concentration  of  0.0288  per  mille  of  sodium  benzoate  marks  the  begiiming  of  distinct  inhibition 
of  the  rennin  coagulation  of  milk.     The  limit  of  distinct  coagulation  occurs  with  l.U  per  cent  of 
sodium  benzoate.    Benzoic  acid  in  concentrations  under  0.6  per  cent  has  an  accelerating  influence 
on  the  rennin  coagulation. 
Rem-Picci.     ijber  eine  neue  Methode  fiir  die   Bestimmung  der  Hippursaure  im 
Menschenharn.     Maly's  Jahresbericht  fiir  Thierchemie,  1902,    XXXII,   316, 
(From  Archivio  di  farmac.  speriment  e  scienze  affini,  1902,  I,  7.) 
Method  of  estimating  hippuric  acid  in  urine. 
R.  CoHN.     Zur  Frage  der  Glykokollbildung  aus  Leuciu  im  tierischen  Organismus. 
Archiv  fiir  experimentelle  Pathologie  und  Pharmacologie,  1902,  XLVIII,  177. 
Leucin  failed  to  detoxify  benzoic  acid  in  feeding  experiments  with  rabbits. 
E.  Bashford  and  \V.  Cramer.     Uber  die  Synthese  der  Hippursaure  im  Tierkorper. 
(Preliminary  Report.)    Zeitschrift  fiir  physiologische  Chemie,  1902,  XXXV,  324. 
The  formation  of  fiippuric  acid  is  not  dependent  on  intact  and  living  kidney  cells. 
F    SoETBEER.     Kontrolle  der  Blumenthalschen  Methode  der  Hippursaurebestim- 
mung.     Zeitschrift  fiir  physiologische  Chemie,  1902,  XXXV,  536. 
Critique  of  Blurnenthal's  method  and  of  Lewin's  results. 
Salkowski.     tJber  die  Stoftwechselwirkung  der  Benzoesaure,  etc.     Internationale 
Beitrage  zur  innere  Medizin.     Festschrift  fur  v.  Leyden,  Berlin,  1902,  II,  27. 
The  autlior  concludes  that  benzoic  acid  and  its  derivatives  which  are  transformed  to  benzoic  acid 
have  no  constant  effect  on  protein  decomposition.    The  effect  is  dependent  on  the  individuality 
of  the  animal  besides  the  state  of  nutrition. 
HuPFER.     Einv/irkung  von  Chinasiiure  auf  Hamsiiure  und  Hippursaure  ausscheidung. 
Zeitsclirift  fur  physiologische  Chemie,  1902-1903,  XXXVII,  302. 
Quinic  acid  (20  grams  per  day)  on  3  days  increased  the  output  of  hippuric  acid. 
A.  KA.NGER.     Zur  Fi-age  iiber  die  chem.  Zusammensetzung  und  die  pharmakologische 
Wirkung   der  Preisselbeere  (Vaccinium   vitis  idaea    L.).      Archiv  fur   experi- 
mentelle Pathologie  und  Pharmacologie,  1903,  L,  46. 

Author  states  lienzoic  acid  can  easily  be  demonstrated  in  food.      Fresh  berries  contained  O.0«;76 
per  cent  of  Ijenzoic  acid;  dry  substance,  0.451  per  cent. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  781 

Rem-Picci  i'ber  die  ITniwaiullimn;  der  Benzooaiiuro  in  nippiirsiiuro  bei  Nieren- 
kraiikon.  (IJollettino  doUa  11.  Accademia  Medica  do  Roma,  XXX,  1-21.) 
Maly'H  Jahresboriclit  fiir  Thierchemie,  1903,  XXXIII,  102. 

Author  concludes  that  after  subculanooiis  injection  of  Ix'-nzoio  iu:id  In  Individuals  with  intact 
kidneys  the  increased  excretion  of  hippuric  acid  is  much  less  than  would  correspond  to  tho  Intro- 
duced benzoic  acid.  In  three  cases  of  nephritis  a  much  larger  output  of  hippuric  a<;id  wivs  observed 
under  similar  conditions. 

Pkkif'fer,  Bloch,  and  Riecke.     Einc  neuc  Methodo  zur  Bestimmung  der  llippur- 
fiiure.     Mitteilungen  doa  landwirtschaftlichen  Instituts  der  Univerrfitiit  Bree- 
lau,  1903,  II,  273. 
Method  of  estimating  hippuric  acid. 

MossK  and  Neuberg.     tJber  den  physiologischcn  Abbau  von  Jodalbnminen.    Zeit- 
schrift  fiir  physiologische  Chemie,  1903,  XXXVII,  427. 
The  urine  of  rabbits  fed  with  iodatcd  ovalbumin  contained  o-iodo-hippuric  acid. 

R.  KoBERT.  Lehrbuch  der  Intoxikationen.  II.  Band.  Spezieller  Teil.  I.  Iliilfte, 
p.  115.     Stuttgart,  Ferdinand  Enke,  1904. 

Author  concludes  that  protein  metabolism  is  not  always  increased  after  doses  of  benzoic  acid 
or  its  salts.  Some  individuals  can  tolerate  doses  of  more  than  10  grams  of  sodium  bcnzoatc  inter- 
nally, while  sensitive  patients  respond  with  vomiting  and  nausea,  vertigo,  humming  of  the  ears, 
etc.  The  greater  part  of  the  benzoic  acid  appears  in  the  urine  as  hippuric  acid.  If  larger  doses 
are  given  the  urine  contains  post-mortem  a  third  compound,  most  probably  a  paired  glycuro- 
nate. 

E.  Pribram.  Zur  Lehre  von  den  physiologischen  Wirkungen  carboeyclischef- 
Sauren.  Arctiiv  fur  experimentelle  Pathologie  and  Hiarmacologie,  1904, 
LI.  372. 

Sodium  benzoate  and  sodium  hippurate  possess  diuretic  action  resulting  in  increased  nitrogen 
excretion  in  the  urine  of  rabbits. 

Gerhardt.     IJber  Darmfilulniss.     Ergebnisse  der  Physiologie,  1904,  III,  138. 

Hippuric  acid  is  doul)tIess  partly  derived  from  the  absorption  of  putrefactive  products  of  tyrosin 
and  phenylalanin. 

Blumenthal  and  Braunstein.  Uber  die  quantitative  Hippursaurebestimmung 
beim  Menschen.  Hofmeister's  Beitrage  zur  chemischen  Physiologie,  1904, 
III,  385. 

Knoop.     Der  Abbau  aromatischer  Fettsauren  im  Tierkorper.    Hofmeister's  Beitrage 
zur  chemischen  Physiologie,  1904,  VI,  150. 
An  experimental  study  of  the  aromatic  acids  which  yield  hippuric  acid  in  the  body. 

Pfeiffer,  Riecke,  and  Bloch.  Die  Muttersubstanzen  der  im  Organismus  der 
Pfianzenfresser  erzeugten  Hippursaure.  Mitteilungen  des  landwirtschaft- 
lichen  Instituts  der  Universitiit  Breslau,  1904,  II,  695-728. 

Experiments  with  rams;  an  attempt  to  find  the  precursor  of  hippuric  acid  in  the  fodder  of  herb- 
ivorous animals. 

R.   CoHN.     Zur  Frage    der    GlykokoUbildung    im  tierischen  Organismus.     Archiv 
fur  experimentelle  Pathologic  und  Pharmacologie,  1905,  LIII,  435. 
Ammoniiun  acetate  detoxifies  the  fatal  dose  of  benzoic  acid,  but  less  eflectively  than  glycocoll. 
Magnus-Levy.     Uber   die   Herkunft   des   GlykokoUs   in   der  Hippursaure.     Vor- 
laufige  Mittheilung.    Munchener  medizinische  Wochenschrift,  1905,  LII,  2168. 
Author  concludes  from  experiments  on  rabbits  and  sheep  that  the  vital  decomposition  of  protein 
furnishes  much  more  glycocoll  than  the  hydrolytic  decomposition  in  vitro. 

H.  C.  Wood.  Therapeutics.  Principles  and  Practice.  12th  edition.  Philadel- 
phia, 1905,  p.  859. 

Author  states  that  the  local  action  of  benzoic  acid,  unless  in  large  quantities,  is  scarcely  irritant 
to  mucous  membranes,  on  which,  however,  it  exerts  a  distinct  alterative  influence.  The  general 
systemic  effect  is  very  slight  and  the  largest  therapeutic  doses  never  produce  any  symptoms  unless 
they  are  those  of  slight  gastric  irritation.  The  contradictory  testimony  regarding  the  influence 
upon  nutrition  indicates  that  it  has  no  constant  powerful  action.  Doses:  0.62  gram  benzoic  acid; 
1.3  to  3  grams  of  sodium  benzoate. 


782  )ItJM    BENZOATE    AND    THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN, 

G  AsTOLFONi.  Recherches  concernant  Taction  de  quelquen  substancea  diuretiquea 
8ur  la  synthese  de  I'acide  hippurique.  (Resume  de  I'auteur.)  Archives 
italiennes  de  biologie,  1905,  XLIII,  373. 

Caffeine  (dog),  lactose  (rabbit),  and  ciilomel  (ral)l>it)  increase  the  hippuric  acid  synthesis  aftt-r 
the  introduction  of  sodium  >)enzoate. 

G.  AsTOLFONi.  Recerche  inferno  all'  azionedi  alcune  soatanze  diureticheauUa  sin- 
tesi  deir  acido  ippurico.     Riviata  veneta  di  Scienze  med.,  1905,  XLII,  57. 

G.  A.STOLFONi.  Recerche  intemo  all'  azione  di  alcune  soatanze  sulla  ainteai  dell' 
acido  ippurico.  Archives  intemat.  de  pharmacodynamie  et  de  therapie,  1905, 
XIV,  39. 

R.  Heinz.     Handbuch  der  experimentellen  Pathologie  uud  Pharmakologie,  I.  G. 
Fischer,  Jena,  1905. 
Data  on  the  antiseptic  power  of  benzoic  acid. 

McGiLL.     Report  on   Preservatives.     Laboratory   of   the   Inland   Revenue   Depart- 
ment.    Ottawa,  Canada.     June,  1905.     Government  Printing  Bureau,  Ottawa, 
1905. 
Review  of  the  opinions  of  others  concerning  lienzoate  of  soda,  etc. 

J.  ScHMiD.  tjber  die  quantitative  Hippureaurebestimmung  nach  Pfeiffer,  etc. 
Centralblatt  fur  innere  Medizin,  1905,  XXVI,  81. 

A  patient  with  dystrophia  muscularis,  receiving  6  grams  sodium  benzoate,  later  0.5  gram,  lattr 
twice  0.5  gram  per  day,  excreted  50  per  cent  of  the  introduced  benzoic  acid  as  hippuric  acid  or 
benzoic  acid. 

PiNCHAS  Feigix.  tJber  die  Hippursaureausscheiduug  beim  hungernden  Menschen. 
Inaugural  Dissertation,  Berlin,  1906. 

Benzoic  acid  introduced  in  starving  man  is  for  the  most  part  not  excreted  as  free  tenzoic  or  h-j> 
puric  acid,  but  probably  as  benzoylglycuronic  acid. 

A.  Behre  and  A.  Segin.     tJber  die  Wirkung  der  Konservaerungsmittel.     Zeitschrift 
fiir  Untersuchung  der  Nahrungs-  und  Genussmittel,  190G,  XII,  461. 
Benzoic  acid  is  one  of  the  best  preservatives  for  meat. 

\V.  WiECHOwsKi.  Die  Gesetze  der  Hippursauresynthese.  (Zugleich  ein  Beitrag 
zur  Frage  der  Stellung  des  Glykokolls  im  Stoffwechsel.)  Hofmeister's  Bei- 
triige  zur  chemischen  Physiologic,  1906,  VII,  204-275. 

In  rabbits  the  fatal  dose  of  benzoic  acid  is  about  1.7  grams  per  kilogram.  Diarrhea  next  to  diure- 
sis and  increase  of  metabolism  is  one  of  the  first  signs  of  intoxication.  The  benzoic  acid  may  be 
excreted  with  the  diarrheal  stool.  The  author's  experiments  indicate  that  benzoic  acid  causes 
considerable  increase  of  nitrogen  excretion  in  rabbits,  but  not  always  within  the  first  24  hours.  In 
rabbits  hippuric  acid  acts  like  benzoic  acid  on  metabolism.  It  is  not  harmless.  Like  benzoic  acid 
it  has  a  diuretic  action  and  an  influence  on  peristalsis.  The  total  e.xcretion  of  benzoic  acid  is 
not  always  quantitative.  The  loss  is  not  constant.  -Vs  a  rule  rabbits  excrete  free  benzoic  acid 
besides  hippuric  acid,  even  when  small  doses  of  benzoic  acid  are  given,  and  even  if  glycocoll  is 
given  in  amounts  more  than  sufficient  to  combine  with  the  benzoic  acid.  There  exists  no  direct 
relation  between  hippuric  acid  synthesis  and  the  degree  of  protein  metabolism.  Individual  vari- 
ations determine  the  extent  of  synthesis  in  the  rabbit. 

Abderhalden    and    Teruuchi.     Studien    iiber   die    proteolytische   Wirkung,  etc. 
Zeitschrift  fiir  physiologische  Chemie,  1906,  XLIX,  1. 
The  active  press  juice  of  dog's  kidney  can  not  decompose  hippuric  acid. 

Brugsch  and  Hirsch.  Hippursauresynthese  und  Ausscheidung  der  Benzoesiiure 
beim  Hunde.  Zeitschrift  fiir  experiraentelle  Pathologie  und  Therapie,  190G, 
III,  663. 

The  degree  of  hippuric  acid  synthesis  after  introducliun  of  benzoic  acid  is  mudi  lower  incarniv- 
orous  than  in  herbivorous  animals.  The  amount  of  free  l>enzoic  acid  in  the  urine  is  much  greater 
than  the  amount  of  benzoic  acid  paired  with  glycocoll.  It  is  not  possible  to  produce  a  considerable 
excretion  of  glycocoll  in  the  dog  by  giving  larger  doses  of  benzoic  acid,  0.8  to  1  gram  per  kilogram. 
The  detoxification  of  benzoic  acid  in  the  dog  occurs  only  in  small  part  by  hippuric  acid  formation, 
but  mostly  by  formation  of  reducing  substance.  A  not  inconsiderable  part  leaves  the  organism 
as  free  benzoic  acid.  In  starving  dogs  the  benzoic  acid  caused  a  distinct  increase  in  nitrogen 
metaboli.sm  and  had  a  diuretic  effect.  i 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  7H.S 

H.    voNi   Fknyvesey.     Uber  tlcii   KinfluHs  experimentell  erzeugter  Krankheits-pro- 
cessoauf  biocbemische   SyiUbeHen.     Maly's  JahreHborichl   fiir  Thiorrhomic, 

1906,  XXXVI,  033.     (()ri<,Miial  in  Hungarian.) 

The  synthesis  of  hippiiric  acid  is  considerably  diminished  in  ral)liils  poisoned  witli  lnuteriaj 
loxins. 
I'\  liALDi.     Contiibuto  alia  .studio  doU'  ar-ido  ippurico  nell'  organismo  umano.     11 
Poliflinico,  Scz.  mod.,  1907,  No.  G.     [AbHtract  in  Zentralblatt  fiir  die  g(wammte 
I'hysiologie  und  Pathologio  doe  Stoffwechsels,  1907,  11,  748.] 

Author  reports  e.^porimcnls  to  show  that  part  or  tlic  hippiiric  -mUI  ii\ay  he,  synthclized  In  the 
intestine. 
M.\(;\us-Levy.     Uber  das  Auftreten  einer  Benzoesauro-Glycuionsiiure  Verbinduiig 
iui    llaminelharn    nach    Benzoesiiure    Fiitterung.     Biochemische    Zeitschrift, 

1907,  VI,  502. 

licnzoylglycuronlc  acid  Is  excreted  after  giving  benzoic  acid  to  dogs,  rabbits/rams,  and  men.  As 
much  as  20  per  cent  of  the  introduced  benzoic  acid  may  appear  in  this  form. 

.\lA(iNUS-LEVY.  ijber  die  Neubildiuig  von  GlycocoU,  etc.  Biochemische  Zeit- 
schrift, 1907,  VI,  523. 

In  the  body  more  glycocoU  can  lie  produced  than  exists  preformed  in  the  proUnn  decomposed. 
There  was  a  definite  increase  in  protein  decomposition  after  larger  doses  of  benzoic  acid  in  a 
starving  ram. 

S.  Amberg  and  A.  Loevenhart.     Further  observations,  etc.     Journal  of  Biological 

Chemistry,  1908,  IV,  149. 

Sodimn  benzoale  in  concent  rat  ion  of  1  per  cent  does  not  inliibit  the  lipolytic  action  of  clear  liver 
extract  on  ethylbutyrate. 

Lewinski.  Uber  die  Grenzeii  der  Hippursiiurebildung  beim  Menschen.  Archiv 
fiir  experimentelle  Pathologic  und  Pharmacologic,   1908,   LVIII,  397. 

A  man  weighing  59  kilograms  took  12  grams  of  benzoic  acid  as  sodium  benzoate  in  12  hours  on  a 
mixed  diet.  He  excreted  no  free  benzole  acid  and  the  urine  contained  no  reducing  substance. 
The  l)enzoic  acid  was  all  excreted  in  combination.  .A  man  of  67  kilogram.s  body  weight  took  20 
grams  of  benzoic  acid  in  12  hours  without  ill  effects.  There  was  no  free  benzoic  acid  or  reducing 
substance  in  the  urine;  but  after  an  intake  of  25  grams  of  l)enzoic  acid  without  ill  effects,  1.6 
grams  of  free  benzoic  acid  were  excreted.  When  the  same  individual  took  in  8  hours  40  grams  of 
benzoic  acid  in  one-half  hour  doses,  there  was  nausea  and  headache;  26  per  cent  of  the  introduced 
benzoic  a<'id  was  excreted  as  free  b(>nzoio  acid.  The  urine  reduced  strongly  and  was  dextro- 
rotatory. With  a  diet  rich  in  proteins,  particularly  gelatine,  40  grams  of  benzoic  acid  produced 
no  ill  effects;  10  per  cent  of  the  introduced  acid  was  excreted  as  free  benzoic  acid.  The  urine 
reduced  slightly  and  showed  slight  dextro-rotation.  Similarly  .50  grams  of  benzoic  acid  showed 
no  ill  effects.  Sixteen  per  cent  reappeared  as  free  benzoic  acid  and  there  was  slight  reduction,  etc., 
in  the  urine.  The  author  concludes  that  a  person  taking  a  diet  rich  in  proteins  can  transform  more 
benzoic  acid  to  hippuric  acid.  The  appearance  of  reducing  substance  in  the  urine  is  an  expression 
of  the  impoverishment  of  the  organism  in  glycocoU.  In  certain  forms  of  nephritis  there  was  a 
retarded  elimination  after  ingestion  of  Ijcnzoic  acid.  In  one  individual  40  grams  of  benzoic  acid 
and  25  grams  both  caused  increase  of  nitrogen  excretion.  In  a  man  of  71  kilograms  on  a  diet 
poor  in  proteins,  ?.0  grams  of  benzoic  aci<i  caused  increase  of  nitrogen  excretion  and  diminished 
m'ic  acid  output. 

Sec.  Uber  die  Hippursamespaltung  durch  Bacterien,  etc.  Archiv  fiir  experi- 
mentelle Pathologic  und  Pharmacologic,   1908,  LVIII,  440. 

Hippuric  acid  may  readily  be  decomposed  by  bacterial  action  in  the  urine,  especially  when  the 
reaction  is  alkaline.    This  may  explain  the  conflicting  results  of  investigators. 

H.  W.  Wiley,  with  the  collaboration  of  W.  D.  Bigelow,  F.  €.  Weber,  and  others. 
Influence  of  Food  Preservatives  and  Artificial  Colors  on  Digestion  and  Health. 
IV.  Benzoic  Acid  and  Benzoates.  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Bureau  of  Chemistry.     BuUetui  No.  84,  Part  IV,  1043-1294,  1908. 

Benzoic  acid  and  benzoate  of  sodium  were  administered  in  capsules  in  doses  of  0.9  to  2.5  grams 
daily  to  healthy  young  men  (18  in  all)  during  successive  periods  of  several  days.  The  longest 
single  period  was  20  days.  During  one  period  of  10  days,  doses  of  1  to  IJ  grams  were  given.  The 
authors  state  that  marked  symptoms  of  discomfort  and  malaise  were  produced  in  the  majority 
of  cases  without  reference  to  the  fonn  in  which  the  preservative  was  administered;  most  common 
symptoms  were  nausea  and  headache.    The  nausea  resulted  in  vomiting  in  three  cases.    Seven 


784  SODIUM   BENZOATE   AND   THE    HEALTH    OF    MAN. 

subjects  complained  of  weakness  and  also  of  burning  and  irritating  sensations  in  the  esophagus; 
hunger  was  increased  in  three  cases,  and  indigestion  was  especially  noted  live  times.  The  authors 
assume  different  degrees  of  toleration  of  the  substance  in  different  individuals.  A  loss  of  weight 
amounting  to  from  0.22  kilogram  to  0.46  kilogram  was  noted.  This  continued  in  the  after  period. 
In  the  original  experiment  the  total  benzoic  acid  recovered  (as  hippuric  acid  and  as  benzoic  acid) 
amounted  in  the  case  of  those  receiving  benzoic  acid  to  81  per  cent  of  the  total  quantity  ingested; 
and  for  those  receiving  sodium  benzoate,  to  61  per  cent.  In  the  supplemental  experiment  93  per 
cent  of  the  amount  ingested  as  benzoic  acid  was  recovered  as  hippuric  acid,  while  for  those  re- 
ceiving benzoate  of  soda  72  per  cent  was  recovered.  In  the  first  series  considerable  Ijcnzoic  acid 
was  recovered  as  such  from  the  urine.  In  subsequent  series  where  the  analj-ses  were  made  on 
daily  samples  instead  of  on  composites,  it  was  mostly  recovered  as  hippuric  acid.  The  data  on 
the  feces  are  not  sulTiciently  marked  to  demonstrate  a  distinct  effect  produced  by  the  preservative. 
There  was  no  diuretic  effect,  but  an  increase  of  the  total  sohds  excreted  in  the  urine.  A  mlcro- 
ccopic  examination  of  the  urine  indicated  an  increase  in  the  presence  of  microscopic  bodies — 
epithelial  cells,  mucous  strands,  and  mucous  cylindroids— during  the  preservative  period  exem- 
plified by  the  following  comparative  numbers  for  the  fore,  preservative,  and  after  periods:  64,  75, 69. 
No  significance  was  attached  to  the  blood  examination.  While  the  average  data  did  not  show 
any  marked  disturbance  of  the  nitrogen  metabolism,  there  is  a  tendency  to  decrease  the  nitrogen 
balance.  In  one  experiment  there  was  an  increase  of  2  per  cent  in  the  preservative  period  of  the 
amount  of  ingested  nitrogen  excreted  in  the  metabolized  form.  The  authors  report  indica- 
tions of  a  tendency  of  the  preservatives  to  increase  the  percentage  of  phosphoric  acid  excreted 
in  the  feces,  and  of  sulphur  in  the  feces  and  urine.  From  their  data  the  authors  conclude  that 
either  preservative  "is  highly  objectionable  and  produces  a  very  serious  disturbance  of  the  meta- 
boUc  functions,  attended  with  injury  to  digestion  and  health,"  such  as  "grave  disturbances  of  diges- 
tion" and  "distinct  loss  of  weight."  "The  influence  of  the  benzoic  acid  and  benzoate  of  soda  upon 
metabolism  was  never  of  a  character  indicative  of  a  favorable  change  therein,  ^^'hile  often  the 
metaboUc  changes  were  not  strongly  marked,  such  changes  as  were  established  were  of  an  inju- 
rious nature."  "Benzoic  acid  and  benzoate  of  soda  are  bodies  which  when  added  to  foods  are 
injurious  to  health." 

o 


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